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Tutorial 2

1. The document provides examples of exact differentials and methods for solving exact and homogeneous differential equations. 2. Several problems are given involving finding integrating factors to determine if a differential equation is exact and using that to solve the equation. 3. Methods discussed include determining if an equation is exact by checking if it can be written as the total differential of a function, finding integrating factors that are functions of sums or products of the variables, and using reduction of order techniques.

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Sai Amith
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24 views3 pages

Tutorial 2

1. The document provides examples of exact differentials and methods for solving exact and homogeneous differential equations. 2. Several problems are given involving finding integrating factors to determine if a differential equation is exact and using that to solve the equation. 3. Methods discussed include determining if an equation is exact by checking if it can be written as the total differential of a function, finding integrating factors that are functions of sums or products of the variables, and using reduction of order techniques.

Uploaded by

Sai Amith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE PILANI - KK BIRLA

GOA CAMPUS
FIRST SEMESTER 2019-2020

MATHEMATICS - III
Tutorial–2

Some exact differentials:

Group of terms Exact Differential Integrating Factor


xdy + ydx xdy + ydx = d(xy) 1
xdy − ydx y
1
xdy − ydx = d x2
x2  x
xdy−ydx 1
xdy − ydx y2
= d − xy
y2
xdy − ydx  y 1
xdy − ydx = d ln
xy x xy
xdy − ydx −1
 1
xdy − ydx = d tan (y/x)
x2 + 
y2 x + y2
2
 
−1
d if n 6= 1

xdy + ydx 
(n−1)(xy) n−1 1
xdy + ydx =
(xy)n  d(ln(xy))

if n = 1 (xy)n
  
−1
xdy + ydx  d 2(n−1)(x2 +y2 )n−1 if n 6= 1

1
xdx + ydy =
(x2 + y 2 )n   d( 1 ln(x2 + y 2 )) if n = 1 (x2 + y 2 )n
2

1. Verify that the given differential equation is exact; then solve it

(i) (cos x + ln y)dx + ( xy + ey )dy = 0, (ii) (ex sin y + tan y)dx + (ex cos y + x sec2 y)dy = 0,
√
x+y dy 2x(1+ x2 −y)
(iii) (x + tan−1 y)dx + 1+y 2
dy = 0, (iv) dx = √ 2 .
x −y

ydx − xdy
2. Solve + dy = dx as an exact equation in two ways, and reconcile the results.
(x + y)2
3. Find the value of n for which each of the following equations is exact, and solve the
equation for that value of n:

(i) (xy 2 + nx2 y)dx + (x3 + x2 y)dy = 0, (ii) (x + ye2xy )dx + nxe2xy dy = 0.

1
4. Solve the following differential equation

4y 2 − 2x2 8y 2 − x2
dx + dy = 0
4xy 2 − x3 4y 3 − x2 y

as (a) an exact equation and (b) a homogeneous equation.


∂M ∂N
∂y
− ∂x g(z)dz
R
5. If is a function g(z) of the product z = xy, then show that µ = e is an
Ny − Mx
integrating factor for the equation M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy. Use this to find the solution
of the following differential equations:

(i) (y 2 + xy + 1)dx + (x2 + xy + 1)dy = 0, (ii) y dx + (x − 2x2 y 3 ) dy = 0,


(iii) xdy + ydx + 3x3 y 4 dy = 0.

6. Solve each of the following equations by finding an integrating factor

(i) (xy − 1)dx + (x2 − xy)dy = 0, (ii) ydx + (x − 2x2 y 3 )dy = 0,


(ii) (x3 + xy 3 )dx + 3y 2 dy = 0, (iv) xdy + ydx + 3x3 y 4 dy = 0.

7. Under what circumstances will equation M (x, y)dx+N (x, y)dy have an integrating factor
that is a function of the sum z = x + y?
1
8. Show that M x−N y
, when M x − N y 6= 0, is an integrating factor of the equation M dx +
N dy = yf1 (xy)dx + xf2 (xy)dy = 0. Investigate the case when M x − N y = 0. Use this to
find the solution of the following differential equations:

(i) y(x2 y 2 + 2)dx + x(2 − 2x2 y 2 )dy = 0, (ii) y(2xy + 1)dx + x(1 + 2xy − x3 y 3 )dy = 0.

9. Use exact differentials to find the solution of the following differential equations:

dy 2
y−xy −x 3
(i) (x + x4 + 2x2 y 2 + y 4 )dx + ydy = 0, (ii) dx = x+x 2 y+y 3 ,
√
(iii) xdy + ydx = xydy, (iv) xdy = (x5 + x3 y 2 + y)dx.

10. Write the linear equation in the form M dx + N dy = 0 and use the idea of exact equations
to show that this equation has an integrating factor µ that is a function of x alone. Find
µ and obtain the solution.

11. Solve the following linear equations

2
1 dx 2
(i) y 0 + y = , (ii) + 2yx = e−y ,
1 + ex dy
(iii) y 0 + y = 2xe−x + x2 , (iv) xy 2 y 0 + y 3 = x cos x,
(v) xy 0 + 2 = x3 (y − 1)y 0 , (vi) f (y)2 dxdy
+ 3f (y)f 0 (y)x = f 0 (y).

12. Solve the following equations as a linear differential equations


x
(i) xdy + ydx = xy 2 dx, (ii) y 0 + xy = 3 , y 6= 0, (iii) (ey − 2xy)y 0 = y 2 .
y
13. Solve the following equations (using reduction of order)
(i) yy 00 + (y 0 )2 = 0, (ii) xy 00 + y 0 = 4x,
(iii) y 00 = 1 + (y 0 )2 , (iv) y 00 + (y 0 )2 = 1.

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