Introduction of relation and Foreign policy

Introduction- relevance- weightage- course curriculum- lecture on foreign policy

Covers Pakistan and current affairs topic too.
Pakistan affair 30 marks. Current affairs: 40 marks
Pakistan Affair: relation covers 7 topics out of 25
Current affairs: relation covers 60 marks divided in global and local affair topics.
Divided in 3 portions
i- relation (30) ii- global affair (40) ii- local affair (20)
Syllabus:
 Relation with Immediate neighbors (China, India, Afghanistan, Iran)
 Relation with major powers (USA, Russia)
 Relation with few Islamic countries (KSA, Malaysia, Indonesia, turkey)
Current affair: it is day to day development but according FPSC last two-year development will
be included in exam. Example: (Ukraine, Palestine, global warming and other global issue until
2025) (Election, political instability, energy crisis, inflation, devaluation of rupee, air pollution
(Lahore vs Delhi), eye vision (less than 8 km Pakistan vs 40km Norway) and other topics in local
affairs)
What is foreign policy? Is a collection and the combination of different policies, policy maker,
goals and objectives, strategies and actions that one state perform to secure its national interest
and to stablish the relation with other states. (Think tanks, opinion makers)
Nature of foreign policy: nature is
i- Purposive (relevant- to the point- will not intervene in matter of others, remains focus on
its objectives using different tools).
ii- Interest centered (Different interest, like national interest, will be changed in different
interval of time, whenever interest changes F.P changes) and
iii- Rational (Economic interest of state. If there is no economic interest of nation that’s
emotional interest.) example: Blasphemy
Example:
i- Afghan war legitimation
ii- ETIM (Pakistan has banned this organization because of economic interest between
china and Pakistan could be compromised, UNGA; Pakistan has voted for china saying
its china’s internal matter. World says its human violation.)
iii- 2019 Kashmir issue: 370, 35-A article elimination. Pakistan wanted OIC summit. Saudi
did not call OIC summit because of their economic interest with India.
iv- US-Israel interest: Suez Canal, trade route of Europe and America. Strategic alliance
Objectives of foreign policy:
i- To protect national interest: economy is our interest. To secure it different ambassador
sitting in different regions of the world, invite different international companies attracting
industries/ dollars in Pakistan. example: Toyota, amazon etc. this way Pakistan can attract
dollars in Pakistan to create opportunities in country.
But from last 75 years the first priority was national security, putting insecurities before
world based on numerous issue because of neighboring states Afghanistan (Durand line)
and India (Security concern, Kashmir central issue)
Reasons to set security prioritize were various series of wars and conflicts between
Pakistan and India like 1971 (Fall of Dhaka)
ii- To protect sovereignty and integrity of the country:
sovereignty is a right only for state to conduct any type of action within the state.
Sometimes state performs action outside the state to establish sovereignty.
Integrity means integration between various institutes, cultures (people, ethnicity),
provinces of state.
To protect these two is duty of foreign policy.
a- Physical: boots on ground. Any action taking place in state territory. Example: Balakot
incident (sovereignty incident of India, invaded Balakot, conducted their operation)
without concern of Pakistan.
Example: OBL Episode by America:
2011 by NATO, attack on Shalala
Establish rid of state into boundaries of state; so there are two types of sovereignty.
b- Ideological: if any actor will intervene in matter of ideology and internal matter of state.
Example: Pakistan has two nation ideology. Modhi attacking on two nation theory in
Bangladesh after fall of Dhaka.
iii- To protect national security: traditional (in context of state and its institutions) and
nontraditional (security in context of people “Environment, health, food”) security is
also duty of foreign policy.
Example: 0.6 % carbon emitter, Pakistan is one of the most effected country of global
warming as a result of flood thus reached out global community along with UN seeking
help for food security.
iv- To protect national prestige: UK giving values to rules and regulation. Early 13 th
century. they introduced magna carta, followed until now. Japan, dignified nation. After
ww2 struggled hard and now technologically very had. German proud and egoistic,
Americans very clear and loud reflected as their national prestige.
Example: 9/11 asking Pakistan with them or not, stand with Israel is clear,
Pakistan, Illegal, bagger, weak justice system, corruption, terrorism, controlled
democracy, illegal immigration (Compromised national prestige) to save it peace and
economic development is important.
v- To maintain world order: in two different context
 a- In the context of core country: Smart countries (strong economy) imposes world
order (France, US, OIC, China, Turkey are permanent members of FATF)
b- In the context of periphree country: (Developing countries) since Pakistan is
developing absorbs that world order. FATF, 23 rules to comply with then will be
removed from grey list. (channelize your transaction for transparency). Lying in grey
list has huge economic implications by not being eligible of participating in global
market.
Example: China’s BRI shaping new world Order. China, Russia, turkey, Pakistan,
connectivity for making new international market
Tools of Foreign Policy:
1- Diplomacy: ambassadors of different states communicate through cipher. If situation is
complex foreign ministers, prime ministers also involve and sign MOUs if necessary.
