Mid semester 2024(MA11004) Question 1(a)

Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

1.a Consider the vector space R3 over R with respect to the usual addition and scalar
multiplication. Let W = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x3 = −y 2 x} be a subset of R3 . Verify
whether W is a subspace of R3 or not.

Solution: Yes, W is a subspace of R3 . Note that W = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x(x2 + y 2 ) = 0} =

{(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x = 0, or (x2 + y 2 ) = 0} = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x = 0 or (x, y) = (0, 0)} =
{(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x = 0}. ONE mark is awarded for this calculation.
Take α, β ∈ W. Then α = (x1 , y1 , z1 ) with x1 = 0 and β = (x2 , y2 , z2 ) with x2 = 0. Now
α + β = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 ). Since x1 = 0, x2 = 0, we have x1 + x2 = 0. Hence
α + β ∈ W . ONE mark is awarded for this calculation.
For c ∈ R, cα = (cx1 , cy1 , cz1 ). Since x1 = 0, we get cx1 = 0. Hence we have cα ∈ W .
ONE mark is awarded for this calculation.
Remark: Many students wrote W = {(x, y, z) : y = 0, z = 0}. This is wrong. However
with this W , those who have checked subspace conditions, ONE mark is awarded.

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 (Question 4 (a) and (b)

4(a) Let M2×2 (R) be the vector space of 2 × 2 real matrices with respect to usual matrix addition and
scalar multiplication. Let T : R3 → M2×2 (R) be a linear transformation defined by

" #
x+y+z y−z
T (x, y, z) =
y−z x + 2y

Then find a basis for the nullspace (kernel) of T . Verify the Rank-Nullity Theorem for T by finding
both rank and nullity of T . [3 marks]
" #
0 0
Solution: Let (x, y, z) be a vector in nullspace of T. Then T (x, y, z) = . Therefore we have
0 0
the following system of equations.

x+y+z =0
y−z =0
x + 2y = 0

 
1 1 1
The co-efficient matrix A = 0 1 −1 . We apply the following row operations R3 → R3 − R1
 

1 2 0
 
1 1 1
and R3 → R3 − R2 on A, successively to get a REF of A. Therefore REF(A) = 0 1 −1 . Then
 

0 0 0
the solutions of the above system of equations is {(−2t, t, t)| t ∈ R}. Hence the nullspace of T is
{(−2t, t, t)| t ∈ R}. This space is span by the vector (−2, 1, 1) which linearly independent. Hence
{(−2, 1, 1)} is a basis for the nullspace of T.

For correct basis and correct method carry 1 mark.

" #
x+y+z y−z
Let be an element from the range of T. Then we have
y−z x + 2y
" # " # " # " #
x+y+z y−z 1 0 1 1 1 −1
=x +y +z .
y−z x + 2y 0 1 1 2 −1 0
" # " # " #
1 0 1 1 1 −1
This implies that the range space is spanned by the vectors , , .
0 1 1 2 −1 0
" # " # " #
1 0 1 1 1 −1
Notice that 2 − = . Hence they are linearly dependent.
0 1 1 2 −1 0
" # " #
1 0 1 1
Consider the vectors , . They are linearly independent and span of these two vectors
0 1 1 2
is the entire range space.

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 " # " #
1 0 1 1
Hence , is abasis for the range space of T. This implies rank of T is 2.
0 1 1 2

Therefore rank(T ) + nullity(T ) = 2 + 1 = 3 = dim(R3 ).

For correct rank with correct method and verification of rank nullity theorem carry 1
mark

4(b) Let T (a, b, c) = (a − b + c)x2 + (a + 2b)x + (b + 5c) be a linear transformation from the vector space
R3 to the vector space P2 (R) of all polynomials in x with real coefficients and of degree at most 2.
Find the matrix representation of T with respect to the ordered bases {(1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 0), (1, 0, 3)}
and {1 + x, x + 3x2 , 2 + 2x3 } of R3 and P2 (R) respectively. [3 marks]

Solution:
We found discrepancies in this question. So everyone got full marks in this question.

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Q.5. (a) Eigenvalues: 1,-2,-2, Or 1, -2 with algebraic multiplicity 2. [1M ]

Eigenvectors for eigenvalue 1: Ax = x

Implies 2x1 − x3 = 0 and 3x1 + x2 − x3 = 0 [0.5M ]
Linearly independent eigen vector is (1,-1,2) or any scalar multiple of it. [0.5M ]

Eigenvectors for eigenvalue -2: Ax = −2x

Implies 3x1 − x3 = 0, and so x2 = α and 3x1 = x3 = β [0.5M ]
Any two linearly independent eigenvectors satisfying above conditions,
for example (1,0,3) and (0,1,0); or (1,0,3) and (1,1,3). [0.5M ]

(b) Eigenvalues of the matrix are λ = 2, 2. Algebraic multiplicity of λ is 2.

[ ][ ]
0 2 x1
= 0, implies x2 = 0.
0 0 x2
So geometric multiplicity of λ is 1. [0.5M ]

Algebraic multiplicity of λ ̸= geometric multiplicity of λ, and hence

the matrix is not diagonalizable. [0.5M ]

(c) Characteristic equation of A is λ3 − 6λ2 + 11λ − 6 = 0 [0.5M ]

By Cayley-Hamilton theorem
A − 6A2 + 11A − 6I = 0, then A(A2 − 6A + 11I) = 6I.
3
[0.5M ]
Implies A−1 = 61 (A2 − 6A + 11I) [0.5M ]

a = 1, b = −6, c = 11

a+b+c=6 [0.5M ]

NOTE: No mark will be awarded if Cayley-Hamilton theorem is not used in 5(c).