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This visualization could provide more information to individuals who are on the borderline to
encourage them to adjust their lifestyles in a timely manner to avoid a positive Met-S diagnosis or
even to move back from a positive to a negative. For details about all of the risk factors for heart
disease, go to the Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors Health Topic. Summary and Conclusions
Two large epidemiological studies indicate that clustering of components of the metabolic syndrome
increases the risk for the development of colon cancer compared with individual components of the
metabolic syndrome ( Table 2 ). This population with borderline test results could be motivated to
make lifestyle changes due to the additional information provided by the ASD method. Insulin
resistance also may increase your risk for metabolic syndrome. The team looked into anonymized
data extracted from EHR of checkup clients who attended a health promotion clinic in a private
hospital in 2010-2017 A.D. who were 18 years or older, both male and female, and selected those
who had had an annual checkup for five consecutive years. This is also called having an “apple-
shaped” figure. They’re high in calories, however, so eat them in moderation. Work closely with your
doctor, and seek regular medical care. Excessive fat in and around the abdomen is most strongly
associated with metabolic syndrome. In the future, metabolic syndrome may overtake smoking as
the leading risk factor for heart disease. There were participants from each of the five continents as
well as from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Cholesterol Education
Program—Third Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III). If you choose canned fruit or juice, make sure no
sugar is added. Nevertheless, there is good epidemiological evidence to support the association of
reduced HDLc with certain types of cancer development, but triglycerides may only be weakly
related to cancer incidence. It is, therefore, possible to reverse disease progression or even return to
pre-Met-S through these lifestyle modifications. 4-6. This imbalance of hormones, the redox system,
and energy availability promote cell transformation, angiogenesis, migration, and proliferation, as
well as inhibition of apoptosis ( Figure 1 ). Although BMI is positively associated with breast cancer
in postmenopausal women, wherein the adipose tissue (not the ovaries) are the primary source of
estrogen production, 54 Reed MJ Purohit A Aromatase regulation and breast cancer. In addition
increase free fatty acids, increase oxidative stress and alteration in adipokine profile in patients of
metabolic syndrome. In this review, we critically consider existing definitions and evolving
information, and conclude that there is still a need to develop uniform criteria to define MetS, so as
to enable comparisons between different studies and to better identify patients at risk. In addition to
the standard DASH diet, there is also a lower sodium version of the diet. Lean meat, poultry and
fish: 6 servings or fewer a day Meat can be a rich source of protein, B vitamins, iron and zinc.
Currently, several different definitions of MetS exist, causing substantial confusion as to whether
they identify the same individuals or represent a surrogate of risk factors. Mildly high blood sugar
may be an early sign of diabetes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001; 10: 937-941 PubMed.
Growing scientific evidence is helping identify the various ways that sugar is implicated. Avoid trans
fat, commonly found in such processed foods as crackers, baked goods and fried items. Read food
labels on margarine and salad dressing so that you can choose those that are lowest in saturated fat
and free of trans fat. For example, studies examining the potential link of hypertension and HDLc as
independent risk factors for cancer should be designed to control for confounding factors such as
BMI, waist circumference, triglyceride concentrations, and insulin resistance. Thus, circulating leptin
levels are directly related to adiposity. 61 Kershaw EE Flier JS Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ.
Here’s a look at the recommended servings from each food group for the 2,000-calorie-a-day DASH
diet. We then studied data of these 1,473 subjects as one group retrospective cohort (Figure 1).
Dyslipidemia Suppressed HDLc and elevated triglycerides in patients are also risk factors for colon,
breast, and prostate cancers. 33 Giovannucci E Insulin, insulin-like growth factors and colon cancer:
a review of the evidence. J Nutr. 2001; 131: 3109S-3120S PubMed. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;
26: 115-140 Crossref. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005; 118: 239-240 View. However, the
reasons abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome seem to be linked are complex and not fully
understood. Prevalence rates found here could have been biasedly low because of different judgment
of checkup physicians on which tests to request for each particular subject. Abbreviations: E, estrone;
E 2, estradiol; A, androgens; mito, mitochondria; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SHBG, sex
hormone-binding globulin; FFA, free or nonesterified fatty acids; TG, triglycerides; IGFBPs, insulin-
like growth factor-binding proteins. View Large. Lower risk: You’re in this category if you have
zero or one risk factor. Artificial sweeteners such as aspartame (NutraSweet, Equal) and sucralose
(Splenda) may help satisfy your sweet tooth while sparing the sugar. You can download the paper by
clicking the button above. DASH diet: Alcohol and caffeine Drinking too much alcohol can increase
blood pressure. Adipokines Obesity is, by definition, an increase in fat. The standard DASH diet
meets the recommendation from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans to keep daily sodium intake
to less than 2,300 mg a day. VEGF is secreted by human fat cells, especially omental fat. 65
Hausman GJ Richardson RL Adipose tissue angiogenesis. J Anim Sci. 2004; 82: 925-934 Crossref.
