THEORY OF STRUCTURES (LECTURE 1)

SHEAR and MOMENT Sit. 04 (CE BOARD DEC 2014)

V = ƩFVL = ƩFVR
M = ƩML = ƩMR
w (kN/m)
Sit. 01 For the beam supporting the loads shown in the fig.
25kN/m

50kN
10kN/m
x1 x2 x1
L
A B
10. Determine the maximum positive moment when x1 = 2m.
a. 108 kN-m c. 96 kN-m
1m 1m 3m 2m b. 124 kN-m d. 102 kN-m
1. What is the value of the maximum shear? 11. Determine the value of x1 if the moment at midspan is
a. 62.14 kN c. 92.58 kN zero.
b. 52.86 kN d. 57.43 kN a. 3.2 m c. 2.5 m
2. Where is the location of the maximum positive moment b. 2.8 m d. 3 m
measured from point A? 12. What value of x2 will produce the least critical moment in
a. 3.21 m c. 3.79 m the beam?
b. 4.07 m d. 1.21 m a. 5.681 m c. 6.325 m
3. What is the value of the maximum moment? b. 7.029 m d. 7.254 m
a. 65.71 kN-m c. 81.66 kN-m
b. 74.29 kN-m d. 94.12 kN-m INFLUENCE LINES
is a diagram showing the variatio
Sit. 02 (CE BOARD MAY 2012) n of certain functions such as reaction, shear, moment and any
The barge shown in the figure supports the load w1 and w2. other direct function due to one unit load moving along the
For this problem, w1 = 145 kN/m, w2 = 290 kN/m, L1 = 3m, L2 = structure.
6m, L3 = 3m. Sit. 05 Analyze the simply-supported beam shown using
L1 L2 L3 influence line.
w1 w2

A 3m B 2m C 3m D
Barge 13. Determine the maximum reaction at roller support due to
10 kN concentrated moving load only.
a. 20 kN c. 10 kN
b. 12 kN d. 15 kN
14. Determine the maximum positive shear at B due to 15 kN
L concentrated moving load only.
4. What is the length of the barge “L” so that the upward a. 9.375 kN c. 10.55 kN
pressure is uniform? b. 8.765 kN d. 11.135 kN
a. 15 m c. 20 m 15. Determine the moment at C due to 20 kN/m moving
b. 12 m d. 18 m uniform load only.
5. What is the shear at 3m from the left end? a. 150 kN-m c. 120 kN-m
a. -162 kN c. -194 kN b. 100 kN-m d. 200 kN-m
b. -151 kN d. -174 kN
6. At what distance from the left end will the shear in the Sit. 06 Analyze the beam shown using influence line.
barge be zero? A B C D
a. 4 m c. 5 m
b. 5.5 m d. 4.5 m
6m 2m 1m
Sit. 03 For the beam ABCDE with shear diagram as shown, 16. Determine the maximum reaction at roller support due to
B C D 8 kN concentrated moving load only.
5.125
A E a. 10 kN c. 9 kN
b. 8 kN d. 4 kN
-9.875 17. Determine the maximum positive shear at B due to 15
-12 kN/m moving uniform load only.
a. 4.65 kN c. 9.75 kN
4m 4m 3m 5m b. 3.75 kN d. 5.40 kN
18. Determine the moment at B due to 10 kN/m uniform dead
7. Determine the maximum intensity of the uniformly load only.
distributed load. a. 24 kN-m c. 39.75 kN-m
a. 12 kN/m c. 3 kN/m b. 48.5 kN-m d. 56.25 kN-m
b. 18 kN/m d. 6 kN/m
8. Determine the magnitude of the couple acting at point C of (CE BOARD NOV 2015)
the beam. 19. A 10m long beam is simply supported at the left end and
a. 12 kN-m c. 24 kN-m at 2m from the right end. What total length of this beam must
b. 39 kN-m d. 48 kN-m be subjected to a uniformly distributed load to produce a
9. Calculate the maximum positive moment. maximum reaction at the right support?
a. 7.20 kN-m c. 14.40 kN-m a. 8 m c. 2 m
b. 10.80 kN-m d. 16.25 kN-m b. 10 m d. 6 m
Sit. 07 Analyze the bridge truss shown below using influence THREE-HINGED ARCH
line. Sit. 10 (CE BOARD MAY 2015)
H G F The frame shown in the figure is hinged at A, B, and C.
90 kN 240 kN
240 kN 90 kN
2.50m C
A E
B C D
4 @ 2m = 8m 4m

