SMA 2231 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

ASSIGNMENT 1
SAMPLE SOLUTIONS
QUESTION ONE

ai  Let R1 x, y  and R2 x, y  be the respective revenue functions from the sales of the ten
speed bicycles and three speed bicycles the if Rx, y  is the total revenue then
Rx, y   R1  x, y   R2 x, y   xp  yq  x230  9 x  y   y 130  x  4 y 
 230 x  9 x 2  4 y 2  130 y  2 xy  Px, y   Rx, y   cx, y   150 x  9 x 2  4 y 2  100 y  2 xy  200

ii. Px ( x, y )  150  18 x  2 y , which is the approximate change in profit if the number of 10

speed bicycles demand changes by one bicycle holding 3 speed bicycles demand a
constant
Py x, y   130  8 y  2 x , which is the approximate change in profit if the number of 3
speed bicycles demand changes by one bicycle holding 10 speed bicycles demand a
constant
Px 100,150   1500
Py 100,150   970
Both marginal profit at the given level of demand are negative which implies that the
company should avoid operating at this level of demands and the given prices
1 dy 1 dy
 2 Ax  A 
y dx 2 xy dx
b) 2 2
1  dy  1 d2y 1  dy  1 d2y 1 dy
 2     A      
 dx  y  dx 
2 2 2
y y dx y dx 2 xy dx
 dy  d y 
2
dy dy d3y
ii. 2x  2 y  2 A  2B  0  4  2   2 B 3  0
dx dx  dx  dx  dx
2
 dy 
2  2 
B  dx 
d2y
2 2 
 dx 
dy d 2 y
4 2
d 3 y dy  d 2 y 
2
dx dx 2 d 3 y  dy 
B  3   2   3    0
d3y dx dx  dx  dx  dx 
2 3
dx
y   cos x  A  1  y 2   y   1  y 2
2
iii.

1
 iv. y   k c1e kx
 k c2 e  kx

y   kc1e kx
 kc 2 e  kx
 ky
c) y   ae  k sin kx
x

y   ae x  k 2 cos kx , substituting these in the equation yields

3
ae x  k 2 cos kx  4ae x  4k sin kx  3e x equating coefficients yields a  , k  0
5
ii.
2 2
 2

y   2kxe kx  2kxe kx  x a  e kx  2 x equating coefficients yields a  2, k 
1
2
QUESTION TWO
a)
i. Linear differential equation is the one in which there are no products of the
dependent variable and its derivatives, powers of the derivatives or products of
derivatives of different orders otherwise the equation is nonlinear e.g.
d3y d2y dy
3
 2  2  4 y  e x is a linear equation whereas
dx dx dx
3
d y d y
2
dy
3
 3 y  2   2  4 y  e x is nonlinear
dx  dx  dx
ii. Exact o.d.e. is a total differential of a function equated to zero or an equation of
M N
the form M x, y dx  N x, y dy  0 such that  whereas is the one in
y x
which M x, y   f1 x  f 2  y , N x, y   f 3 x  f 4  y 
iii. Homogenous o.d.e of first order and first degree i.e. equation of the form
M x, y dx  N x, y dy  0 such that both M x, y  and N x, y  are
homogeneous of the same degree whereas linear equation of the form
 px y  Qx  where px  and Qx are functions of x alone
dy
dx
b)
In the given equation M x, y   y 2 e xy  4 x 3 and N x, y   2 xye xy  3 y 2
2 2
i.
M N
   2 xy 3 e xy  the equation is exact, grouping the terms in the
2

y x
equation yields y 2 e xy dx  2 xye xy dy  4 x 2 dx  3 y 2  0 or
2 2

2
     
e xy d xy 2  d x 4  d y 3  0 which on integration e xy  x 4  y 3  c
2

ii. Both M x, y   y 2 and N x, y   x 2  xy  y 2 are homogeneous of the same

degree. Let y  vx  dy  vdx  xdv substituting these in the equation yields

2
    
x 2 v  v 3 dx  x 3 1  v  v 2 dv  0 on separating the variables and integrating
1
 y 2
y  1  
yields ln x  ln v1  v  2 1  v  2  c or
1

1
 x
B
1
 y 2
1  
 x
dy y
iii. Equation can be written as   x 2  3x  2  equation is linear whose
dx x
dx
 1 1
integrating factor is e x  e ln x  multiplying the equation by
x x
 y
d 
 x   x  3  2  d  y    x  3  2 dx integrating yields
   
dx x  x  x
y x2 x3
  3x  2 ln x  c or y   3x 2  2 x ln x  cx
x 2 2
c)
i. M x, y   2 xy 4 e y  2 xy  y and
M
N x, y   x 2 y 4 e y  x 2 y 2  3x   8 xy 3 e y  2 xy 4  2 x  1,
y
N M N
 2 xy 4 e y  2 xy 2  3    equation is not exact, now
x y x
  1    1 
 4 M x, y   2 xe y  6 xy  4  3 y  4 ,  4 N  x, y   2 xe y  2 xy  2  3 y  4
y  y  x  y 
1
the two are not equal thus is not an integrating factor of the given equation
y4
M x, y  N x, y 
ii. M x, y    y, N x, y   x   the equation is not exact, now
x x
  1  y   y 1  y
 2 f   M x, y    3 yf    2 f  ,
1
y  x  x   x x x x 1  y
 2 f   is an integrating
  1  y  1  y 1  y x x
 2 f   N x, y    2 f    3 yf  
x  x  x   x x x x
factor
d) The equation is a Bernoulli equation of degree 4  multiplying the equation by y 4 yields

 2 xy 3   x..............1 let u  y 3   substituting these in 1

dy 1 du dy
y 4  y 4
dx 3 dx dx
 6 xu  3x  integrating factor is e 
du  6 xdx
yields  e 3 x multiplying the equation by this
dx

3
  
yields d ue 3 x  3xe 3 x dx integrating yields u   x 
1 1
 ce 3 x  y 3   x   ce 3 x
3 3
35 3 1 35
applying the given condition yields c  e  required solution is y 3   x   e 3 x
24 3 24
QUESTION THREE

a) Let the sales at any time t be S t  then  k 5  S  

dS dS
 kdt integrating yields
dt 5S
 ln 5  S   t  c  5  S  Ae ct  5  Ae ct  S t  applying the condition S 0  0 yields
 
A  5  S t   5 1  e ct applying the condition y4  1 yields
 
c  0.056  S t   5 1  e 0.056t for the sales to be 4 then

 
S t   5 1  e 0.056t  4  t 
1
0.056
ln 5  29 years
dA
b) Let A be the amount in the account at any time t the  0.045 A  3400
dt