About the Presentations

• The presentations cover the objectives found in the

opening of each chapter.
• All chapter objectives are listed in the beginning of
each presentation.
• You may customize the presentations to fit your
class needs.
• Some figures from the chapters are included. A
complete set of images from the book can be found
on the Instructor Companion Site.

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to

a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part .
Network+ Guide to Networks
8th Edition

Chapter 1
An Introduction to Networking

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a

publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Objectives

• Identify types of applications and protocols used on

a network
• Distinguish between the client-server and peer-to-
peer models used to control access to a network
• Describe various networking hardware devices and
the most common physical topologies

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 3

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Objectives

• Describe the seven layers of the OSI model

• Explore best practices for safety when working with
networks and computers
• Describe the seven-step troubleshooting model for
solving a networking problem

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 4

© Cengage Learning 2016
 How Networks Are Used

• Network services - the resources a network makes

available to its users
– Includes applications and the data provided by these
applications
• Types of applications found on most networks:
– Client-Server
– File and Print Services
– Communications Services

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 5

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Client-Server Applications

• Client computer requests data or a service from a

second computer, called the server
• List of several popular client-server applications:
– Web service
– Email services
– FTP service
– Telnet service
– Remote Desktop
– Remote applications

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 6

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Client-Server Applications

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 7

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Client-Server Applications

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 8

© Cengage Learning 2016
 File and Print Services

• File services - a server’s ability to share data files

and disk storage space
• File server - a computer that provides file services
• Print services - ability to share printers across a
network
– With one printer, less time is spent on maintenance
and management

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 9

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Communication Services

• Convergence - using the same network to deliver

multiple types of communications services
• Unified communication (UC) - refers to the
centralized management of multiple network-based
communications
• Three types of communication services:
– Conversational voice - VoIP (Voice over IP)
– Streaming live audio and video
– Streaming stored audio and video

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 10

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Communication Services

• Voice and video transmissions are delay-sensitive

– You don’t want to hear or see breaks in transmission
• Voice and video transmission are considered loss-
tolerant
• Network administrators must pay attention to the
quality of service (QoS) a network provides for voice
and video
• Bandwidth - the amount of traffic, or data
transmission activity, on the network

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 11

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Controlling Network Access

• Topology - how parts of a whole work together

• Physical topology - mostly applies to hardware and
describes how computers, other devices, and cables
fir together to form the physical network
• Logical topology - has to do with software and
describes how access to the network is controlled
– How users and programs initially gain access to the
network
• Network operating system - controls access to the
entire network
– Required by client-server models
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 12
© Cengage Learning 2016
 Peer-to-Peer Model

• Peer-to-peer (P2P) network model - the OS of each

computer on the network is responsible for
controlling access to its resources
– No centralized control
• Computers, called nodes or hosts, form a logical
group of computers and users
– May share resources
– May prevent access to resources
• Each computer user has a Windows local account
– Works only on that one computer
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 13
© Cengage Learning 2016
 Peer-to-Peer Model

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 14

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Peer-to-Peer Model

• Advantages
– Simple configuration
– Less expensive
• Compared to other network models
• Disadvantages
– Not scalable
– Not necessarily secure
– Not practical for large installations

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 15

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Client-Server Network Model

• Resources are managed by the network operating

system (NOS) via a centralized directory database
• Windows domain - a logical group of computers that
a Windows Server can control
• Active Directory (AD) - the centralized directory
database that contains user account information and
security for the entire group of computers
• Global account (a.k.a. global username or network
ID) - a domain-level account assigned by the
network administrator and is kept in AD

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 16

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Client-Server Network Model

• A user can sign on to the network from any

computer on the network and gain access to the
resources that AD allows
– This process is managed by Active Directory Domain
Services (AD DS)
• Clients don’t share their resources directly with each
other
– Access is controlled by entries in the centralized
domain database