20. Determine the maximum tensile force at member BG due A B

to 20 kN concentrated moving load.
a. 8 kN c. 10.2 kN 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
b. 9.9 kN d. 6.4 kN
21. Determine the maximum compressive force at member 29. Find the vertical reaction at A.
BG due to uniform load of 7.5 kN/m. a. 230 kN c. 335 kN
a. 14.4 kN c. 10.89 kN b. 355 kN d. 280 kN
b. 12.79 kN d. 6.67 kN 30. Find the horizontal reaction at pinned support.
22. Determine the maximum ordinate of the influence line a. 391.25 kN c. 371.25 kN
formed by axial forces at member BC. b. 351.25 kN d. 331.25 kN
a. 0.5 c. 0.4 31. Find the vertical reaction at B.
b. 1 d. 0.8 a. 315 kN c. 249 kN
b. 305 kN d. 220 kN
CABLES
high tension wires used to support load at long span. Sit. 11 From the three-hinged arch shown in the figure
Length of cable, s 50 N
50 N
Sit. 08 (CE BOARD MAY 2012)
A girder weighing 18 kN/m is suspended on a parabolic D
cable by a series of equally spaced vertical hanger. The length 50 N B 50 N
of the beam is 24m. and the sag of the cable is 3m.

24m 30° 30°

A B 30° 30°
30°
A C
C 3m

32. Which of the following most nearly gives the internal

w = 18 kN/m normal force at point D which is located just to the right of the
50N force?
23. What is the vertical component of the reaction at A? a. 41.5 N c. 29.4 N
a. 240 kN c. 216 kN b. 29.7 N d. 32.6 N
b. 250 kN d. 275 kN 33. Which of the following most nearly gives the internal shear
24. What is the tension in the cable at the center? force at point D which is located just to the right of the 50N
a. 487 kN c. 432 kN force?
b. 412 kN d. 521 kN a. 37.5 N c. 51.2 N
25. If the allowable cable tension is 360 kN, what is the b. 42.7 N d. 29.7 N
minimum sag? 34. Which of the following most nearly gives the internal
a. 4.5 m c. 5 m moment at point D which is located just to the right of the 50N
b. 3.5 m d. 5.5 m force?
Sit. 09 (CE BOARD NOV 2013) a. 6.89 N-m c. 8.89 N-m
The parabolic cable supports the truss shown in the figure. b. 7.85 N-m d. 9.02 N-m
The truss is pinned at D.
APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
A B Sit. 12 (CE BOARD MAY 2015)
The truss is loaded as shown in the figure below. Cross
2.5m cables FC, BG, CD and CH can support only tensile force.
F
F G H 1.5 kN
2.5m
3m
2.5m A B E
C E
C D
D
5.6 kN 142.4 kN 1 kN
4 @ 3m = 12m
12 @ 4.3m = 51.6m
26. What is the tension at F where the tangent is zero? 35. Find the force in member AF.
a. 487.5 kN c. 386.7 kN a. 1.676 kN c. 1.580 kN
b. 528.7 kN d. 504.3 kN b. 1.414 kN d. 1.735 kN
27. What is the vertical reaction at pin D? 36. Determine the force in member FC.
a. 48.87 kN c. 41.56 kN a. 1.899 kN c. 1.380 kN
b. 56.21 kN d. 37.47 kN b. 1.144 kN d. 1.178 kN
28. What is the vertical reaction at A? 37. Find the force acting in member GH.
a. 92.48 kN c. 74.96 kN a. 0.75 kN c. 0.89 kN
b. 97.73 kN d. 84.24 kN b. 0.67 kN d. 0.50 kN
STABILITY & DETERMINACY OF STRUCTURES 43. (CE BOARD NOV 2012)

