A Level

Physics
for OCR
A

Revision Guide
Gurinder Chadha

2
A Level
Physics
for OCR

A
Revision Guide
Gurinder Chadha

1
3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom
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AS/A Level course structure
This book has been written to support students studying for
OCR A Level Physics A. It covers all A Level modules from the
specification. These are shown in the contents list, which also shows
you the page numbers for the main topics within each module. There
is also an index at the back to help you find what you are looking for.
If you are studying for OCR AS Physics A, you will only need to know
the content in the blue box.
AS exam

Year 1 content Year 2 content

A level exam
1 Development of practical skills 5 Newtonian world and
in physics astrophysics
2 Foundations in physics 6 Particles and medical physics
3 Forces and motion
4 Electrons, waves, and photons

A Level exams will cover content from Year 1 and Year 2 and will be at a
higher demand. You will also carry out practical activities throughout
your course.
Contents
How to use this book v

Module 2 Foundations of physics 1 8.4 Mean drift velocity 56

2 Foundations of physics 1 Practice questions 58
2.1 Quantities and units 2 9 Energy, power, and resistance 59
2.2 Derived units 2 9.1 Circuit symbols 60
2.3 Scalar and vector quantities 4 9.2 Potential difference and electromotive force 60
2.4 Adding vectors 4 9.3 The electron gun 60
2.5 Resolving vectors 6 9.4 Resistance 62
2.6 More on vectors 6 9.5 I-V characteristics 62
Practice questions 8 9.6 Diodes 62
Module 3 Forces and motion 9 9.7 Resistance and resistivity 64
9.8 The thermistor 64
3 Motion 9
9.9 The LDR 64
3.1 Distance and speed 10
9.10 Electrical energy and power 66
3.2 Displacement and velocity 10
9.11 Paying for electricity 66
3.3 Acceleration 12
Practice questions 68
3.4 More on velocity–time graphs 12
3.5 Equations of motion 14 10 Electrical circuits 69
3.6 Car stopping distances 14 10.1 Kirchhoff's laws and circuits 70
3.7 Free fall and g 16 10.2 Combining resistors 70
3.8 Projectile motion 18 10.3 Analysing circuits 70
Practice questions 20 10.4 Internal resistance 72
10.5 Potential divider circuits 72
4 Forces in action 21 10.6 Sensing circuits 72
4.1 Force, mass, and weight 22
Practice questions 74
4.2 Centre of mass 22
4.3 Free-body diagrams 22 11 Waves 1 75
4.4 Drag and terminal velocity 24 11.1 Progressive waves 76
4.5 Moments and equilibrium 26 11.2 Wave properties 76
4.6 Couples and torques 26 11.3 Reflection and refraction 78
4.7 Triangles of forces 28 11.4 Diffraction and polarisation 78
4.8 Density and pressure 30 11.5 Intensity 80
4.9 p = hρg and Archimedes' principle 30 11.6 Electromagnetic waves 80
Practice questions 32 11.7 Polarisation of electromagnetic waves 80
11.8 Refractive index 82
5 Work, energy, and power 33 11.9 Total internal reflection 82
5.1 Work done and energy 34
Practice questions 84
5.2 Conservation of energy 34
5.3 Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy 36 12 Waves 2 85
5.4 Power and efficiency 38 12.1 Superposition of waves 86
Practice questions 40 12.2 Interference 86
12.3 The Young double-slit experiment 86
6 Materials 41 12.4 Stationary waves 88
6.1 Springs and Hooke's law 42
12.5 Harmonics 88
6.2 Elastic potential energy 42
12.6 Stationary waves in air columns 88
6.3 Deforming materials 44
Practice questions 90
6.4 Stress, strain, and the Young modulus 44
Practice questions 46 13 Quantum physics 91
13.1 The photon model 92
7 Laws of motion and momentum 47 13.2 The photoelectric effect 92
7.1 Newton's first and third laws of motion 48
13.3 Einstein's photoelectric effect equation 94
7.2 Linear momentum 48
13.4 Wave-particle duality 94
7.3 Newton's second law of motion 50
Practice questions 96
7.4 Impulse 50
7.5 Collisions in two dimensions 50 Module 5 Newtonian world and astrophysics 97
Practice questions 52 14 Thermal physics 97
Module 4 Electrons, waves, and photons 53 14.1 Temperature 98
14.2 Solids, liquids, and gases 98
8 Charge and current 53
14.3 Internal energy 100
8.1 Current and charge 54
14.4 Specific heat capacity 100
8.2 Moving charges 54
14.5 Specific latent heat 100
8.3 Kirchhoff's first law 56
Practice questions 102