In contrast to weight gain, exercise can improve insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and thereby
reduce colorectal cancer risk and metastasis in men. 26 Nilsen TI Vatten LJ Prospective study of
colorectal cancer risk and physical activity, diabetes, blood glucose and BMI: exploring the
hyperinsulinaemia hypothesis. Men and women combined demonstrated increased risk of death from
colorectal cancer from clustering of the components of the metabolic syndrome (men RR, 2.96 and
95% CI, 1.05 to 8.31; men and women combined RR, 2.99 and 95% CI, 1.27 to 7.02). Once again
colorectal cancer mortality in women was not affected. It is, therefore, possible to reverse disease
progression or even return to pre-Met-S through these lifestyle modifications. 4-6. Methodology A
systematic literature search on the prevalence of pediatric MetS was conducted. A diagnosis of Met-
S relied on NCEP-R criteria in 2004. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001; 10: 937-941
PubMed. This would add more clinical benefits to those who are at moderate risk and might expand
our knowledge on the chronological aspect of progressing from moderate to higher risks for Met-S.
Insulin is a hormone that helps move blood sugar into cells where it’s used for energy. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002; 11: 385-391 PubMed. If lifestyle changes aren’t enough, your
doctor may recommend medicines. The DASH diet is also in line with dietary recommendations to
prevent osteoporosis, cancer, heart disease, stroke and diabetes. Your risk factors are used to
calculate your 10-year risk of developing heart disease. The effects of the metabolic syndrome on
cancer risk in women should be further evaluated for other types of cancer such as breast or
endometrial cancer, taking into account menopausal status. About 85 percent of people who have
type 2 diabetes—the most common type of diabetes—also have metabolic syndrome. Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002; 11: 1531-1543 PubMed. The insulin resistance plays a paramount
role in connecting the different components of metabolic syndrome and adding to the syndrome's
development. This syndrome has since become known as the “metabolic syndrome,” which is a risk
factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).
The weight of each criterion was then used to calculate the degree of each radius of the radar chart,
which represented each criterion according to NCEP-R as already described in the Methods section.
TNF-? activates nuclear factor-?B (by phosphorylation of its inhibitor I?B), which increases
production of NO, a substrate for reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, 70 Sonnenberg GE
Krakower GR Kissebah AH A novel pathway to the manifestations of metabolic syndrome. Obes
Res. 2004; 12: 180-186 Crossref. It’s OK to swap a diet cola for a regular cola, but not in place of a
more nutritious beverage such as low-fat milk or even plain water. However, neither study took into
account the menopausal status of women or the use of hormone replacement therapy. Metabolic
Syndrome is not a disease, but rather a cluster of disorders of your body’s metabolism, including:
High blood pressure High insulin levels Excess body weight. We found an increased trend of average
ASD values with increased number of positive results. The value of having at least three criteria was
used to (theoretically) diagnose subjects as having metabolic syndrome. This provided more detailed
information on an individual’s probability of having metabolic syndrome. Dyslipidemia Suppressed
HDLc and elevated triglycerides in patients are also risk factors for colon, breast, and prostate
cancers. 33 Giovannucci E Insulin, insulin-like growth factors and colon cancer: a review of the
evidence. J Nutr. 2001; 131: 3109S-3120S PubMed. Data from year 1 were used to calculate
threshold for ASD method diagnosis, while data from year 2 to year 5 were used for testing and
following up for diagnosis of Met-S according to NCEP-R criteria. Nuts sometimes get a bad rap
because of their fat content, but they contain healthy types of fat — monounsaturated fat and
omega-3 fatty acids. We hope to be able to inform patients much earlier in their lives on the long
term effects of their current healthy or risky behaviors. Figure 1 Diagram of factors linking the MS
with cancer development. Metabolic Syndrome is not a disease, but rather a cluster of disorders of
your body’s metabolism, including: High blood pressure High insulin levels Excess body weight
Abnormal cholesterol levels. When buying frozen and canned vegetables, choose those labeled as
low sodium or without added salt. This could distort the perception of those who are quite close to
having metabolic syndrome but are diagnosed as normal. If heart-healthy lifestyle changes aren’t
enough, your doctor may prescribe medicines. Although insulin resistance is considered a major
pathological influence, only the World Health Organization (WHO) and European Group for the
study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR) definitions include it amongst the diagnostic criteria and only the
International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition has waist circumference as a mandatory
component. People at greatest risk for metabolic syndrome have these underlying causes: Abdominal
obesity (a large waistline) An inactive lifestyle Insulin resistance Some people are at risk for
metabolic syndrome because they take medicines that cause weight gain or changes in blood
pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood sugar levels. Future basic science research aimed at
understanding how adipokines, insulin, and IGFs, and ROS stimulate cancer progression will aid in
determining which factors are primary and which are secondary in the development of the metabolic
syndrome and how we can potentially intervene in these pathways by use of pharmacological
inhibitors, behavioral modification, or gene therapy ( Table 9 ). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.