BEAMS & FRAMES

r 3+c or r 3n

TRUSSES
b+r 2j
a. statically determinate c. indeterminate 2°
r = number of reactions b. indeterminate 1° d. indeterminate 3°
c = number of internal hinges
n = number of free-body diagrams
b = number of members
j = number of joints LOADINGS
for slabs with dimensions L and s,
Sit. 13 Classify the following structures as statically with L = longer span and s = shorter span.
determinate, statically indeterminate or unstable.
𝐿
if > 2.0 (use one-way slab analysis)
𝑠
38.
𝐿
if ≤ 2.0 (use two-way slab analysis)
𝑠

for converting trapezoidal load to rectangular load,

with w = load in kpa. use the following formulas.

a. statically determinate c. unstable 𝑤𝑠 𝑠 2

3
[3 − (𝐿
) ] (for interior span)
b. indeterminate 1° d. indeterminate 2°
𝑤𝑠 𝑠 2
[3 − ( ) ] (for end span)
6 𝐿
39. (CE BOARD NOV 2015)
for converting triangular load to rectangular load,
with w = load in kpa. use the following formulas.
𝑤𝑠
(for interior span)
3
a. indeterminate 4° c. indeterminate 2° 𝑤𝑠
(for end span)
b. indeterminate 3° d. indeterminate 1° 6

Sit. 14 The steel framework is used to support the reinforced

40. concrete slab that is used as an office. The slab is 150mm
thick, Residential live load = 1.90kpa and unit weight of
concrete = 24kN/m3. if a = 4m and b = 6m.

a. statically determinate c. unstable

b. indeterminate 1° d. indeterminate 2°

41.

45. Determine the type of tributary area for beam BE.

a. triangular c. rectangular
b. hexagonal d. trapezoidal
46. Determine the maximum intensity of the varying
triangular load for beam FD.
a. unstable c. statically determinate a. 15 kN/m c. 22 kN/m
b. indeterminate 1° d. indeterminate 2° b. 8 kN/m d. 11 kN/m
47. Determine the maximum positive moment carried by
beam BE. Assume supports at the ends of beam BE as
42. simple support
a. 99 kN-m c. 49.6 kN-m
b. 84.33 kN-m d. 36 kN-m

a. statically determinate c. unstable

b. indeterminate 2° d. indeterminate 1°
Sit. 15 (CE BOARD NOV 2012) 4. What is the value of the deviation of point A relative to
The floor framing plan of a reinforced concrete structure is tangent line at point C, in mm?
shown in figure. Girders ADGJ, BEHK, and CFIL are 320mm a. 12.10 mm c. 9.79 mm
wide and 600mm deep, beam DEF and GHI are 300mm wide b. 10.34 mm d. 6.54 mm
and 570mm deep. The slab is 110mm thick. Other than 5. What is the slope at C, in degrees?
concrete weight, the floor is subjected to an additional (super a. 0.126° c. 0.118°
imposed) dead load of 3kpa and live load of 5.2kpa. Unit weight b. 0.384° d. 0.016°
of concrete is 23.5kN/m3. The column at E and at H are 6. What is the deflection at B, in mm?
deleted, thus girder BEHK supports beam DEF and GHI at E a. 2.78 mm c. 1.17 mm
and H respectively. Use tributary area method. b. 5.40 mm d. 3.95 mm
A B C
CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD
1. The slope at a point in the real beam is numerically equal
2.5m to the shear at the same point In the conjugate beam.
D E F
2. The displacement of a point in the real beam is
numerically equal to the moment at the same point in the
2.5m conjugate beam.
G H J A fixed support becomes free
REAL BEAM CONJUGATE BEAM
2.5m
J K L
A free end becomes fixed
REAL BEAM CONJUGATE BEAM
6m 6m
48. Determine the uniformly distributed service dead load on
beam GHI in kN/m. A hinge end support remains a hinge support
a. 19.68 kN/m c. 17.98 kN/m REAL BEAM CONJUGATE BEAM
b. 15.24 kN/m d. 16.52 kN/m
49. Determine the uniformly distributed service live load on
beam GHI in kN/m. An interior hinge support becomes an internal hinge
a. 13 kN/m c. 11 kN/m
b. 15 kN/m d. 17 kN/m REAL BEAM CONJUGATE BEAM
50. Determine the factored concentrated load at H induced ⋅
hinge
by beam GHI on girder BEHK in kN.
a. 296 kN c. 254 kN
b. 284kN d. 237 kN An internal hinge remains an internal hinge
REAL BEAM CONJUGATE BEAM
THEORY OF STRUCTURES (LECTURE 2) ⋅
hinge
⋅
hinge