iv
15 Ideal gases 103 22.3 Uniform electric fields and capacitance 154
15.1 The kinetic theory of gases 104 22.4 Charged particles in uniform electric fields 154
15.2 Gas laws 104 22.5 Electric potential and energy 156
15.3 Root mean square speed 106 Practice questions 158
15.4 The Boltzmann constant 106
Practice questions 108
23 Magnetic fields 159
23.1 Magnetic fields 160
16 Circular motion 109 23.2 Understanding magnetic fields 160
16.1 Angular velocity and the radian 110 23.3 Charged particles in magnetic fields 162
16.2 Centripetal acceleration 110 23.4 Electromagnetic induction 164
16.3 Exploring centripetal forces 112 23.5 Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law 164
Practice questions 114 23.6 Transformers 164
Practice questions 166
17 Oscillations 115
17.1 Oscillations and simple harmonic motion 116 24 Particle physics 167
17.2 Analysing simple harmonic motion 118 24.1 Alpha-particle scattering experiment 168
17.3 Simple harmonic motion and energy 118 24.2 The nucleus 168
17.4 Damping and driving 120 24.3 Antiparticles, hadrons, and leptons 170
17.5 Resonance 120 24.4 Quarks 170
Practice questions 122 24.5 Beta decay 170
Practice questions 172
18 Gravitational fields 123
18.1 Gravitational fields 124 25 Radioactivity 173
18.2 Newton’s law of gravitation 124 25.1 Radioactivity 174
18.3 Gravitational field strength for a point mass 124 25.2 Nuclear decay equations 174
18.4 Kepler’s laws 126 25.3 Half-life and activity 176
18.5 Satellites 126 25.4 Radioactive decay calculations 176
18.6 Gravitational potential 128 25.5 Modelling radioactive decay 178
18.7 Gravitational potential energy 128 25.6 Radioactive dating 178
Practice questions 130 Practice questions 180

19 Stars 131 26 Nuclear physics 181

19.1 Objects in the Universe 132 26.1 Einstein’s mass-energy equation 182
19.2 The life cycle of stars 132 26.2 Binding energy 182
19.3 The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram 132 26.3 Nuclear fission 184
19.4 Energy levels in atoms 134 26.4 Nuclear fusion 184
19.5 Spectra 134 Practice questions 186
19.6 Analysing starlight 136
19.7 Stellar luminosity 136
27 Medical imaging 187
27.1 X-rays 188
Practice questions 138
27.2 Interaction of X-rays with matter 188
20 Cosmology (the Big Bang) 139 27.3 CAT scans 190
20.1 Astronomical distances 140 27.4 The gamma camera 190
20.2 The Doppler effect 140 27.5 PET scans 190
20.3 Hubble’s law 142 27.6 Ultrasound 192
20.4 The Big Bang theory 142 27.7 Acoustic impedance 192
20.5 Evolution of the Universe 142 27.8 Doppler imaging 192
Practice questions 144 Practice questions 194

Module 6 Particles and medical physics 145

21 Capacitance 145 A1 Physics quantities and units 195
21.1 Capacitors 146 A2 Recording results and straight lines 195
21.2 Capacitors in circuits 146 A3 Measurements and uncertainties 196
21.3 Energy stored by capacitors 146 Physics A data sheet 198
21.4 Discharging capacitors 148 Answers to practice questions 200
21.5 Charging capacitors 148 Answers to summary questions 209
21.6 Uses of capacitors 148
Practice questions 150
22 Electric fields 151
22.1 Electric fields 152
22.2 Coulomb’s law 152

v
How to use this book
This book contains many different features. Each feature is designed to
Specification references support and develop the skills you will need for your examinations, as well
➔ At the beginning of each topic, as foster and stimulate your interest in physics.
there are specification references
to allow you to monitor your
progress. Worked example
Step-by-step worked solutions.

