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Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics Notes P

1. The document discusses various topics in additional mathematics including functions, quadratic functions, equations and inequalities, indices and surds, factors of polynomials, and logarithmic and exponential functions. Key points covered include the definitions and properties of one-one, many-one, and one-many functions, as well as domain, range, and composite functions. Quadratic functions are discussed including finding the vertex, intercepts, and determining the number of real roots. Logarithmic properties such as product, quotient, and change of base rules are also summarized.

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1K views3 pages

Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics Notes P

1. The document discusses various topics in additional mathematics including functions, quadratic functions, equations and inequalities, indices and surds, factors of polynomials, and logarithmic and exponential functions. Key points covered include the definitions and properties of one-one, many-one, and one-many functions, as well as domain, range, and composite functions. Quadratic functions are discussed including finding the vertex, intercepts, and determining the number of real roots. Logarithmic properties such as product, quotient, and change of base rules are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Tah Enoal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IGCSE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS

1. Functions
● One-one: each x value maps to 1 distinct y value (eg. f(x) = 3𝑥 − 1)
○ Line cuts through the graph once
2
● Many-one: for 2 input values, there is 1 output value (eg. f(x) =𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3)
○ Line cuts through the graph twice
● One-many: For one input value there are 2 output values (eg. 𝑓(𝑥) = ± 𝑥)
● Domain: x value
○ Eg. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1, − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
■ Domain is − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
● Range: y value
○ Range is − 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
■ Sub x = -1 into 𝑓(𝑥)= -3
■ Sub x = 3 into 𝑓(𝑥)= 5
● Composite functions
○ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))or 𝑓𝑔(𝑥)
■ Sub all instances of x in 𝑓(𝑥)into 𝑔(𝑥)
2
○ 𝑓 (𝑥)
■ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥)
● Modulus functions
○ Mod of any number is always positive
○ |𝑥| = 𝑥, | − 𝑥| = 𝑥
○ Equations
■ |𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| = 𝑘
● Solve 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑘 & 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 =− 𝑘
■ |𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
● Solve 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 & 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = − (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)
○ Graph
■ Draw the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥|
■ Any parts of the graph below the x axis are
reelected in the x-axis
● Inverse functions
−1
○ Inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑓 (𝑥)
■ Only exists if 𝑓(𝑥)is one-one mapping
−1
○ Domain of 𝑓 = range of 𝑓(𝑥)
−1
○ Range of 𝑓 (𝑥)= domain of 𝑓(𝑥)
○ Finding inverse
■ Write function as 𝑦 =
■ Interchange the x & y variables
■ Rearrange to make y the subject
○ Graph
■ 𝑓(− 𝑥): reflection in the y-axis
■ − 𝑓(𝑥): reflection in the x-axis
■ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑎: translation of a units parallel to y-axis
■ 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎): translation of -a units parallel to x-axis
2. Quadratic functions
● 𝑎 > 0(u shaped) = minimum point
● 𝑎 < 0(n shaped) = maximum point
● Find vertex using completing the square
2
○ (𝑥 − 1) + 2 → vertex point (1,2)
● Find y intercept: sub 𝑥 = 0
● Find x intercept: factorise/quadratic formula
● Type of root
2
○ Condition for quadratic eq to have real roots: 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0
2
𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 Nature of root Shape of curve

>0 ● 2 real distinct roots


● Curve cuts x-axis at 2 point
○ 2 POI

=0 ● 2 real equal roots


● Curve cuts x-axis at 1 point
○ Tangent to curve

<0 ● 0 real roots


● Curve doesn’t cut the x-axis
○ 0 POI

3. Equations, inequalities & graphs


● |𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| = |𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑|
2 2
○ Method 1: |𝑎| = |𝑏| ⇔ 𝑎 = 𝑏
■ Eg. |𝑥 − 5| = |𝑥 + 1|
2 2
(𝑥 − 5) = (𝑥 + 1) [solve for x]
● Modulus inequalities
○ |𝑎| ≤ 𝑏 ⇔ − 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏
■ Eg. |2𝑥 − 1| < 3
− 3 < 2𝑥 − 1 < 3
− 2 < 2𝑥 < 4
−1<𝑥<2

● Graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐)& their moduli


○ Eg. Graph 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 1)(2 − 𝑥)(𝑥 + 1)
1
■ x-intercept: 2
, 2, − 1
■ y-intercept: (0,-2)

4. Indices & Surds


● Rules of indices
𝑚
𝑎 ×𝑎 =𝑎
𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 𝑛 −𝑛 1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 =
𝑛 =( 𝑏
) 𝑛
𝑎
𝑏

𝑚 𝑛 𝑚−𝑛 0 1
𝑎 ÷𝑎 =𝑎 𝑎 =1 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑚
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 𝑎 × 𝑏 = (𝑎𝑏) 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚
𝑎 𝑛 = ( 𝑎) = 𝑎
● Rules of surds
𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 × 𝑏 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎× 𝑎= 𝑎
𝑏
=
𝑏

● Rationalising
○ ×by the opposite sign
3 5− 2
○ Eg.
2 5+3 5
(3 5− 2)×(2 5−3 2) 36−11 10
= 2
(2 5+3 2)×(2 5−3 2)
5. Factors of polynomials
● Factor theorem
○ If 𝑃(𝑥), 𝑃(𝑐) = 0then 𝑥 − 𝑐is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥)
○ 𝑏
If 𝑃(𝑥), 𝑃( 𝑎 ) = 0then 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥)

● Remainder theorem
○ If 𝑃(𝑥)is divided by 𝑥 − 𝑐, the remainder is 𝑝(𝑐)
○ If 𝑃(𝑥)is divided by 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏, the remainder is 𝑝( 𝑎 )
𝑏

7. Logarithmic & exponential functions


● Rules of log
𝑥
○ If 𝑦 = 𝑎 then, 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑦

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = 0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 𝑥


𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑥 Product rule:
𝑥 =𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦

Division rule: Power rule: Change of base: 1


𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎( 𝑥 ) =− 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑥 1
𝑥 𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑎
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎( 𝑦 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑚𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑎 =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑏

● Natural logarithms
○ Base 𝑒 (≈ 2. 718)
■ 𝑙𝑛 𝑥represents 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑥
𝑛𝑥
● Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑒 +𝑎
−2𝑥
○ Eg. Graph 𝑦 = 3𝑒 −5
0
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3𝑒 − 5

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