Chapter One

Introduction to Computer Networks and

Data Communications

Data Communications and Computer

Networks: A Business User's Approach
Eighth Edition
 After reading this chapter,
you should be able to:
• Define the basic terms of computer networks
• Recognize the individual components of the big picture of
computer networks
• Outline the common examples of communications networks
• Define the term “convergence” and describe how it applies to
computer networks
• Cite the reasons for using a network architecture and explain how
they apply to current network systems

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 2
 After reading this chapter,
you should be able to (continued):
• List the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite and describe the duties
of each layer
• List the layers of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model
and describe the duties of each layer
• Compare the TCP/IP protocol suite and the OSI model and list
their differences and similarities

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 3
 What is a computer network?

• When you say networking think of communication.

• Computer networking is not the same as people networking, but
have the same concept.
• Network encompasses everything that makes it possible for
computers, servers, and other devices to communicate. This
includes the design, construction, the use, management,
maintenance, and operation of the network. DO U C
MM?
• A computer network is made of nodes (anything can receive,
create, store and send along a network) as well as a shared
medium for transporting data.
4
 What is a computer network?

• Such as LAN or Internet.

• In the human networking scenario : nodes will be the people and
the medium would be the language or conversation.
• Networking is an essential function that enables businesses and
consumers to share resources, use or sell services, and
communicate, using voice, instant message or video.
• A network can be as simple as a home Wi-Fi setup or as
complex as managing thousands of nodes and rigorous security
requirements for a large enterprise.

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 5
 What is computer network

• A network can be wired or wireless. 1

• Both typically require physical infrastructure such as routers,

2
switches, and access points. And firmware to operate the
equipment and software that manages, monitors, and secures the
network.
• Networks also rely on standard protocols such as HTTP,
TCP/IP, and UDP/IP to inform how certain data should be
communicated.

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 6
 Introduction
• Who today has not used a computer network?

• mass transit (public transport)

• interstate highways
• 24-hour bankers
• grocery stores
• cable television
• cell phones
• businesses and schools

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 7
 13
The Language of Computer Networks

• Computer network – an interconnection of computers and

computing equipment using either wires or radio waves over small
or large geographic areas
• Wireless networks
• Local area network – networks that are small in geographic size
spanning a room, floor, building, or campus
• Metropolitan area network – networks that serve an area of 1 to
30 miles, approximately the size of a typical city, high speed

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 10
 The Language of Computer Networks (continued)

• Wide area network – a large network that encompasses parts of

states, multiple states, countries, and the world
• Personal area network – a network of a few meters, between
wireless devices such aa smartphones, laptops, and similar
devices
• Campus area network – a network that spans multiple buildings
on a business or school campus.

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 11
 The Language of Computer Networks (continued)

• Voice network – a network that transmits only telephone signals

(essentially extinct)
• Data network – a network that transmits voice and computer data
(replacing voice networks) – transmit voice in real time
• Two important building blocks: (chapter 2)
• Data : is information that has been translated into a form more conductive to
storage, transmission, and calculation.
• A signal is used to transmit a data.
• Transmitting signals: multiplexing/ compression

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 12
 The Language of Computer Networks (continued)

• Data communications – the transfer of digital or analog data

using digital or analog signals – four possible combinations : DD
DA
AA

• Telecommunications – the study of telephones and the systems

AD

that transmit telephone signals (becoming simply data

communications)
DIS
• Network management – the design, installation, and support of a
network, including its hardware and software
• Network cloud – a network (local or remote) that contains
software, applications, and/or data

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 13
Janjua, Muhammad Bilal, Ahmet Enes Duranay, and Hüseyin Arslan. "Role of Wireless Communication in Healthcare System 14
to Cater Disaster Situations under 6G Vision." Frontiers in Communications and Networks 1 (2020): 6.
 IoMT

• Make a search about IoMT and answer the following questions:

• what is the real difference between the Internet of Things and
IoMT?
• Summarize a short history
• State the reasons of the rise in IoMT.
• What hardware infrastructure is needed
• What software tools are needed?
• What are the communication protocols used in systems supported
by IoMT.
• state some communication challenges 15
 The Big Picture of Networks
• Networks are composed of many devices, including:
– Workstations (computers, tablets, wireless phones, etc)
– Servers
– Network switches deals with MAC ADDRESS
– Routers (LAN to WAN and WAN to WAN) deals with the
IP ADDRESS
• Wide area networks include:
• Network nodes: These are the computing devices that allow workstations to
route the data.
• High-speed transmission line – connection between nodes
• Subnetworks or cloud: nodes and transmission line collected into a
cohesive unit.
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 16
 The Big Picture of Networks (continued)
comes with protocol