Revision tips
Prompts to help you with your Common misconception
understanding and revision.
Common misunderstandings clarified.

Synoptic link
Maths skills
These highlight the key areas where
A focus on maths skills.
topics relate to each other. As you go
through your course, knowing how to
link different areas of physics together
becomes increasingly important.
Model answers
Sample answers to exam-style questions.
Many exam questions, particularly at A
Level, will require you to bring together
your knowledge from different areas.
Summary Questions
1 These are short questions at the end of each topic.

2 They test your understanding of the topic and allow you to apply the
knowledge and skills you have acquired.

3 The questions are ramped in order of difficulty. Lower-demand

questions have a paler background, with the higher-demand questions
having a darker background. Try to attempt every question you can, to
help you achieve your best in the exams.

Chapter 2 Practice questions

1 Which is the correct definition for a scalar quantity?
A scalar quantity ......
A has no units.
B has direction only.
C has magnitude only.
D has magnitude and direction. (1 mark)

2 What is force measured in base units?

A N
B kg
Practice questions at the end
C kg s2 m−1
of each chapter including D kg m s−2 (1 mark)
questions that cover practical
3 An object experiences two forces of magnitudes 3.2 N and 5.0 N.
and math skills. The forces are at right angles to each other.
What is the magnitude of the resultant force on the object?
A 3.8 N
B 5.9 N
C 15 N
D 35 N (1 mark)

4 The horizontal component of a 10.0 N force is 8.0 N.

vi What is the angle between the 10.0 N force and the horizontal?
A 0°
Module 2 Foundations of physics
Chapter 2 Foundations of physics

In this chapter you will learn about ...

SI units

Base units

Derived units

Prefixes

Scalars and vectors

Vector triangles

Resultant vectors

Resolving a vector

Components of a vector

1
 2
FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICS
2.1 Quantities and units
2.2 Derived units
Specification reference: 2.1.1, 2.1.2

2.1 Quantities and units

A physical quantity in physics means a measurement of something and its unit.
A physical quantity has a number followed by a unit. For example, the length
of a mobile phone is 0.125 m. There are a few exceptions where a physical
quantity does not have a unit. Examples of this include tensile strain and
efficiency.

Quantities and SI base units

There are many different units for length – inch, foot, yard, mile, and so on.
In physics we agree to work with the metre (m). The metre is an example
from a list of seven internationally agreed base units, or SI units (Système
International d’Unités). Table 1 summarises the six physical quantities and their
SI base units you need to know.

▼ Table 1 Physical quantities and their SI base units

Physical quantity SI base unit

length metre (m)
mass kilogram (kg)
time second (s)
electric current ampere (A)
temperature kelvin (K)
amount of substance mole (mol)

Prefixes
▼ Table 2 Important prefixes To cope with the very large and very small numbers that are used in the
study of physics, it is often useful to write numbers as powers of ten. Prefixes
Prefix Prefix Factor
are used as abbreviations for some powers of ten – you need to learn the
name symbol
prefixes listed in Table 2.
peta P 1015
tera T 1012 The sub-multiples (for smaller measurements) are femto, pico, nano, micro,
milli, centi, and deci, and the multiples (for larger measurements) are kilo,
giga G 109
mega, giga, tera, and peta.
mega M 106
kilo k 103
deci d 10−1
Common misconception
centi c 10−2 The prefix mega is capital M and the milli is lower case m. If you have poor writing,
milli m 10−3 then these two prefixes can look the same. Just be vigilant.
micro µ 10−6
nano n 10−9
pico p 10−12
Maths: Standard form or scientific notation
femto f 10−15 A number in standard notation is written as n × 10m, where n is a number greater than
1 but less than 10 and m is a positive or a negative integer. A distance of 320 km
in metres may be written as 320 × 103 m but in standard form it must be written as
3.2 × 105 m.

2
 Foundations of physics

Worked example: Speed

Speed is defined as the rate of change of distance. Calculate the speed of a particle
that travels a distance of 9.1 Mm in a time of 50 ms.
Step 1: Write the magnitude of each quantity by substituting for the prefix.
distance = 9.1 × 106 m time = 50 × 10−3 s
Step 2: Calculate the speed and write your answer in standard notation.
speed = distance = 9.1 × 10–3 = 1.82 × 108 m s–1 = 1.8 × 108 m s–1 (2 s.f.)
6

time 50 × 10
Note: The data is given to 2 significant figures (s.f.), so the final answer must also be
written to 2 s.f.