BEAM DEFLECTIONS
Sit. 03 The cantilever beam shown carries a uniform load
AREA MOMENT METHOD
5kN/m on the 3m portion of the beam and a counterclockwise
uses certain geometric properties of the elastic curve and
couple of 60kN-m acting at 1m from the fixed support. Assume
depends upon the area of the moment diagram.
EI = 200kN-m2 5 kN/m
EIϴAB = (Area)AB 60 kN-m
EItA/B = (Area)AB ⋅ x̄A
EItB/A = (Area)AB ⋅ x̄B ⋅
A B C D
Sit. 01 From the figure shown, assume EI is constant.
36 kN 1m 2m 3m
C
7. Compute the slope at B.
A ⋅ B a. 0.5° c. 0°
108 kN-m b. 1° d. 0.67°
3m 3m 8. Compute the angle of rotation at D.
1. Determine the deviation of B with respect to a tangent at A a. 0.4875 rad c. 0.7778 rad
a. 4050/EI c. 4500/EI b. 0.3350 rad d. 0.5420 rad
b. 5040/EI d. 5400/EI 9. Compute the deflection at D.
2. Determine the slope at C. a. 2.35 m c. 0.56 m
a. 780/EI c. 980/EI b. 1.81 m d. 0.91 m
b. 640/EI d. 810/EI
3. Determine the deflection at B. Sit. 04 A propped beam 8m long carries a uniform load of
a. 5400/EI c. 4500/EI 12kN/m from the fixed end support up to the midspan only.
b. 5040/EI d. 4050/EI
12 kN/m
Sit. 02 For the beam supporting the loads shown with E =
200GPa and I = 16 x 107 mm4 A B
18 kN/m
4m 4m
A C
B 10. Which of the following gives the reaction at the simply
supported end.
2m 3m a. 5.25 kN c. 4.89 kN
b. 7.5 kN d. 7.33 kN
11. Which of the following gives the angle of rotation at the 17. Compute the moment at support B, in kN-m.
simply supported end. a. 58.25 kN-m c. 56.25 kN-m
a. 30/EI c. 20/EI b. 70.50 kN-m d. 64.50 kN-m
b. 10/EI d. 40/EI 18. Compute the vertical reaction at support B, in KN.
12. Which of the following gives the moment at the fixed end. a. 54 kN c. 90 kN
a. 48 kN-m c. 36 kN-m b. 30 kN d. 45 kN
b. 54 kN-m d. 78 kN-m
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Sit. 05 A non-prismatic simply supported beam has a total THREE MOMENT EQUATION
span of 8m. The 4m long middle section of the beam has a
𝑀1 𝐿1 𝐿 𝐿 𝑀 𝐿 6𝐴 𝑎 6𝐴 𝑏 ℎ ℎ
moment of inertia twice the moment of inertia of the section
𝐼1
+ 2𝑀2 ( 𝐼 1 + 𝐼 2) + 𝐼3 2 + 𝐼 1𝐿 1 + 𝐼 2𝐿 2 = 6E(𝐿 1 + 𝐿3)
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
beside the supports. The beam is acted upon by a downward
concentrated load acting at midspan equal to 10kN. if EI is constant and no settlement
10 kN 6𝐴 𝑎 6𝐴 𝑏
𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + 1 1 + 2 2 = 0
𝐿1 𝐿2

