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Lecture 7 - Section 12-7 - Part 1 - (Blank)

This document summarizes a lecture on kinematics of particles, specifically curvilinear motion and normal and tangential components of velocity and acceleration. It introduces how to describe the motion of an object moving along a curved path using normal and tangential coordinates rather than Cartesian coordinates. It explains that the velocity is always in the tangential direction, while acceleration has both tangential and normal components. The tangential component represents changes in speed, while the normal component is the centripetal acceleration toward the center of curvature. Examples of curvilinear motion and concept questions are provided.

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11 views13 pages

Lecture 7 - Section 12-7 - Part 1 - (Blank)

This document summarizes a lecture on kinematics of particles, specifically curvilinear motion and normal and tangential components of velocity and acceleration. It introduces how to describe the motion of an object moving along a curved path using normal and tangential coordinates rather than Cartesian coordinates. It explains that the velocity is always in the tangential direction, while acceleration has both tangential and normal components. The tangential component represents changes in speed, while the normal component is the centripetal acceleration toward the center of curvature. Examples of curvilinear motion and concept questions are provided.

Uploaded by

babsthemanatee
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© © All Rights Reserved
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EN PH 131 (EB02) – Lecture 7 – Jan.

20th, 2023

Chapter 12.7 (Kinematics of a Particle)

Prof. Charlebois (Dr. C)


Greek Alphabet

ancient-symbols.com
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Section 12.7

Normal and Tangential Components

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Curvilinear Motion: Normal And Tangential
Components

Objective:
• Determine the normal and
tangential components of
velocity and acceleration of a
particle traveling along a
curved path.

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Examples and Questions #1

Car traveling along a racetrack


experiences an acceleration due to
a change in magnitude of the
velocity (speed) and due to a
change in direction of the velocity.

If the car’s speed is increasing at a


known rate as it travels along a
curve, how we can we determine
magnitude and direction of its total
acceleration?

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Examples and Questions #2

As the boy swings upward with a


velocity v, his motion can be
analyzed using normal-
tangential (n-t) coordinates.

As he rises, the magnitude of his


velocity is changing, and thus his
acceleration is also changing.

How can we determine velocity and acceleration at the bottom of arc?

Can we use different coordinates, such as n-t coordinates, to describe


his motion? Which coordinate system would be easier to use to
describe his motion? Why?
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Normal and Tangential Components
When a particle moves along a curved path, it is sometimes
convenient to describe its motion using coordinates other than
Cartesian (x-y). When the path of motion is known, normal (n)
and tangential (t) coordinates are often used.

In the n-t coordinate system, the origin


is located on the particle, thus the
origin and coordinate system move
with the particle.

The t-axis is tangent to the path (curve) at the instant considered


with the positive in the direction of the particle’s motion.
The n-axis is perpendicular to the t-axis with the positive
direction toward the center of curvature of the curve.
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Normal and Tangential Components cont.
The positive n and t directions are
defined by the unit vectors un and ut ,

The center of curvature, O’, always


lies on the concave side of the
curve. The radius of curvature, r ,
is defined as the perpendicular
distance from the curve to the
center of curvature at that point.

The position of the particle at any


instant is defined by the distance,
s, along the curve from a fixed
reference point.

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Velocity in the n-t Coordinate System

The velocity vector is


always tangent to the path
of motion (t-direction).

The magnitude is
determined by taking
the time derivative of
the path function, s ( t ) .

v = v ut where v = s = ds dt

Here v defines the magnitude of the velocity (speed) and ut


defines the direction of the velocity vector.

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Acceleration in the n-t Coordinate System

Acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity:


a = dv dt = d (vut ) dt = vu
 t + vut

v represents the change in the


Here
magnitude of velocity and ut
represents the rate of
change in the direction of ut

After mathematical manipulation, the


acceleration vector can be expressed as:
 t+
a = vu (v 2
r ) u n = a t ut + a n u n .

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Acceleration in the n-t Coordinate System cont.

So, there are two components to the


acceleration vector:
a = a t ut + a n u n

• The tangential component is tangent to


the curve and in the direction of
increasing or decreasing velocity.
at = v or at ds = v dv

• The normal or centripetal component is always


directed toward the center of curvature of the curve, an = v 2 r
• The magnitude of the acceleration vector is

( )
2 2
a= ( an ) + at

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Concept Quiz (Your Turn!)
1. If a particle moves along a curve with a constant speed, then
its tangential component of acceleration is ________

A) positive. B) negative.
C) zero. D) constant.

2. The normal component of acceleration represents ________


A) time rate of change in the magnitude of the velocity.
B) time rate of change in the direction of the velocity.
C) magnitude of the velocity.
D) direction of the total acceleration.
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright

This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is


provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their
courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of
any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will
destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work
and materials from it should never be made available to students
except by instructors using the accompanying text in their
classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these
restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and
the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

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