DO: modulation and demodulation

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 17
 The Big Picture of Networks (continued)
• User A wishes to retrieve a web page from the web server.
• User’s A computer must have the software and hardware to connect to
WAN1(internet service provider).
• So, user A has a type of modem (hardware) and TCP/IP (software).
• Connection WAN1  LAN1  LAN2
• User’s A software attached address so that WAN1 routes the request to
router between WAN1 and LAN1.
• The switch like device (between LAN1 and LAN2) uses address information
to pass to LAN2.
• Additional address information then routes user’s A webpage request to the
webserver whose software accepts the request.
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 18
 https://www.diffen.com/difference/Modem_vs_Router
MODEM:
what brings the internet to your home or business,
demodelates[analog to digital] signals,
modelates[digital to analog] signals
types:
1-DSL MODEM
2- CAPLE MODEM

-You don't need a router

if you only have one device
to connect it with internet,
you can simply plug your device
to the modem directly
-No need to have a switch
if you already have a BUILT IN ROUTER

19
 Common Examples of Communications Networks

• The desktop computer to local area network

• Computer to internet
• Local area to local area network
• Personal area network to workstation connections
• LAN to MAN
• LAN to WAN
• Sensor to LAN
• Satellite and microwave connections
• Cell phone connections

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 20
 The Desktop Computer to Local area
network

LAN is an excellent tool for

sharing
• software (application
software on a server)
• and peripherals
(printers).
• Example: computers in
BME department
connected to the
university server and
printers.

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 21
 Client/ server system
• A user at a microcomputer, or client machine, issues a request for some form
of data or service.
• Database record from a database server
• Or a request to retrieve an e-mail message from an e-mail.
• Wireless connection is widely used in microcomputer to LAN: requires
wireless access point.

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 22
 The Desktop Computer and the Internet

• Connection is established through an

internet service provider (ISP).
• User’s computer requires a software that
supports TCP/IP protocols.
• This type of connection took place over
regular phone lines.
• ISPs began offering faster
broadband Internet access via DSL and
cable modems.
• ISPs now offer high-speed fiber
connections, which provide Internet access
through fiber optic cables.

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 23
 Local area to local area network

• Business and academic environments.

• LANs can communicate with each other.
• They can share peripherals and software's.
• Prevent data from flowing between LANs is
ADV: more important to allow data transfer.
• Security reasons.
• Prevent network traffic. (switch can
filter out traffic not intended for the
neighboring network, thus minimizing
the overall traffic flow.)
HUB AND SWITCH>>MAC ADDRESS
HUB : DATA GO TO EVERWHERE also to create NET.
SWITCH: GOEAS TO THE SPECIFIC DESTIONATION
ROUTER>>IP ADDRESS
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition
connects the NET. 24
 Personal area network-to-workstation connections

• Wireless transmission lines.

• Wireless devices
• Workstation
ANTENA:reciceves data from
the device carried by the person

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 25
 Local area network-to-metropolitan area network
connections buldings

• It is a cross between
LAN and WAN.
• Fiber optic links – high
speed.
• Businesses to near
internet service provider.
ex:

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 26
 Local area network-to-wide area network connections

• If a LAN wants to connect to

internet (WAN).
• A router is used to connect
LAN to WAN.
• Routes the data.
• Security purposes
(accepts certain types of
data packets.)

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 27
 Cell Phone Networks

• Wireless telephone network.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 28
 Industrial Sensor-based Systems

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 29
 Satellite and Microwave Networks

• If the distance between two

networks is great and wire
connection cannot be
established.
• Digital satellite TV, GPS.
Worldwide telephone system,
videoconferencing.

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 30
 Network Architectures

• A reference model that describes the layers of hardware and

software necessary to transmit data between two points or for
multiple devices / applications to interoperate.
• Reference models are necessary to increase likelihood that
use: different components from different manufacturers will converse
these models act like a shared language, allowing different technologies to "understand" each other better

• Two models to learn: TCP/IP protocol suite (Transmission

control Protocol/Internet Protocol) and OSI (Open System
Interconnection) model.

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 32
 Network Architectures… continued

• With different type of networks and connections, we need a framework to

understand how all the various components of a network incorporate.
• A network architecture or communication model, places the appropriate network in
layers.
• The layers define a model for the functions to be performed.
• Each layer defines what service either hardware or software (or both) to provide.
• Computer network have many components such as wires, printed circuit boards
computers, disk drivers, computer applications such as word processor, email and
marketing softwares, and computer programs that support error checks and data
transfer.
– How do all these pieces work together harmoniously?
– Does the choice of a piece depends on the choice of another?

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 33
 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• Group of scientists in
the US 60’s and 70’s /DATA LINK
• Currently used on the
internet. Data
• Not a static number of Encapsulation
layers.
• . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJIFfkpUO7o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Aw4mTv7CYY

Note: Some authors show only four layers, combining the two
bottom layers.

