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Nutrition&
Digestion
CH 6 Science | Class 10
Notes + 10 Years Integrated PYQ's
 LIFE Processes
4 What are
life processes ?
The
→
maintenance
functions of living organisms must
go on even

when they are not

doing anything particular .

-
The processes which together perform this maintenance
job are
life
processes .

thhat processes will we

study about ?
Life Processes

Nutrition Respiration Digestion Transportation Excretion

Nutrition
→ Nutrients :
Group of food in which protein , fats ,
vitamins and
minerals are involved is called nutrients .

→ Nutrition : The process of intake of nutrients ( like carbohydrates fats , ,

proteins ,
minerals , vitamin and water) by an organism as well as

the utilization of these the

nutrients
by organism .

Types of Nutrition

1) Autotrophic nutrition
%) Heterotrophic (Holozoic) nutrition

1) Autotrophic Nutrition
→ It is a
process where an
organism prepares its own
food .
-

They are known as autotrophs .

Ex plants
green
:

ii) Heterotrophic nutrition

It is in which other
→ a
type of nutrition organisms depend upon
to
organisms for food survive .

EI : animals ,
humans .

-
In heterotrophic also , we see :

a) Saprophytic :
Obtaining food from dead and
decaying matter .

En Fungi
:

b) Parasitic : Obtaining food from host

organism without
killing it .

En : Roundworm

c) Holozoic :
Having solid matter and then
digesting it is holozoic mode

of nutrition .

En : Animals

Photosynthesis
4 The process , by which plants make
green their own
food from
dioxide by using in the
carbon and water
sunlight energy presence
of chlorophyll ,
is called photosynthesis .

Carbohydrates are utilised for providing energy to the plant .

Chlorophyll
GCO, -161120 sunlight Cgtlgzo + 602
(Glucose)
Oxygen is released
during photosynthesis
•
.

The of photosynthesis takes in the leaves

process place green of a
plant
•
.

The leaves
food is
prepared by the of plant in the form of a
•

green a

simple sugar called

glucose .

The is another food called starch

extra
glucose changed into
•
.
-

This Stauch is stored in the leaves of the plant .

The plants sunlight into chemical by making

•

green convert
energy energy
carbohydrates .

The dioxide leaves plant through

carbon gas enters the the the stomata
•

of
present on their surface .

Obtaining water for photosynthesis

•
The water required photosynthesis is absorbed by the root
by the plants for
of the plants from the soil through the process of osmosis .

•
The water absorbed by the roots of the plants is
transported upward through
the xylem vessels to the leaves where it reaches the photosynthetic cells .

Site of photosynthesis

•
The site photosynthesis in cell the leaf chloroplasts
of a
of are

which contain
chlorophyll .

Chloroplasts are
present in the photosynthetic cells ( mesophyll cells)

of green plants .

contain chlorophyll other cells

These cells more than
plant
-
.

Stomata
9) They allow the exchange of gasses ( CO2 and Oa ) with the
atmosphere .

2) Evaporation of water from the leaf surface occurs through the

stomata .

Thus , the stomata help in the process of transpiration .

3) Allows the intake of carbon dioxide and to give out

oxygen
during the
process of photosynthesis .
* How do
organisms obtain their nutrition ?

The nutrition
→
process of involves the following :

* Ingestion →
Digestion → Absorption → Assimilation → Egestion

Answered
9) All the
body cells are not in direct contact with the
surrounding
environment , like humans in multicellular
organisms .

Hence , each do
cell
of the
body not
get oxygen according to the
-

requirement by the process of diffusion from environment .

So
digression is insuffeeient to meet the
oxygen demand multicellular organisms
of
-
.
,

2) Breathing and respiration are the main criteria used to decide whether

is alive
something .

Though , living beings also show

growth and movement .

3) An organism uses
organic molecules as raw material .

is
whereas
food is used by Heterotrophs and carbon dioxide minerals water
-

, , ,

used
by autotrophs .