2.2 Derived units Revision tip: Negative

powers
You have already met an example of a derived unit: m s−1. This unit for speed
In mathematics, x1n may be written
can be determined from the equation for speed and the base units for length
as x−n. This convention is adopted
and time. Since speed = distance , the derived unit for speed must be metre (m)
time when writing units. Therefore mkg3
divided by second (s). This can be written as m/s, but at advanced level this is
is equivalent to kg m−3.
written as m s−1.

More on derived units

Table 3 shows some examples of derived units. In each case, the equation
used to determine the final units is shown.

▼ Table 3 Derived units

Physical quantity Equation Derived unit

area area = length × width m×m → m2

density density = mass kg → kg m−3

volume m3

acceleration acceleration = change in velocity ms–1 → m s−2

time s
force force = mass × acceleration kg × m s−2 → kg m s−2

Summary questions
1 The distance between two towns is 210 km.
Write this distance in metres. (1 mark)
2 The speed of an electron within a wire is 1.2 mm s−1.
Write this speed in m s−1. (1 mark)
3 It takes 12 ns for light to travel across a room.
Write this time in standard form and in seconds. (1 mark)

4 The diameter of an atom is 2.3 × 10−10 m.

Write this diameter in pm and in nm. (2 marks)
5 Use Table 3 to determine the unit for work done by a force,
where work done = force × distance travelled in the direction
of the force. (2 marks)

6 The distance between the Sun and the Earth is 150 Gm and the
speed of light is 300 Mm s−1.
Calculate the time taken for light to travel from the Sun to
the Earth. (3 marks)
7 The area of a sheet of paper is 620 cm . Calculate this
3

area in m2. (2 marks)

3
2.3 Scalar and vector quantities
2.4 Adding vectors
Specification reference: 2.3.1

N 2.3 Scalar and vector quantities

W E
Many of the physical quantities in physics can be divided into two categories –
S scalars and vectors. The way we add, or subtract, these quantities is very
40 N
different, so you must be able to identify whether a quantity is a scalar
a A force of 40 N due east or a vector.
(Scale: 1 cm ≡ 10 N)
Scalars
A scalar quantity has only magnitude (size).
Distance, speed, time, area, volume, mass, energy, temperature, electrical
16 m s–1 charge, and frequency are all scalars. Two similar scalar quantities can be
added or subtracted in the normal way. For example, if you have a beaker
of water on a digital balance, reading 250 g, and you add 50 g of water to
the beaker, the total mass of the beaker and water will now be 300 g.
b A velocity of 16 m s–1 at
45° west of due north
(Scale: 1 cm ≡ 4 m s–1) Vectors
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
▲ Figure 1 Representing vectors
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, and force are all vectors.
Revision tip A vector can be represented as a line of suitable length drawn in the direction
Distance is a scalar and of the vector, see Figure 1.
displacement is a vector.
Speed is a scalar and velocity 2.4 Adding vectors
is a vector. You have to take the directions of the two vectors into account when adding,
or subtracting them.

4.0 N 6.0 N
object object
4.0 N
6.0 N a Forces acting
a Forces acting

4.0 N 6.0 N
resultant = 10.0 N
resultant = 2.0 N
6.0 N 4.0 N
b Vector diagram

b Vector diagram

▲ Figure 2 Adding forces in the same ▲ Figure 3 Adding forces in opposite

direction directions

Figure 2 shows two forces acting on an object in the same direction and
Figure 3 shows two forces acting in opposite directions. The resultant is just a
matter of adding or subtracting the magnitudes.
What happens when the forces are at an angle to each other? This is where
you have to carefully construct a vector triangle force – the resultant can
either be determined from a scale drawing or by calculation.