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 34
 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)

• Application layer
– Where the application using the network resides
– Common network applications include web browsing, e-mail, file transfers,
and remote logins
• Transport layer UDP/TCP
– Performs a series of miscellaneous functions (at the end-points of the
connection) necessary for presenting the data package properly to the
sender or receiver.
– Make sure that the received data was the same as the originally sent.

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 35
 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)
• Network (Internet or internetwork or IP) layer
– Responsible for creating, maintaining and ending network connections.
– Transfers data packet from node to node (e.g router to router) within network.
– Logical addressing, path determination, and routing.
• Network access (data link) layer
ip address is added here
– Responsible for taking the data and transforming it into a frame with header,
control and address information, and error detection code, then transmitting it
between the workstation and the network. (Physical address).
• Physical layer
– Handles the transmission of bits over a communications channel
– Includes voltage levels, connectors, media choice, modulation techniques

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 36
 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)

• Question: what are the

applications frequently used
in the in the application
layer?
• Read page 18 and 19 in the
book for further details.

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 37
 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
name ,job, protocol
Model data enc and de-enc
in the first three layers

theoritical practical

https://community.fs.com/blog/tcpip-vs-osi-whats-the-difference-between-the-two-models.html
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 38
 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
(continued)
• Application layer
– Equivalent to TCP/IP’s application layer
• Presentation layer
– Responsible for “final presentation” of data (code conversions,
compression, encryption).
• Session layer
– Responsible for establishing “sessions” between users.
Managing sessions, authentication, and authorization.

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 39
 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
(continued)
• Transport layer
– Equivalent to TCP/IP’s transport layer
• Network layer
– Equivalent to TCP/IP’s network layer
• Data link layer
– Responsible for taking the data and transforming it into a frame
with header, control and address information, and error
detection code.

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 40
 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
(continued)
• Physical layer
– Handles the transmission of bits over a communications channel
– Includes voltage levels, connectors, media choice, modulation techniques

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 41
 Logical and Physical Connections

• A logical connection is one that exists only in the software, while

a physical connection is one that exists in the hardware
• Note that in a network architecture, only the lowest layer contains
the physical connection, while all higher layers contain logical
connections

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 42
 Logical and Physical Connections
(continued)

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 43
 Logical and Physical Connections
(continued)

New joint degree

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 44
 Protocol Data Unit

DATA ENCAPSULATION DATA DE-ENCAPSULATION

HEADER+DATA

HEADER+SEGMENT

HEADER+PACKET+TRAILER

https://www.ccnablog.com/tcpip-and-the-osi-model/ 45
 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite in Action

• TCP: control the transfer

of data.
• IP: internet address,
assists routing.
• Read page 26 and 27.

https://youtu.be/vv4y_uOneC0

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 46
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 47
 Summary

• Many services and products that we use every day employ computer
networks and data communications in some way
• Field of data communications and computer networks includes data
networks, voice networks, wireless networks, local area networks,
metropolitan area networks, wide area networks, and personal area networks

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 48
 Summary (continued)
• Common examples of communications networks:
– The desktop computer and the Internet
– A laptop computer and a wireless connection
– Cell phone networks
– Industrial sensor-based systems
– Satellite and microwave networks

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 49
 Summary (continued)
• Key concept in networking is convergence
• A network architecture, or communications model,
places network pieces in layers
– Layers define model for functions or services that need to
be performed
• The TCP/IP protocol suite is also known as the Internet
model and is composed of five layers (some show four):
– Application layer
– Transport layer
– Network layer
– Network access layer
– Physical layer
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 50
 Summary (continued)

• The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created the Open

Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
– OSI model is based on seven layers: application layer, presentation layer,
session layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer, physical layer
• A logical connection is a flow of ideas that occurs, without a direct physical
connection, between the sender and receiver at a particular layer

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 51
 Review lecture

• Please look into this video carefully, and you need to understand
the following: https://youtu.be/vv4y_uOneC0
• What is NIC?: Network interface card
• Who cam up with the OSI model and when?
• You need to know the name of protocols used in each layer.
• Application layer:
– understand the difference between the service and the protocol
– Service applications: file transfer (ftp), web surfing (http/https),
emails (SMTP)
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 52
 Review lecture

• Presentation layer:
– Compression, translation, and encryption (SSL-Secure Sockets
Layer).
• Session layer:
– Setting connections and managing them (NETBIOS: Network basic
input output system)
– Authentication and authorization
• Transport layer
– Segmentation
– Flow control
53
– Error control Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition
 Review lecture

• Transport layer ..cont.

– TCP/UDP …Know which one is faster , where each one is used.
• Network layer:
– Logical addressing
– Routing
– Path determination (best possible path)
• Data link layer
– Physical addressing
– MAC addressing , 12 digit address, NIC
– Error detection
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Eighth Edition 54