2- Publicity and propaganda: publicity of state, state selling its narratives and propagate
its interest using media as main media. Example: India 5 th largest economy, customer
potential, and propaganda against Pakistan (poor, guilty, terrorist, terrorism financer,
failed state etc.). India made 2000 fake websites to propagate against Pakistan exposed by
western media.
3- Peace and conflict: either gain interest by negotiation or by war. Example: 2011 Taliban
negotiation with US. Finally, in 2020 Taliban concreted their agreement through Doha
agreement. Palestine issue also reflect
Azerbaijan Nagorno-Karabakh; wanted independence through negotiation, finally got
through war.
4- Economic tool: Donner country will influence the foreign policy of the state. Example:
Saudi provides economic support to Pakistan. Pakistan wish to join Malaysian Mahathir
Mohammad Islamic block, Saudi opposes that. Saudi warned Pakistan of 4million
overseas Pakistani being deported and also return the financial aid provided to Pakistan.
5- Balancing of power: Balakot incident, Pakistan claimed India intervened the sovereignty
of Pakistan. no one supported Pakistan. Abinandan case exposed by Pakistan. Pakistan
has power of balance deterrence. World states condemned India and India back stepped
the nuclear attack planned by India.
6- Collective Alliances: empowers foreign Policy. States become part of alliances to
strengthen its position. BRICS
Determinants of foreign policy:
i- Internal determinant: impact scope of foreign policy. Example: UK
History: UK history strong (magna carta, values history)
Geography size and location: Tukey moderate size, strategic location (black sea,
Mediterranean Sea, Bosporus sea, Europe in west, middle east in south, Euro-Asia region
in north, central Asian region in east. Part of NATO, talking on Ukraine Russia,
Afghanistan issue, Palestine. Came out of ashes of Ottoman Empire
Good governance: Scandinavian countries
 Military power: America, China, Russia, Pakistan
Leadership and ideology: good leaders with effective ideology wins the race. Mahathir
Mahammad (Economic tiger), Tayyip Erdoğan (Islamization), nelson Mandela, Putin
(Rising of Russia) Xi Jinping (BRI).
Population: Skilled, professional and educated, Indian and Chinese population (micro
industry in china). Indian prime minister (Rishi Sunak) of UK. Pakistan (Labors; Saudi
deport)
Industrial growth and development: BRICS countries with speedy industrial growth,
having loud foreign policy
Natural resources: Saudi relation with Pakistan is based on natural resources by
providing oil. 1998 missile test 50000barrel/day of oil daily by Saudi to overcome global
sanctions.
Science and technology: 5 countries (France, America, Japan, UK, Germany)
Quality of diplomacy: professional diplomats add value to foreign policy.
Example: Memo gate.
Think tanks and media: strong media. CNN, Fox news, New York time(America) own
electronic print media. Channel 44 France, TRT, turkey, Aljazeera Qatar.
ii- External determinants:
International law: example: Pakistan’s Kashmir issue. Pakistan’s stance opted is as per
I-L like self-determination. IR did not support Pakistan in Kashmir issue. Almost 75
years it has been, the reason is the remaining determinants. Reaction of states are not
positive and world public opinion is against this issue. International institutions also don’t
support Pakistan on this issue. If country’s internal determinants are strong it doesn’t
negatively impact on external determinants. But since Pakistan has weak internal
determinants therefore, it suffers because of external determinants.
Reaction of the states: Palestine issue, Israel’s internal determinant strong. Therefore,
reaction of states is favoring Israel. Therefore, Israel is violating human laws. It is
bombing on urban life, school, hospitals etc. it is violating international law.
1971 expansion in USSR in Afghanistan. World reaction to condemn. OIC, western
block condemned this behavior. American and Western block financed Pakistan to be
involved in its expansion. Resultantly USSR had to withdraw from Afghanistan bringing
collapse of USSR.
Russian-Ukraine war; Asian, African did not condemn Russia, half of European states did
not condemn Russia. Resultantly Russia is keeping its attack on Ukraine.
World public opinion: world public opinion cannot impact largely if internal and
external are in any states favor.
Todays’ narrative: climate change (Triumph denied to attend the Paris meeting) world
made fun of America as result of this action. Triumphs foreign policy had not that level
of importance which Biden changed then after. He attended Glasgow meeting.
Women’s right:
Non state actors: These are the organizations and individuals that are not owned by any
state.
 Business magnets: Bill Gates, Elon musk
 Violence non state actor: PTP, Alqaida, Daish
 Multinational companies: Amazon, Microsoft, coca cola
Non state actors will impact on the developing countries developing policy.
Srilanka had Tamil tiger, to counter it was a challenge. Pakistan supported Srilanka. They
became able to counter terrorism with help of Pakistan. We have good relation with
Srilanka.
Pakistan to Counter TTT with help of America (defense support and weapon support)