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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY –

PART 1
By : Dr. Neha Ronald William
Associate Professor IGMPI

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 Content
 Human Anatomy and Physiology
 Cell and its components
 Tissues

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 Human Anatomy And Physiology
Anatomy:
Study of structure of body: the branch of science that
studies the physical structure of a human body

Physiology:
Study of functioning of living things: the branch of
biology that deals with the internal workings of living
things, including functions such as metabolism, respiration,
and reproduction.

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 Cell
 Structural and functional unit of life
 A cell is the basic unit that is capable of performing life functions
 Cells have 3 major subdivision
 Plasma membrane(cell membrane)
 Nucleus
 Cytoplasm

Organelles
 Endoplasmic reticulum
 Golgi complex
 Lysosomes
 Mitochondria
 Ribosomes

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 Plasma membrane
 The plasma membrane consists of two layers of phospholipids with protein and
sugar molecules embedded in them.

 In addition to phospholipids, the lipid cholesterol is also present in the plasma

membrane. Those proteins that extend all the way through the membrane may
provide channels that allow the passage of, for example, electrolytes and non-
lipid-soluble substances.

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 Nucleus
 Every cell in the body has a nucleus, with the exception of mature erythrocytes
(red blood cells).

 Skeletal muscle and some other cells contain several nuclei.

 The nucleus is the largest organelle and is contained within the nuclear
envelope, a membrane similar to the plasma membrane but with tiny pores
through which some substances can pass between it and the cytoplasm, i.e. the
cell contents excluding the nucleus.

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 Mitochondria

 Mitochondria are membranous, sausage-shaped structures in the cytoplasm,

sometimes described as the ‘power house’ of the cell.

 They are involved in aerobic respiration, the processes by which chemical

energy is made available in the cell.

 This is in the form of ATP, which releases energy when the cell breaks it down.

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 Ribosomes
 These are tiny granules composed of RNA and protein.

 They synthesise proteins from amino acids, using RNA as the template.

 When present in free units or in small clusters in the cytoplasm, the ribosomes
make proteins for use within the cell.

 These include the enzymes required for metabolism.

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 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
 Endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive series of interconnecting
membranous canals in the cytoplasm .
 There are two types: smooth and rough.
 Smooth ER synthesises lipids and steroid hormones, and is also
associated with the detoxification of some drugs. Some of the lipids are
used to replace and repair the plasma membrane and membranes of
organelles.
 Rough ER is studded with ribosomes. These are the site of synthesis of
proteins, some of which are ‘exported’ from cells, i.e. enzymes and
hormones that leave the parent cell by exocytosis to be used by cells
elsewhere.

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 Golgi apparatus
 The Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of closely folded flattened membranous
sacs.

 It is present in all cells but is larger in those that synthesise and export proteins.

 The proteins move from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus
where they are ‘packaged’ into membrane-bound vesicles called secretory
granules.

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 Lysosomes

 Lysosomes are one type of secretory vesicle with membranous walls, which are
formed by the Golgi apparatus.

 They contain a variety of enzymes involved in breaking down fragments of

organelles and large molecules (e.g. RNA, DNA, carbohydrates, proteins)
inside the cell into smaller particles that are either recycled, or extruded from
the cell as waste material.

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 Cytoskeleton

This consists of an extensive network of tiny protein fibres

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 Microfilaments

 These are the smallest fibres.

 They provide structural support, maintain the characteristic shape of the cell
and permit contraction, e.g. in muscle cells.

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 Functions of Cell

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 The cell cycle

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 Transport of substances across cell
membranes

 Passive transport

 Diffusion

 Facilitated Diffusion

 Osmosis

 Sodium Potassium Pump

 Bulk Tranport

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 Tissues
 Tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and that function
together as a unit. A nonliving material, called the intercellular matrix,
fills the spaces between the cells.

Types of Tissue
 Epithelial Tissue
 Connective Tissue
 Muscular Tissue
 Nervous Tissue

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 Epithelial Tissues

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 Epithelial Tissues
 This group of tissues is found covering the body and lining cavities, hollow
organs and tubes. It is also found in glands.

Epithelial tissue may be:

 simple: a single layer of cells
 stratified: several layers of cells.

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 Epithelial Tissues

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 Simple epithelium

Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of identical cells and is divided into
three main types.

 Squamous epithelium
 Cuboidal epithelium
 Columnar epithelium

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 Stratified epithelium

Stratified epithelia consist of several layers of cells of various shapes. Continual cell
division in the lower (basal) layers pushes cells above nearer and nearer to the
surface, where they are shed.
There are two main types: stratified squamous and transitional. Stratified
squamous epithelium

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 Stratified squamous epithelium
 This is composed of a number of layers of cells. In the
deepest layers the cells are mainly columnar and, as they
grow towards the surface, they become flattened and are then
shed.
 Keratinised stratified epithelium
 Non-keratinised stratified epithelium

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 Transitional epithelium

This is composed of several layers of pear-shaped cells. It is found lining the

urinary bladder and allows for stretching as the bladder fills.

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 Connective Tissue

 The connective tissue cells are more widely separated from each other than in
epithelial tissues, and intercellular substance (matrix) is present in considerably
larger amounts.

 The fibres form a supporting network for the cells to attach to. Most types of
connective tissue have a good blood supply. Major functions of connective tissue
are: binding and structural support protection transport insulation.

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 Connective Tissues

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 Loose (areolar) connective tissue

 This is the most generalised type of connective tissue.

 The matrix is semisolid with many fibroblasts and some fat cells (adipocytes),
mast cells and macrophages widely separated by elastic and collagen fibres.

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 Adipose tissue

 Adipose tissue consists of fat cells (adipocytes), containing large fat globules, in
a matrix of areolar tissue
 There are two types: white and brown.

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 Lymphoid tissue

 This tissue, also known as reticular tissue, has a semisolid matrix with fine
branching reticulin fibres.
 It contains reticular cells and white blood cells (monocytes and lymphocytes).

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 Dense connective tissue

This contains more fibres and fewer cells than loose connective tissue.
 Fibrous tissue

 Elastic tissue

 Blood

 Cartilage

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 Cartilage

Cartilage is firmer than other connective tissues; the cells are called chondrocytes
and are less numerous. They are embedded in matrix reinforced by collagen and
elastic fibres.

There are three types:

 Hyaline cartilage

 Fibrocartilage

 Elastic fibrocartilage

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 Muscular Tissues

Muscle tissue is able to contract and relax, providing movement within the body
and of the body itself.

Muscle contraction requires an adequate blood supply to provide sufficient oxygen,

calcium and nutrients and to remove waste products.

There are three types of specialised contractile cells

 skeletal muscle
 smooth muscle
 cardiac muscle.

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 Skeletal muscle tissue

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 Smooth muscle tissue

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 Cardiac muscle tissue

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 Nervous Tissues
 Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is
responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.The cells in
nervous tissue that generate and conduct impulses are called neurons or nerve
cells
 Types of Nervous Tissue
 Nerve fibre
 Neurons.

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 Functions of Tissues

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 Human Anatomy and Physiology Part 1

Thank You

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