AN ASSIGNMENT FOR INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

“What’s Semantics, Lexical, Grammatical, and Contextual Meaning,

Referential and Non Referential meaning”

Supporting Lecturer :
Dr. Ch Evy Tri W, M. Hum

Arranged by :
Stevia Tessalonika Ardhana NPM 22520030

CLASS 02

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SLAMET RIYADI UNIVERSITY
2023
 PREFACE

Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

With all the praises and thanks to Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala, who has given His
love and mercy so that a paper entitled “AN ASSIGNMENT FOR INTRODUCTION TO
LINGUISTICS (what’s semantics, lexical, grammatical, and contextual meaning, referential
and non referential meaning)” can be finished well. The paper is structured to meet one of the
assignment about Semantics.
On this occasion, we would like to thank profusely to all those who have helped us in
completing the writing of this paper, to Dr. Ch Evy Tri W, M. Hum as lecturer in
Introduction to Linguistics for the support and motivation and also to friends who have
contributed their ideas and motivation for writing this paper.
We are fully aware that the many flaws in the writing of this paper, in terms of
material, technical and presentation material. Therefore, we expect criticism and constructive
suggestions to futher refine the writing of this paper. Finally, we hope that the writing of this
paper can be useful for readers.
Wassalamualaikumwarahmatullahiwabarakatuh.

Surakarta, 19 Mei 2023

Stevia Tessalonika Ardhana

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Hlm
PREFACE. .................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................. ii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1. Background of the Paper..................................................................... 1
2. Problem Formulation.......................................................................... 1
3. Purpose of the Paper........................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II : DISCUSSION
1. Active and Passive Articulators.......................................................... 2
2. Voiced and Voiceless Sounds............................................................. 5
CHAPTER III : CONCLUSION
1. Conclusion.......................................................................................... 19
2. Suggestion........................................................................................... 19
BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................... 20
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the Paper

Semantics is the study of meaning in language. Seen by Breal, in the late century, as
an emerging sciene (French, ‘semantique’) opposed to phonetics (‘phonetique’) as a
science of sounds; similary for Bloomfield in 1930, it was a field covering, asone
account of meaningful forms, and the lexicon. Also seen more narrowly, in a traditional
lasting into the 1960s, as the study of meaning in the lexicon alone, including changes in
word meaning. Later, in accounts in which the study of distribution was dicovered from
of meanings, opposed either to grammar in general; or, within grammar and especially a
generative grammar from the 1960s onwards, to syntax specifially. Of the uses current
beginning of the 21st century, many restrict semantics to the study meaning is
abstraction from the contexts in which words and senteces are uttered: im opposition,
therefore, to pragmatics. Others include pragmatics as one of it,s branches. In others its
scope is in practice very narrow: thus one handbook of ‘contemporary semantic theory’
in the mid-1990s deals almost solely with problems in formal semantics, even the
meanings of lexical units being neglected.

2. Problem Formulation
Based on the background of the paper above, there are 3 questions to be explained :
a. What is semantics?
b. What is the meaning of lexical, grammatical, and contextual?
c. What is the meaning of referential and non referential?

3. Purpose of the Paper

Based on the problem formulation above, there are 3 objectives that must be achieved
in this study :
a. Knowing the explanation about semantics.
b. Knowing the explanation about lexical, grammatical, and contextual.
c. Knowing the explanation about referential and non referential.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

1. Semantics
Semantics is the study of language meanings by examining a single word, signs, or group
of text. Semantics is also a branch of linguistics that studies how meaning is constructed,
communicated, and how meaning changes over time. Below are examples of how the
semantics of different words may be interpreted ny how they’re used;

- Run
The word “run” can have many different meanings. For example, “Gwen enjoys
running” describes a person who runs for exercise. However, “My computer is
running” doesn’t mean the computer is running like a human; it means the computer
is operational.

- Move
The word “move” can describe taking something and putting it elsewhere, pushing
or pulling something to an alternate location, or something that stirs emotion.

In linguistics, there are three types of semantics, which are formal semantics, lexical semantics,
and conceptual semantics.

a. Formal semantics
Examines the larger link between language and reality, truth, and possibility using
approaches from arithmetic, philosophy, and logic. For example;

- “let f be a function” “formalize”

- f(theory) = precise_theory
- precise_theory < theory

b. Lexical semantics
Lexical semantics deconstruct words and phrases within a line of text to understand the
meaning in terms of context. This can include a study of individual nouns, verbs,
adjectives, prefixes, root words, suffixes, or longer phrases or idioms. For example;

- What is the meaning of ‘big’?

‘Large’ or opposite of ‘small’
- What the meaning of ‘daffodil’?
A kind of flower

c. Conceptual semantics
Conceptual semantics deals with the most basic concept and form of a word before our
thoughts and feeling added context to it. For example, at its most basic we know a
cougar to be a wild cat. But, the word cougar has also come to indicate an older woman
who’s dating a younger man.
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
1. Conclusion
The active articulator is the part of the vocal tract that moves in order to form a
constriction. The passive articulator is the part of the vocal tract that the active articulator
comes closest to in forming the constriction.
Voiced consonants require the use of the vocal cords to produce their signature
sounds; voiceless consonants do not. Both types use the breath, lips, teeth, and upper palate to
further modify speech.

2. Suggestion
By writing this paper we hope the readers can spot the difference between voiced and
voiceless sounds and know how to produce those sounds with active and passive articulators.
Although we want perfection in the preparation of this paper, in reality, there are still
many flaws that need to be corrected. This is due to our lack of knowledge. Therefore
constructive criticism and suggestions from readers are highly expected as evaluation for the
future paper. So that we can continue to produce research and writing that is useful for many
people.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sounds

https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/ikos/EXFAC03- AAS/h06/larestoff/linguistics/Chapter
%204(H06).pdf

Places of Articulation, picture taken from :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_articulation#/media/File:Places_of_articulation.svg

Voiced and Voiceless Sound in English

https://langeek.co/en/grammar/course/1161/voiced-voiceless-sounds

English Pronunciation Drills, edited by Drs. Setya Mahanani and Ulupi Sitoresmi, S.S.,
m.Hum.

Cambridge Dictionary

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/