Module – EEE3014/8017

Solutions

Module Leader: Dr Haris Patsios

EEE3014/8017 © Copyright Newcastle University

Module EEE3014/8017

Section 1
1.1 The higher the transmission voltage the lower the transmission losses. We also
increase the capacity of a given transmission line if we increase its operating
voltage (see section 4). Besides, can you imagine the size of the conductors needed
to carry the power away from an 11 kV power station?

1.2 Radial feeders are used to supply rural customers, mainly to reduce cost.

Solutions
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Section 2

2.1 Current only flows in the half cycle from t = 0 to t = 0.1 sec.
i = 120 t, 0 < t  0.1 0, 0.1 < t  0.2
0.1 0.1
Energy absorbed per cycle W   v i dt   100120 t  dt  60 (J)
0 0

Average power = 60  0.2 = 300 (W)

2.2 Light bulbs and heating elements are resistive circuit elements.
Average power = 4 (60) + 2 (100) + 1000 = 1440 W
Peak power = 2 (1440) = 2880 W

2.4 Using the supply voltage as our reference phasor

120
V  0  84.85  0 Volts
2
10
I   60  7.07   60 Amps
2
S  V I  600  60  300  j 519.6 (VA)
P = 300 W, Q = 519.6 VAr, voltamperes = S= 600 VA.

2.5 S  V I , PF = cos 
i. S = 3000   20 = 2819 – j 1026, P = 2819 W, Q = 1026 Var leading, voltamperes
= 3 kVA, PF = 0.9397 leading
ii. S = 19200  30 = 16628 + j 9600, P = 16628 W, Q = 9600 Var lagging,
voltampers = 19.2 kVA, PF = 0.866 lagging
iii. S = 25200  20 = 23680 + j 8619, P = 23.68 kW, Q = 8.62 kVar lagging,
voltamperes = 25.2 kVA, PF = 0.9397 lagging
iv. S = 1513  7.6 = 1500 + j 200, P = 1.5 kW, Q = 0.2 kVar lagging, voltamperes =
1.5 kVA, PF = 0.991 lagging

Solutions
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2.6 For a power factor of 0.98 lagging, the circuit current I must lag the supply voltage
V by an angle  such that cos = 0.98, or  = 11.48.
The total circuit impedance Z is given by
1 1 1
 
Z 5  j 8  j X C 
or
8 XC  j 5 XC
Z
5  j 8  X C 

arg (Z) = arctan (5  8)  arctan [(8  XC)  5]

For a power factor of 0.98 lagging, arg (Z) = 11.48.
Thus: 11.48 =  32  arctan [(8  XC)  5]
XC = 12.74 , C = 250 F.
Without the capacitor I = 25.45   58 (Amps)
With the capacitor I = 13.75   11.48 (Amps)

2.7
P
PF  0.84 
P  Q2
2

Thus
3500
 0.84
35002  Q 2
Q = 2260 VAr.
Using the above equations, we can also calculate the amount of VArs drawn from the
supply for operation at a PF of 0.98 lagging.
Qsupply = 710 VAr
Thus, the amount of VArs required from the capacitor bank is (2260 – 710) = 1550
VAr.
XC = 37.16 , C = 85.6 F.

Solutions
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Module EEE3014/8017

Section 3

3.1 Taking the supply voltage as our reference phasor

V 240 240  0
I    128.13  15.5 (A)
Z 1.8  j 0.5 1.87 15.5

S  V I  240  0128.13  15.5  30.7 15.5  29.58  j 8.2 kVA

I = 128.13 A, P = 29.58 kW, Q = 8.2 kVAr lagging
Total power delivered to the load = 3  P = 88.74 kW
Total reactive power delivered to the load = 3  Q = 24.61 kVAr lagging

3.2 Taking the supply voltage as our reference phasor

V 415 415  0
I    221.9  15.5 (A)
Z 1.8  j 0.5 1.87 15.5

S  V I  415  0221.9  15.5  92.09 15.5  88.74  j 24.61 kVA

I = 221.9 A, P = 88.74 kW, Q = 24.61 kVAr lagging

Total power delivered to the load = 3  P = 266.22 kW

Total reactive power delivered to the load = 3  Q = 73.83 kVAr lagging

Section 4

4.1
Pmax = 57.62 MW per phase, or 172.86 MW three-phase.

4.2

Equation 4.9 tells us that the maximum transmittable power increases with the square of
the level of line voltage. Similarly, Equation 4.14 tells us that the line power loss decreases
with the square of the line voltage. Two very good reasons for using high transmission
voltages.

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4.3 The sending end current is lower than the receiving end current because of the
capacitive effects of the line.
Some of the load reactive power requirement is supplied by the line itself, reducing the rms
value of the sending end current compared with load current.

4.4
L I

Vs Vr

Vr per phase = 1323 = 76.21 kV, P per phase = 30 MW, Q per phase = 15 MVAr

XL = 47.1   phase
I = 440   26.6 A
The voltage drop across the series impedance V is now given by:
V = (440   26.6) (47.1  90) = (20.73103  63.4) = (9.28103 + j 18.54103) V
Vs = 76.21 103 + 9.28103 + j 18.54103 = (85.5 103 + j 18.54103) V = (87.48 103 
12.2) V
Ss = Vs I* = (87.48 103  12.2) (440  26.6) = (38.5 106  38.8) = (30 106 + j
24.1106) VA
Thus, Ps = 30 MW per phase or 90 MW total, Qs = 24.1 MVAr per phase or 72.3 MVAr
total.
The sending end power is now the same as the receiving end power because we’ve ignored
line resistance. Qs is now higher than that calculated using the  line model because we’ve
ignored the effects of line capacitance.

