Math 304 Midterm 1 Sample

Name:

This exam has 9 questions, for a total of 100 points.

Please answer each question in the space provided. You need to write full solutions.
Answers without justification will not be graded. Cross out anything the grader should
ignore and circle or box the final answer.

Question Points Score

1 18
2 10
3 10
4 10
5 10
6 10
7 16
8 10
9 6
Total: 100
Question 1. (18 pts)
Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. You do NOT need
to explain.
(a) Let V be a linear subspace of Rn . We have vectors v1 , · · · , vk and w1 , · · · , w` in V .
Suppose v1 , · · · , vk are linearly independent, and w1 , · · · , w` span V . Then k ≤ `.

(b) Let v and w be two nonzero vectors in R4 . Then v and w are linearly independent
if only if v is not a scalar multiple of w.

(c) An (n × n) matrix is nonsingular if and only if it is row equivalent to the (n × n)

identity matrix In .

(d) The following matrix  

1 1 1 0
0
 1 2 −1

0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
is a row echelon form.

(e) Let A, B, C be three (n × n) square matrices. If AB = AC, then B = C.

(f) The linear system

x + 10y − 3z = 3
3x + 4y + 9z = 1
2x + 5y − 2z = 8
has exactly two solutions.

Solution:
(a) True
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False
(e) False
(f) False (a linear system can never have precisely two solutions.)
Question 2. (10 pts)
Solve the following linear system


 2x1 + 2x2 − 3x3 + x4 + 13x5 = 0

x + x + x + x − x = 0
1 2 3 4 5

 3x1 + 3x2 − 5x3 + 14x5 = 0

6x1 + 6x2 − 2x3 + 4x4 + 16x5 = 0


Solution: The augmented matrix is

 
2 2 −3 1 13 0
1 1
 1 1 −1 0

3 3 −5 0 14 0
6 6 −2 4 16 0

Its row echelon form is  

1 1 1 1 −1 0
0
 0 1 0 −4 0

0 0 0 1 5 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
So x2 and x5 are free variables. The solutions are


x1 = 2β − α

x2 = α


x3 = 4β




x4 = −5β

x5 = β
Question 3. (10 pts)
Compute the determinant of the following matrix
 
2 1 2 1
 3 0 1 1
 
−1 2 −2 1
−3 2 3 1

Solution: use elementary row operations and keep track of how the determinant
changes. (I skip the details here. You need to show the steps on the test.)

2 1 2 1
3 0 1 1
= 20
−1 2 −2 1
−3 2 3 1
Question 4. (10 pts)
Determine whether the following matrix is nonsingular. If yes, find its inverse.
 
1 2 3 1
3 7 7 4
 
2 4 5 1
2 4 4 1

Solution: form the following matrix

 
1 2 3 1 1 0 0 0
3 7 7 4 0 1 0 0 
 
2 4 5 1 0 0 1 0 
2 4 4 1 0 0 0 1

apply elementary row operations to determine whether the matrix on the left is row
equivalent to the identity matrix or not. If yes, then the resulting matrix on the
right will be the inverse.
 
1 0 0 0 9 −2 −9 8
0 1 0 0 −5 1 4 −3 
 
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 −1 
0 0 0 1 2 0 −2 1

So the inverse is  
9 −2 −9 8
−5 1 4 −3
 
 0 0 1 −1
2 0 −2 1
Question 5. (10 pts)
Determine whether the following are subspaces.
(a) Let P2 be the vector space of all polynomials with degree equal to or less than 2. Is

W = {p ∈ P2 | p(1) = 0}

a subspace of P2 ?

Solution:

(1) Given two polynomials p1 (x) and p2 (x) in W , that is, p1 (1) = 0 and p2 (1) =
0. We have
(p1 + p2 )(1) = p1 (1) + p2 (1) = 0.
So (p1 + p2 )(x) is in W .
(2) Given a polynomial p(x) in W , that is, p(1) = 0, and α ∈ R. We have

(αp)(1) = α · p(1) = 0.

So (αp)(x) is in W .

So W is a subspace of P2 .

(b) Is S = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 | x + y + z = 0} a subspace of R3 ?

Solution: S is the null space of the (1 × 3) matrix

 
1 1 1

So S is a subspace. Alternatively, we can verify that

(1) Given (x, y, z) and (a, b, c) in S, that is, x + y + z = 0 and a + b + c = 0,

then
(x + a, y + b, z + c)
is a vector in S.
(2) Given a vector (x, y, z) ∈ S and α ∈ R,

α(x, y, z)

is a vector in S.