4
 Foundations of physics

Vector triangle
Figure 4 shows two forces, at right angles to each other, acting on an object
and a vector triangle used to determine the resultant force. The vector F1 = 10.0 N
triangle can be drawn to scale using the following rules:

• Choose a suitable scale. object O

F2 = 7.0 N
• Draw a line to represent the first vector.
• Draw a line to represent the second vector from the end of the first vector. ▲ Figure 4a Two forces acting on
an object
• The magnitude and direction of the resultant vector can be found by
drawing a line from the start to the end. (scale: 1 cm ≡ 4 N) F2 = 7.0 N

You can use these rules for any other vector and even when the angle
between the vectors is not 90°.
F1 = 10.0 N
resultant force F
Worked example: Resultant force
Use Figure 4b to determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
▲ Figure 4b The vector triangle to
Step 1: Draw a clearly labelled vector triangle.
determine the resultant force
This has already been done for you in Figure 4b.
Step 2: Use Pythagoras’ theorem to determine the magnitude of the resultant force F.
F2 = F12 + F22 = 10.02 + 7.02
F = 149 = 12 N Revision tip: Get the
Note: The resultant force must be the largest force, and it is. mode right
Make sure that your calculator is in
Step 3: Calculate the angle using trigonometry.
the correct mode when determining
tan θ = 7.0 = 0.700 the angle. An angle in radians is
10.0
not the same as the angle in degrees.
θ = tan−1 (0.700) = 35° (2 s.f.)

Maths: Pythagoras’ theorem

This theorem only works when one of the internal angles of the triangle is 90°. You
can use the sine and the cosine rules when this is not the case. All this information is
provided for you in the Data, formula, and relationships booklet.

Summary questions
1 Name two scalar quantities and two vector quantities. (2 marks)
2 Suggest what is wrong with the calculation 13 kg + 100 N. (1 mark)
3 A car is travelling at 20 m s−1 on a circular track. The wind speed is
5.0 m s−1.
Calculate the maximum and minimum magnitudes of the resultant
velocity of the car. (2 marks)
4 Two forces of the same magnitude of 4.0 N and at right angles
to each other are added together.
Draw a vector triangle. (2 marks)
5 Calculate the resultant force for the two forces in Q4. (2 marks)
6 A swimmer can swim at 1.8 m s−1 in still water.
He aims to swim directly across a river flowing at 1.0 m s−1.
a Draw a labelled vector triangle. (2 marks)
b Calculate the magnitude of the resultant velocity of the
swimmer. (2 marks)

5
2.5 Resolving vectors
2.6 More on vectors
Specification reference: 2.3.1

y
F = Fx2 + Fy2 2.5 Resolving vectors
F
It is often useful to resolve, or split up, a vector into two components at right
Fy = F sin θ
angles to each other. This process is particularly useful when analysing the
θ
x motion of a projectile on the surface of the Earth – the horizontal and vertical
Fx = F cos θ
velocities are independent of each other.
▲ Figure 1 Resolving a vector into two
mutually perpendicular components
Components of a vector
north Figure 1 shows a vector, in this case a force of magnitude F, being resolved in
the x- and y-directions. You can use the rules below for any vector (velocity,
A
acceleration, etc).
• The components of the vector are:
• Fx = F cos θ in the x-direction and Fy = F sin θ in the y-direction.
m

5.0 sin 53°

0k

• The magnitude F of the vector can be determined using F2 = Fx2 + Fy2.

5.

• The angle θ made by the vector to the horizontal can be determined

F
53° using tan θ = y.
Fx
O 5.0 cos 53° east
Figure 2 shows a displacement of 5.0 km resolved into its two components.
The displacement due east is 30 km and 40 km in the north direction.

▲ Figure 2 The components of a Maths: Cos and sin

displacement
It is useful to know that cos(90 − θ) = sin θ. Try this on your calculator.
When the x-component is F cos θ, then the y-component is equivalent to F cos (90 − θ).

Revision tip: Just 2.6 More on vectors

remember the cosine Adding non-perpendicular vectors
Vectors are often not at right angles to each other. You can still determine the
resultant vector using the four bulleted rules in Topic 2.4, Adding vectors, by
drawing a vector triangle. You will need a very sharp pencil and be able to
θ F measure length and angle size accurately, see Figure 3.

resultant
In general, the component of a force 40 N
force F
40 N
(or any other vector) at an angle θ
is given by Fcosθ.
120° 120°

30 N 30 N

▲ Figure 3 You can draw a scaled vector triangle to determine the resultant vector

You can replicate the process illustrated in Figure 3 to determine any

resultant vector, including velocity and momentum.