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 17

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Client-Server Network Model

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 18

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Client-Server Network Model
• The NOS is responsible for:
– Manages client data, resources
– Ensures authorized user access
– Controls user file access
– Restricts user network access
– Dictates computer communication rules
– Supplies application to clients
• Server examples
– Windows Server 2012 R2, Ubuntu Server, or Red Hat
Linux

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 19

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Client-Server Network Model

• Servers that have a NOS installed require:

– More memory, processing, storage capacity
– Equipped with special hardware
• Provides network management functions
• Advantages relative to peer-to-peer networks
– User credential assigned from one place
– Multiple shared resource access centrally controlled
– Central problem monitoring, diagnostics, correction
capabilities
– More scalable

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 20

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Networking Hardware and Physical
Topologies

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 21

© Cengage Learning 2016
 LANs and Their Hardware

• Local area network (LAN) - usually contained in a

small space
– Such as an office or building
• Switch - receives incoming data from one of its ports
and redirects it to another port or multiple ports
– Will send the data to its intended destination
• Star topology - all devices connect to one central
device (usually a switch)
• Network interface card (NIC) - a network port used
to attach a device to a network
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 22
© Cengage Learning 2016
 LANs and Their Hardware
• A LAN can have several switches
• Backbone - a central conduit that connects the
segments (pieces) of a network
– Might use higher transmission speeds and different
cabling than network cables connected to computers
• Three switches daisy-chained together in a single
line is said to use a bus topology
– However, each switch is connected to computers via
a star topology, making it a star-bus topology
– A topology that combines topologies is known as a
hybrid topology
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 23
© Cengage Learning 2016
 LANs and Their Hardware

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 24

© Cengage Learning 2016
 LANs and Their Hardware

• Router - a device that manages traffic between two

or more networks
– Can help find the best path for traffic to get from one
network to another
• Routers can be used in small home networks to
connect the home LAN to the Internet
• Industrial-grade routers can have several network
ports, one for each network it connects to
• Difference between router and switch:
– Router is like a gateway between networks

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 25

© Cengage Learning 2016
 LANs and Their Hardware

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 26

© Cengage Learning 2016
 MANs and WANs

• Metropolitan area network (MAN) - a group of

connected LANs in the same geographical area
– Also known as a campus area network (CAN)
• WAN (wide area network) - a group of LANs that
spread over a wide geographical area
– Internet is the largest and most varied WAN
• MANs and WANs often use different transmission
methods and media than LANs
• PAN (personal area network) - smallest network
– A network of personal devices
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 27
© Cengage Learning 2016
 MANs and WANs

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 28

© Cengage Learning 2016
 The Seven-Layer OSI Model

• OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference

model - a seven-layer model developed to
categorize the layers of communication
• Developed by ISO in the 1980s
• The layers are numbered in order, starting with
Layer 1, the Physical layer at the bottom
– Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session,
Presentation, Application

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 29

© Cengage Learning 2016
 The Seven-Layer OSI Model

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 30

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Layer 7: Application Layer

• Application layer - describes the interface between

two applications, on separate computers
• Application layer protocols are used by programs
that fall into two categories:
– Provide services to a user, such as a browser and
Web server
– Utility programs that provide services to the system,
such as SNMP that monitor and gather information
about network traffic
• Payload - data that is passed between applications
or utility programs and the OS
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 31
© Cengage Learning 2016
 Layer 6: Presentation Layer

• Presentation layer - responsible for reformatting,

compressing, and/or encrypting data in a way that
the receiving application can read
• Example:
– An email message can be encrypted at the
Presentation layer by the email client or by the OS

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 32

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Layer 5: Session Layer

• Session layer - describes how data between

applications is synched and recovered if messages
don’t arrive intact at the receiving application
• The Application, Presentation, and Session layers
are intertwined
– Often difficult to distinguish between them
• Most tasks are performed by the OS when an
application makes an API call to the OS
– Application programming interface (API) call is the
method an application uses when it makes a request
of the OS
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 33
© Cengage Learning 2016
 Layer 4: Transport Layer