So S is a subspace of R3 .
Question 6. (10 pts)  
4
 5
 6 lies in the linear span of the vectors
Determine whether x =  
−1
     
1 0 1
3  4 −2
v1 = 2 , v2 = −1 and v3 =  1 .
    
5 2 3

Solution: Write down the matrix

 
1 0 1 4
 3 4 -2 5 
 
 2 -1 1 6 
5 2 3 -1

by applying elementary row operations, we get

 
1 0 0 7/3
 0 1 0 1/3 
 
 0 0 1 5/3 
0 0 0 55/12

This is inconsistent. So no solution. In other words, x is not in the linear span of

v1 , v2 and v3 .
Question 7. (16 pts)
Determine whether      
1 −2 1
v1 = 2 , v2 =
   1 and v3 = 0
 
3 0 1
form a basis of R3 .

Solution: To verify a set of vectors is a basis or not, we need to determine two

things.

(1) Are v1 , v2 , v3 linearly independent or not? Consider the matrix

 
1 −2 1
2 1 0 
3 0 1

This is a nonsingular matrix. (You need to show the actual work here!) So
v1 , v2 , v3 are linearly independent.
(2) Do v1 , v2 , v3 span R3 ? That is, we need to determine whether every vector   in
a
R3 can be written as a linear combination of v1 , v2 , v3 . Given any vector  b ,
c
consider the linear system  
1 −2 1 a
2 1 0 b 
3 0 1 c
 
1 −2 1
Since 2 1 0 is nonsingular, this linear system always have a unique solu-
3 0 1
 
a
tion. In other words, any vector  b  can be written as a linear combination of
c
v1 , v2 , v3 . So v1 , v2 , v3 span R3 .

So we conclude that v1 , v2 , v3 form a basis of R3 .

Remark: There are alternative ways to solve this question. (See Theorem 3.4.4 of
the textbook).

(a) For example, since we know the dimension of R3 is 3, once we show that the
three vectors v1 , v2 , v3 are linearly independent, this forces v1 , v2 , v3 to span R3 .
In other words, in this particular question, we only need to show that v1 , v2 , v3
are linearly independent. This is enough to conclude that v1 , v2 , v3 form a basis.
(b) Yet another way, since we know the dimension of R3 is 3, once we show that the
three vectors v1 , v2 , v3 span R3 , this forces v1 , v2 , v3 to be linearly independent.
In other words, in this particular question, we only need to show that v1 , v2 , v3
span R3 . This is enough to conclude that v1 , v2 , v3 form a basis.
Question 8. (10 pts)
Let P2 be the vector space of all polynomials of degree equal to or less than 2. Determine
whether the following polynomials in P2

p1 (t) = t − 1

p2 (t) = t + 1
p3 (t) = (t − 1)2
are linearly independent or not.

Solution: There are various ways to solve this problem.

(1) First method: prove that (t − 1), (t + 1) and (t − 1)2 are linearly independent
and span P2 (t).
(2) Second method: prove that (t − 1), (t + 1) and (t − 1)2 are linearly independent
and use the fact dim P2 (t) = 3.
(3) third method: prove that (t − 1), (t + 1) and (t − 1)2 span P2 (t) and use the fact
dim P2 (t) = 3.

Let us the second method. Consider a linear combination of (t − 1), (t + 1) and

(t − 1)2 such that
a1 (t − 1) + a2 (t + 1) + a3 (t − 1)2 = 0.
Then we want to show that a1 = a2 = a3 = 0 is the unique solution. This would
imply that (t − 1), (t + 1) and (t − 1)2 are linearly independent.
Regroup the coefficients, and we have the following linear system:

−a1 + a2 + a3 = 0

a1 + a2 − 2a3 = 0

a = 0
3

Solve this and indeed we have the unique solution a1 = a2 = a3 = 0. So (t − 1),

(t + 1) and (t − 1)2 are linearly independent.
Now we know that dim P2 (t) = 3. Then any 3 linearly independent vectors of P2 (t)
form a basis. Therefore (t − 1), (t + 1) and (t − 1)2 form a basis.
Question 9. (6 pts)
Suppose A and B are nonsingular (n×n) matrices. We know that AB is also nonsingular.
Show that
(AB)−1 = B −1 A−1 .

Solution: Notice that

B −1 A−1 (AB) = B −1 (A−1 A)B = B −1 IB = I

(AB)B −1 A−1 = A(BB −1 )A−1 = A−1 IA = I

So by definition the inverse of AB, which is denoted by (AB)−1 , is B −1 A−1 . That is,

(AB)−1 = B −1 A−1 .