2001; 10: 937-941 PubMed. Many more epidemiological studies have shown an independent
correlation between a single risk factor of the metabolic syndrome and cancer. International Diabetes
Federation Definition: Abdominal obesity plus two other components: elevated BP, low HDL,
elevated TG, or impaired fasting glucose. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome within individual
cohorts varies with the definition used. Reduce your risk for heart disease by successfully losing
weight and keeping it off. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. This content is
not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Because the
DASH diet is a healthy way of eating, it offers health benefits besides just lowering blood pressure.
Impaired Glucose Regulation and Hyperinsulinemia A recent study by Jee and colleagues 29 Jee SH
Ohrr H Sull JW Yun JE Ji M Samet JM Fasting serum glucose level and cancer risk in Korean men
and women. JAMA. 2005; 293: 194-202 Crossref. Hardy, Department of Pathology, University of
Alabama at Birmingham, 701 South 19th St., LHRB Room 531, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007.
The content on this website is intended for informational and educational purposes only. Cancer
Causes Control. 2002; 13: 741-751 Crossref. For all open access content, the Creative Commons
licensing terms apply. These people have a much higher risk for heart disease than the 15 percent of
people who have type 2 diabetes without metabolic syndrome. Our purpose here is to highlight the
potential increase in cancer risk that is likely associated with the clustering of metabolic syndrome
components. With respect to cancer, ROS can damage DNA by several processes including DNA
base modification, deletions, frame shifts, strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links, and chromosomal
rearrangements. 76 Valko M Izakovic M Mazur M Rhodes CJ Telser J Role of oxygen radicals in
DNA damage and cancer incidence. As a result, the association between BPH and metabolic
syndrome was established with little doubt. Prediction of Diabetes Based on Baseline Metabolic
Characteristics in Individuals at High Risk. Numerous studies have demonstrated that adult weight
gain (after the age of 18; measured as a change in BMI or kg) is significantly correlated with an
increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the absence of hormone replacement therapy (
Table 6 ). 19 Friedenreich CM Review of anthropometric factors and breast cancer risk. Consistent
with this notion, we have highlighted several cellular and molecular mechanisms that may link the
components of the metabolic syndrome to cancer ( Table 9 ). Each polygon of each subject was then
compared with the threshold polygon. Take all of your medicines as prescribed by your doctor.
Metabolic Syndrome Symptoms and Signs Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors that raises
your risk for heart disease and other health problems, such as diabetes and stroke. Each polygon of
each subject was then compared with the threshold polygon. Don’t think of vegetables only as side
dishes — a hearty blend of vegetables served over brown rice or whole-wheat noodles can serve as
the main dish for a meal. From a clinical standpoint this information would put more emphasis on
therapeutic life style changes for metabolic syndrome patients, such as exercise, eating healthy,
losing weight, as well as being compliant with prescribed medication(s) to control hypertension,
blood glucose, or dyslipidemia. Interestingly, most of the components of the metabolic syndrome
have individually been linked in some way to the development of cancer. The standard DASH diet
meets the recommendation from the Dietary Guidelines for Americans to keep daily sodium intake
to less than 2,300 mg a day. The insulin resistance plays a paramount role in connecting the different
components of metabolic syndrome and adding to the syndrome's development. Cancer Causes
Control. 2004; 15: 707-719 Crossref. Like vegetables, they’re packed with fiber, potassium and
magnesium and are typically low in fat — coconuts are an exception. Although the role of VEGF in
angiogenesis and tumor progression is not in doubt, the relative importance of adipocyte-derived
VEGF to tumor progression is less clear. Although BMI is positively associated with breast cancer in
postmenopausal women, wherein the adipose tissue (not the ovaries) are the primary source of
estrogen production, 54 Reed MJ Purohit A Aromatase regulation and breast cancer. Methodology A
systematic literature search on the prevalence of pediatric MetS was conducted. Obesity (Defined by
BMI or WHR) Aromatase A central feature of the metabolic syndrome is increased WHR or BMI,
which reflects an increase in adipose tissue. Lower risk: You’re in this category if you have zero or
one risk factor. Fats and oils: 2 to 3 servings a day Fat helps your body absorb essential vitamins and
helps your body’s immune system. Doctors usually prescribe statins for people who have: Diabetes
Heart disease or had a prior stroke High LDL cholesterol levels Doctors may discuss beginning statin
treatment with those who have an elevated risk for developing heart disease or having a stroke. It’s
OK to swap a diet cola for a regular cola, but not in place of a more nutritious beverage such as low-
fat milk or even plain water. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001; 10: 937-941 PubMed.