I I 6𝐴1 𝑎1 𝑃𝑎(𝐿2 − 𝑎2 )
2I 𝐿1
=∫ 𝐿
2m 4m 2m 6𝐴2 𝑏2 𝑃𝑏(𝐿2 − 𝑏2 )
=∫
13. Which of the following gives the reaction at A? 𝐿2 𝐿
a. 7 kN c. 5 kN
b. 8 kN d. 10 kN for moment
14. Which of the following most nearly gives the slope at a
6𝐴1 𝑎1 𝑀(𝐿2 − 3𝑎2 )
point 2m to the right of the left support (at the change in cross =
𝐿1 𝐿
section)?
a. 40/EI c. 30/EI 6𝐴2 𝑏2 𝑀(𝐿2 − 3𝑏2 )
b. 25/EI d. 15/EI =-
𝐿2 𝐿
15. Which of the following most nearly gives the maximum
deflection of the beam? Sit. 07 A continuous beam carries the loads as shown in the
a. 40/EI c. 60/EI figure.
b. 80/EI d. 50/EI 800 N/m 500 N
USING FORMULAS AND INTEGRATION 200 N
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM 400 N/m

5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿mid = 384𝐸𝐼 (for uniformly distributed load) A B C

𝑃𝐿3
𝛿mid = 48𝐸𝐼 (for concentrated load at midspan) 1.5m 3m 1m 2m 1m
6𝐴1 𝑎
FIXED-END BEAM (RESTRAINED BEAM) 19. Compute the value of
𝐿
a. 3190 N-m2 c. 5120 N-m2
𝑤𝐿4 b. 2880 N-m2 d. 7050 N-m2
𝛿mid = 384𝐸𝐼
(for uniformly distributed load) 6𝐴 𝑏
2
20. Compute the value of
𝐿
𝑃𝐿3 a. 3190 N-m2 c. 5120 N-m2
𝛿mid = 192𝐸𝐼 (for concentrated load at midspan)
b. 2880 N-m2 d. 7050 N-m2
21. Compute the moment at B.
FIXED-END MOMENT a. -645 N-m c. -278 N-m
b. -300 N-m d. -145 N-m
P
a b Sit. 08 A continuous beam with its both ends are fixed carries
A B a triangular load which varies from zero at A to 4kN/m
L at B.
4 kN/m
𝑃𝑎𝑏2 𝑃𝑎 2 𝑏
MA = − ∫ 𝐿2
MB = − ∫ 𝐿2

Sit. 06 For the restrained beam shown below,

A B
30 kN C
20 kN/m
3m 3m
10 kN/m
22. Compute the moment at A.
a. – 0.9 kN-m c. – 0.3 kN-m
A B
b. – 2.7 kN-m d. – 1.5 kN-m
23. Compute the moment at B.
3m 3m a. – 0.9 kN-m c. – 0.3 kN-m
b. – 2.7 kN-m d. – 1.5 kN-m
16. Compute the moment at support A, in kN-m. 24. Compute the moment at C.
a. 58.25 kN-m c. 56.25 kN-m a. – 0.9 kN-m c. – 0.3 kN-m
b. 70.50 kN-m d. 64.50 kN-m b. – 2.7 kN-m d. – 1.5 kN-m
SLOPE DEFLECTION EQUATIONS FIXED-FREE BEAM (CANTILEVER BEAM)
for beams,
P
2𝐸𝐼 a
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 + (2𝛳𝐴 + 𝛳𝐵 )
𝐿
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = -𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 + (2𝛳𝐵 + 𝛳𝐴 ) L
𝐿
for frames,
2𝐸𝐼 𝑃𝑎 2 (3𝐿−𝑎) 𝑃𝑎 2
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵 + (2𝛳𝐴 + 𝛳𝐵 - 3 )
𝛥 𝛿end = ∫ ϴend = ∫
𝐿 𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼

2𝐸𝐼 𝛥
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = -𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴 + (2𝛳𝐵 + 𝛳𝐴 - 3 ) PROPPED BEAM
𝐿 𝐿
P
Sit. 09 From the beam shown with fixed end support at A and a b
rollers at B and C respectively, it carries a uniform load of
2kN/m along span AB and a concentrated load of 12kN at the
mid span of BC. Using slope deflection method and constant L
value of EI.
𝑃(𝑎𝑏2 +0.5𝑎 2𝑏) 𝑃𝑎 2 (3𝐿−𝑎)
12 kN M=∫ R=∫
𝐿2 2𝐿3
2 kN/m
Sit. 11 (CE BOARD MAY 2013)
A C The retaining wall shown in the figure is simply supported
B at the top and assumed fixed at the base. The total active
pressure acting on the wall varies from 0kN/m at the top to
24m 8m 54kN/m at the bottom. Assume EI = constant.
25. Compute the slope at B.
a. – 78/EI c. – 144/EI
b. – 69/EI d. – 112/EI
26. Compute the moment MAB
a. – 72 kN-m c. – 132 kN-m
9m
b. – 120 kN-m d. – 108 kN-m
27. Compute the moment MBC
a. – 72 kN-m c. – 132 kN-m
b. – 120 kN-m d. – 108 kN-m 54 kN/m

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD

31. Calculate the moment at the base of the wall.
Stiffness Factor, 𝑘 a. 291.6 kN-m c. 274.8 kN-m
𝐼
b. 325.4 kN-m d. 314.8 kN-m
𝑘= 32. Calculate the moment at the base of the wall when the
𝐿
simple support at the top is removed.
Modified Stiffness Factor, 𝑘′ a. 781 kN-m c. 635 kN-m
b. 812 kN-m d. 729 kN-m
if the end support is hinged, multiply k of that span by ¾ 33. Calculate the shear at the base of the wall when the
simple support at the top is removed.
Distribution Factor, 𝐷𝐹 a. 265 kN c. 234 kN
𝑘 b. 243 kN d. 178 kN
𝐷𝐹 =
Ʃ𝑘
Sit. 12 (CE BOARD DEC 2014)
Sit. 10 For the continuous beam shown in the figure with The prismatic beam shown is fixed at A and to be supported
constant value of E = 2x106 MPa and I = 50x106 mm4 by rod BC at B. The beam carries a uniform load w = 24 kN/m
determine the following: throughout its 5m span. E = 200GPa and I = 450x106 mm4.
22 kN/m C
20 kN/m 15 kN
12 kN/m 10 kN/m w (kN/m) rod

A A B
B C

7m 3m 2m 2m 2m 1m 5m
28. The moment at support A, in kN-m. 34. What is the maximum deflection at the free-end without
a. – 57.21 kN-m c. – 267.5 kN-m the rod?
b. – 113.35 kN-m d. – 108.52 kN-m a. 28.7 mm c. 22.6 mm
29. The moment at support B, in kN-m. b. 18.4 mm d. 20.8 mm
a. 97.21 kN-m c. 87.91 kN-m 35. Compute the force on the rod to eliminate the deflection
b. 53.74 kN-m d. 103.23 kN-m at the free end.
30. The vertical reaction at support A, in kN. a. 45 kN c. 40 kN
a. 239.71 kN c. 64.04 kN b. 50 kN d. 55 kN
b. 201.43 kN d. 101.72 kN 36. If the rod is placed at midspan, calculate the force on the
rod to eliminate the deflection at the free end.
ADDITIONAL TOPICS FOR DEFLECTION FORMULAS a. 132 kN c. 124 kN
AND INTEGRATION b. 144 kN d. 112 kN