4) Following process are essential

for maintaining life :

9) Nutrition
%) Respiration
iii)
Transportation
8D Excretion
 NUTRITION IN AMOEBA
9) Ingestion
→ Amoeba ingests food with the help of its finger -
like extensions , called

pseudopodia .

it
-
When a
food particle approaches Amoeba , forms pseudopodia around it

and
forms a
food vacuole inside the Amoeba .

ii) Digestion
→ Various
enzymes from the cytoplasm enter into the food vacuole and

break them down into simple soluble molecules .

iii ) Absorption
→ The simple soluble food is absorbed by cytoplasm of Amoeba

from food vacuoles through the process of diffusion .

iv) Assimilation
→ Amoeba cell obtains
energy from the absorbed
food through respiration .

This utilised for

energy is by Amoeba its
growth and
repair of the
-

body .

v) Egestion
→ When a considerable amount of undigested food gets collected inside

Amoeba ,
its cell membrane ruptures and throws out the undigested food .

NUTRITION IN FLUMAN BEINGS

* Important Definitions
① Ingestion : The process of intake of food by an
organism is

called Ingestion .

② Digestion : The
process in which
food containing large ,
insoluble
molecules is broken down into small , water soluble
molecules .
③ Absorption : The process in which the digested food passes through
the intestinal wall into blood stream is called Absorption .

④ Assimilation : The process in which the absorbed

food is taken in by
body cells and used for energy ,
growth and repair is

called Assimilation .

⑤ Egestion (Excretion) : The process in which the undigested food is

removed from the body is called Egestion .

D
Digestion begins in the mouth itself .

9) Mouth
→
Digestion begins in the mouth
itself .

-
The saliva contains an
enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks
down starch which is a
complex molecule into sugars like maltose .

2) Buccal or Oral cavity

It
→ extend
from mouth to
pharynx
lies between two
upper (fixed)
and
jaws ,
 and lower ( movable) .

-
It contains teeth also .

Teeth in
help chewing and
grinding the
-

food .

-
Starch gets converted to simple sugary
maltose .

The movement of tongue turns food

into mass
of a substance called BOLUS .

3) Oesophagus
→ No digestion of food takes place here .

-
Peristaltic movement
helps to pass the food down .

4) Stomach
→ The muscular walls
of the stomach help in
mixing the
food thoroughly
with digestive
more
juices .

-
These digestion functions are taken care by the gastric glands present
in the wall of the stomach .

Gastric Glands
Gastric Glands HCl
secretes
gastric juice which consists
of ,
mucus

and
pepsinogen .

a) Function of HCl :

a) Converts inactive pepsinogen into active

pepsin .

2) kills the
germs .

b) Function of Mucus :
→ Protects the inner
lining of stomach .

c) Function of Pepsin :

Breaks down proteins into

→
peptides .

Pepsin is a
major enzyme of gastric juice which functions in acidic
medium .
-
It hydrolyses proteins into soluble
frongment called peptones and
proteases
-
The exit of food from the stomach is
regulated by a
spindlier
muscle which releases it in small amounts into the small intestine .

SMALL INTESTINE
•
This is the longest part of the
alimentary canal which is fitted
into because
a
compact space of extensive
coiling .

Site
of the
complete digestion of carbohydrates proteins fats
•

,
and .

•
The food coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline

for the
pancreatic enzymes to act .

* The two main functions are :

9) Emulsification of fats by Bile Juice which is secreted by liver .

2) Pancreatic juice secreted by pancreas contains trypsin and lipase .

Lipase : Breaks down emulsified fats .

Trypsin : Helps to digest protein .

•
The walls
of the small intestine contain glands which secrete intestinal

juice .

The
present in it
finally convert the proteins to amino acids,
•

enzymes
complex carbohydrates into
glucose and
fats into
fatty acids and glycerol .

→
Following conversions take place in short :

Carbohydrates -
Glucose fats -

fatty acids +
glycerol
Protein -
Amino acids

•
After that the ,
inner
lining of the small intestine has numerous

finger like projections

-
called villi which increase the
surface are
for
absorption .

•
The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the
absorbed food to each and
every cell
of the body ,
where it is
utilised
for obtaining energy , building up new tissues and the repair
old tissues
of .