• Transport layer - responsible for transporting

Application layer payloads from one application to
another
• Two main Transport layer protocols are:
– TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - makes a
connection with the end host, checks whether data
was received; called a connection-oriented protocol
– UDP (User Datagram Protocol) - does not guarantee
delivery by first connecting and checking whether
data is received; called a connectionless protocol

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 34

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Layer 4: Transport Layer

• Protocols add their own control information in an

area at the beginning of the payload (called a
header)
• Encapsulation - process of adding a header to the
data inherited from the layer above
• The Transport layer header addresses the receiving
application by a number called a port number
• If message is too large, TCP divides it into smaller
messages called segments
– In UDP, the message is called a datagram

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 35

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Layer 3: Network Layer

• Network layer - responsible for moving messages

from one node to another until reaches destination
• IP adds its own Network layer header to the
segment or datagram
– The entire Network layer message is called a packet
• IP address - assigned to each node on a network
– Network layer uses it to uniquely identify each host
• IP relies on several routing protocols to find the best
route for a packet to take to reach destination
– ICMP and ARP are examples
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 36
© Cengage Learning 2016
 Layer 2: Data Link Layer

• Layers 2 and 1 are responsible for interfacing with

physical hardware on the local network
– Protocols at these layers are programmed into
firmware of a computer’s NIC and other hardware
• Type of networking hardware or technology used on
a network determine the Link Layer protocol used
– Ethernet and Wi-Fi are examples
• The Link layer puts control information in a Link
layer header and at the end of the packet in a trailer
– Entire Link layer is called a frame

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 37

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Layer 2: Data Link Layer

• MAC (Media Access Control) address - hardware

address of the source and destination NICs
– Also called a physical address, hardware address, or
Data Link layer address
– Embedded on every network adapter and are
considered short-range addresses that can only find
nodes on the local network

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 38

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Layer 1: Physical Layer

• Physical layer - simplest layer and is responsible for

sending bits via a wired or wireless transmission
• Can be transmitted as:
– Wavelengths in the air
– Voltage on a copper wire
– Light (via fiber-optic cabling)

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 39

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Protocol Data Unit or PDU

• Protocol data unit (PDU) - the technical name for a

group of bits as it moves from one layer to the next
and from one LAN to the next
– Technicians loosely call this group of bits a message
or a transmission

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 40

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Summary of How the Layers Work
Together

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 41

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Summary of How the Layers Work
Together

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 42

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Staying Safe When Working with
Networks and Computers
• Network and computer technicians need to know
how to protect themselves
– As wells as protect sensitive electronic components
• This section takes a look at some best practices for
safety

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 43

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Emergency Procedures

• Know the best escape route or emergency exit

• Fire Suppression Systems - have a fire suppression
system in the data center that includes:
– Emergency alert system
– Portable fire extinguishers
– Emergency power-off switch
– Suppression agent
• Fail Open or Fail Close - does the security system
allow access during a failure (fail open) or deny
access during the failure (fail close)
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 44
© Cengage Learning 2016
 Emergency Procedures

• Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) - explains how

to properly handle substances such as chemical
solvents and how to dispose of them
– Includes information such as physical data, toxicity,
health effects, first aid, storage, shipping, disposal,
and spill procedures

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 45

© Cengage Learning 2016
 HVAC Systems
• Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
system - controls the environment in a data center
– Including the temperature, humidity, airflow, and air
filtering
• HVAC system must provide acceptable temperature
and humidity ranges for devices that might overheat
or fail due to high humidity
• HVAC systems and network cabling often occupy
the space above the ceiling or below the floor in a
data center
– Called the plenum
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 46
© Cengage Learning 2016
 Protecting Against Static Electricity

• Computer components are grounded inside a

computer case
• Sensitive electronic components can be damaged
by electrostatic discharge (ESD)
• Static electricity can cause two types of damage:
– Catastrophic failure - destroyed beyond use
– Upset failure - shorten the life of a component

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 47

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Protecting Against Static Electricity

• Before touching a component, ground yourself by:

– Wearing an ESD strap around your wrist that clips
onto the chassis or computer case
– Touching the case before touching any component
inside the case
– Storing a component inside an antistatic bag
• In addition to protecting against ESD, always shut
down and unplug a computer before working inside
it

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 48

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Installation Safety

• Lifting Heavy Objects - follow these guidelines:

– Decide which side of object to face so load is most
balanced
– Stand close to the object with your feet apart
– Keep your back straight, bend knees and grip load
– Lift with your legs, arms, and shoulders (not your
back or stomach)
– Keep the load close to your body and avoid twisting
your body while you’re holding it
– To put the object down, keep your back as straight as
possible and lower object by bending your knees
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 49
© Cengage Learning 2016
 Installation Safety

• Rack Installations - switches, routers, servers, and

patch panels can be installed in racks
– Follow device manufacturer’s guidelines for
requirements for the rack and the direction for
installation

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 50

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Installation Safety

• General directions for safely installing rack-

mountable devices:
– Engage brakes on rack wheels, if applicable
– Wear an ESD strap
– Place the device in the rack for good airflow
– Device must be well grounded
– Pay attention to tools as you work so they don’t
accidentally fall into a rack of expensive equipment
– Install fan trays so that air flows in the same direction
as the fans inside the device

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 51

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Installation Safety

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 52

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Electrical and Tool Safety in Data
Centers
• Electrical and tool safety is generally regulated by
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health
Administration)
• OSHA guidelines when using power tools:
– Wear personal protective equipment (PPE)
– Keep all tools in good condition and properly store
tools not in use
– Use the right tool for the job and operate the tool
according to the manufacturer’s instructions
– Watch out for trip hazards, so you and others don’t
stumble on a tool or cord
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 53
© Cengage Learning 2016
 Troubleshooting Network Problems

• Troubleshooting steps used by most expert

networking troubleshooters:
– Identify problem
• Gather information
• Identify symptoms
• Question users
• Determine if anything has changed
– Establish theory of probable cause
• Question the obvious

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 54

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Troubleshooting Network Problems

• Troubleshooting steps (cont’d)

– Test theory to determine cause
• If theory confirmed, determine next steps
• If theory not confirmed, establish new theory or
escalate
– Establish action plan
– Implement solution or escalate the problem
– Verify full functionality
• Implement preventative measures if applicable
– Document findings, actions, outcomes

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 55

© Cengage Learning 2016
 Summary

• Networks provide a wide range of services, including

client-server applications, file and print services, and
communications services
• File and print services enable multiple users to
share data, storage areas, and printers
• Traditional peer-to-peer networks are usually simple
and inexpensive to set up
• The client-server model for access control relies on
a centrally administered server using a NOS that
manages shared resources for multiple clients
– More complex and expensive to install
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 56
© Cengage Learning 2016
 Summary

• A LAN is a network of computers and other devices

that can directly address all other nodes
• In a star topology, all computers and network
devices connect to one central device
• A backbone is a central conduit that connects parts
of a network and might use the bus topology
• A router manages traffic between two or more LANS
• LANS can be interconnected to form WANS, which
traverse longer distances in two or more
geographical areas
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 57
© Cengage Learning 2016
 Summary
• The seven layers of the OSI model are Application,
Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data
Link, and Physical
• At Layers 7,6, and 5, data and its control information
is known as the payload
• A message at the Transport layer is called a
segment in TCP and a datagram in UDP
• An IP transmission is called a packet
• A message at the Data Link layer is called a frame
• Some switches operate at the Data Link layer and
routers operate at the Network layer
Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 58
© Cengage Learning 2016
 Summary
• A fire suppression system can include an
emergency alert system, portable fire extinguishers,
an emergency power-off switch, and suppression
agents
• HVAC systems are responsible for controlling
humidity and temperature in a data center
• When working with sensitive components, protect
against ESD by using an ESD strap
• Troubleshooting problems and their solutions are
documented in a call tracking system

Network+ Guide to Networks, 8th Edition 59

© Cengage Learning 2016