Solutions
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Section 5
5.1
L I

Vs Vr

Choosing an MVA base of 100 MVA and a voltage base of 132 kV (line voltage) we can
obtain the base values for Z and I.

Zbase = (132 kV)2  100 MW = 174.24 

Ibase = 100 MW(3132kV) = 437.4 A

XL = 47.1  174.24 = 0.2703 pu

I* = Sr  Vr = 0.9 + j 0.45  1 = 0.9 + j 0.45 = 1.0062  26.6 pu
I = 0.9  j 0.45 = 1.0062  26.6 pu
V = (1.0062   26.6) (0.2703  90) = (0.272  63.4) pu = (0.1218 + j 0.2432) pu
Vs = 1 + 0.1218 + j 0.2432 = (1.1218 + j 0.2432) pu = (1.1479  12.2) pu
Ss = Vs I* = (1.1479  12.2) (1.0062  26.6) = (1.55  38.8) = (0.9 + j 0.724) pu
Thus, Ps = 90 MW, Qs = 72.4 MVAr.

Section 6

6.2
First convert to a common VA base of 1000MVA

 new VA base 
Z p.u. (new base)  Z p.u. (old base)   
 old VA base 

For each generator, the pu impedance to a 1000 MVA base is:

1.5 * 1000
 3.0 pu
500
Similarly, the fault-limiting reactor’s pu impedance to a 1000MVA base = 0.6pu.

Solutions
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 Module EEE3014/8017

Therefore the circuit diagram is:

2.0 j3.0

2.0
j3.0 A j0.1 j0.05 B

j0.6
2.0 j3.0

2.0
j3.0 A
A' j0.1 j0.05 B'

The circuit can be simplified by combining elements in series and parallel:

2.0
j1.5 A j0.1 j0.05 B

j0.6

2.0 j1.5

=
2.0
j0.875

A j0.1 j0.05 B

So the fault level at point A is: 1000/0.875= 1140 MVA

And, at point B is: 1000/1.025= 976 MVA

Solutions
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Section 8
8.1

Here, we know the angle  ( = arccos 0.87 = 29.5 lagging) and the magnitude of I (0.8
pu).

E
jXSI

 V

The level of excitation is given by the magnitude of the E phasor, E = 1.55 pu.

The load angle delta is 26.8.

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8.2

Here, we know the magnitude of E (1.2 pu) and the magnitude of I (0.6 pu).

arc with radius 1.2 pu

centred at the origin

jXSI


I V


circle with radius 0.6 pu

centred at the end of the
V phasor

E must lead V for generator action.

Power Factor = cos  = 0.9979 lagging

Power = (1.2) (1.0) sin / 1.0 = 0.6 pu

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Module EEE3014/8017

8.3
Here we know the magnitude of the stator current phasor (1 pu) and the angle .

cos  = 0.8   = 36.9 lagging.

V = 1pu, I = 1 pu, XsI = 1 pu

We can complete the construction of the phasor diagram as follows:

E
mag. 1.78 pu
jXSI phasor
mag. 1 pu


 V

Excitation level is 1.78 pu,  = 26.8

8.4
For a power factor of 0.8 leading,

V = 1pu, I = 1 pu, XsI = 1 pu,  = 36.9 leading.

E jXSI


V

Excitation level is 0.906 pu,  = 63

Power = V I cos = (E V / Xs) sin = 0.8 pu

Reactive power = V I sin = 0.6 pu.

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8.5
If the same level of excitation is maintained, then a 20% increase in power means a 20%
increase in sin.

Previously,  = 63 and sin = 0.891

A 20% increase in power implies that the new value of sin is 1.07 which is obviously not
possible. In other words, it is not possible for the machine to deliver 20% more power.
That would push it beyond its steady-state stability limit.

Section 9

9.1
limit imposed by rotor current rating
limit imposed by steady state stability
E = 1.8 pu
limit imposed by prime mover rating
 = 75

P = 1.1 pu

I = 1.2 pu

limit imposed by stator current rating

Solutions
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Module EEE3014/8017

Section 10

10.1

power / load angle

2.4

1.6
power (pu)

1.2 pre-fault
post-fault
0.8

0.4

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
load angle (degrees)

pre-fault load angle = sin-1(0.8/2.0) = 23.6o

post-fault transient stability limit = 180 - sin-1(0.8/1.0) = 127o

If transient stability is retained then the accelerating power integrated between the above
limits is negative. Accelerating power = 0.8 – 1.0 sin()

126.9 o
 (o 0.8  10
. sin ). d  [0.8  10
. cos ]23.6o
126.9 o c
= 1.442 – 0.600 – 0.916 = -0.074
23.6

because the above result is negative, the Equal Area Criterion is satisfied, so the system is
stable following the transient.

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