Calculations
You can also use the sine rule and the cosine rule to determine the magnitude
and direction of the resultant vector. A decent sketch of a vector triangle is
necessary before you can do any calculations. See the worked example below.
6
 Foundations of physics

Model answers: Using the cosine rule

Use the cosine rule to show that the magnitude of the resultant force F in Figure 3 is 36 N.
Answer

A clearly labelled vector triangle is

essential and you need to know the
F 40 N angle ‘opposite’ to the ‘side’ F of this
(a) (c) triangle for the cosine rule.
60° (A) cosine rule: a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
30 N
(b)
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A
Therefore
F2 = 302 + 402 − 2 × 30 × 40 × cos 60° It is important to show all your working.

F = 1300 The data is given to 2 s.f. It is good

F = 36 N practice to write the final answer also
to 2 s.f.

Note: In order to calculate any of the other internal angles of the triangle, you can use
the sine rule
a = b = c
sin A sin B sin C

Subtracting two vectors

Subtracting two vectors is very much like adding two
vectors, except you reverse the direction of one of the B A −B −B
vectors. This is illustrated in Figure 4. Where you want the A
resultant vector of A − B, you can apply the following rules:

• Draw a line to represent the vector A. A

• Draw a line in the opposite direction to represent the ▲ Figure 4 Subtracting vectors
vector −B from the end of the vector A.
• The magnitude and direction of the resultant vector
can be found by drawing a line from the start to the end.

Summary questions
1 A rocket has a velocity of 300 m s−1 at an angle of 65° to the horizontal.
Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of this velocity. (2 marks)
2 A ball rolls down a frictionless ramp. The acceleration of free
fall is 9.81 m s−2. The ramp makes an angle of 30° to the vertical.
(a) 2.0 N
Calculate the acceleration of the ball down the ramp. (1 mark)

3 A force of magnitude F is at an angle of 50° to the horizontal.

The vertical component to the force is 100 N. Calculate the 3.1 N
magnitude of F. (2 marks) object
4 Calculate the resultant force in each case shown in Figure 5. (4 marks)

5 Two forces of magnitudes 100 N and 200 N act on an object. (b) 2.0 N object 3.0 N
The angle between the forces is 110°.
Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force. (3 marks)
6 In Q5, the direction of the 200 N is reversed. Calculate the 1.0 N
magnitude of the resultant force now. (3 marks)
▲ Figure 5

7
Chapter 2 Practice questions
1 Which is the correct definition for a scalar quantity?
A scalar quantity ......
A has no units.
B has direction only.
C has magnitude only.
D has magnitude and direction. (1 mark)

2 What is force measured in base units?

A N
B kg
C kg s2 m−1
D kg m s−2 (1 mark)

3 An object experiences two forces of magnitudes 3.2 N and 5.0 N.

The forces are at right angles to each other.
What is the magnitude of the resultant force on the object?
A 3.8 N
B 5.9 N
C 15 N
D 35 N (1 mark)

4 The horizontal component of a 10.0 N force is 8.0 N.

What is the angle between the 10.0 N force and the horizontal?
A 0°
B 37°
C 39°
B
satellite D 53° (1 mark)

5 Figure 1 shows a satellite orbiting round the Earth at a distance

of 2.0 × 107 m from its centre. The satellite has constant speed.
90°
A a Explain why the velocity of the satellite is not constant in
Earth its orbit. (1 mark)
b The satellite travels from point A to point B. Calculate:
i the distance travelled by the satellite; (2 marks)
ii the displacement of the satellite from point A. (3 marks)
▲ Figure 1

N
6 Figure 2 shows the two forces acting on a block of wood placed
block on a smooth ramp.
The weight W of the block is 8.0 N and the normal contact force
ramp
N is 6.9 N.
60° a Explain why N has no affect on the motion of the block down
the ramp. (1 mark)
b Calculate the component of the weight down the ramp. (1 mark)
W
c Draw a labelled vector diagram and determine the resultant
▲ Figure 2 force acting on the block. (4 marks)