Science 5 Quarter 4

Lesson1: Weathering
Earth is mainly composed of rocks that differ in terms of sizes, shapes, and colors. Though rocks
seem to be very hard, dense, and indestructible, they still break. Rocks are broken down into smaller
pieces by the effects of weather. These pieces do not move to a new location, they simply
breakdown but remain next to one another. The breaking of rocks into fragments is known as
weathering.
Weathering is an important process that helps shape the Earth’s surface. The breaking of rocks
result in the formation of soil and different landforms. This is also the reason why we have amazing
rock formations. Weathering can either be mechanical or chemical. Mechanical weathering is a
physical wearing away of rocks without any change in their chemical nature, while chemical
weathering involves change in the
composition of rocks that allows them to break down into pieces.

Agents of Weathering

Water
Water can break rocks in different ways. The strong waves that seep into the cracks of rocks can
make them break. When it gets colder, these water can expand and turn into ice which can trigger
rocks to break as well.
Wind
Wind is another agent of weathering that causes beautiful formations like the
Mahayaw Arch in Sabtang Island, Batanes, Philippines. As the wind blows, it carries sand
or small rock particles that scratch the rocks’ surface. This can bring about mechanical
weathering which can also result to different rock formations
Temperature
When rocks are exposed to varying temperature, it expands. If rocks are
exposed to a low temperature, it contracts. The repeated expansion and contraction
of rocks due to changes in temperature results in weathering.
Plants
Some plants, like lichens, ferns, and mosses, can also trigger weathering. It can grow on
rocks and cause them to break into pieces. Eventually, metabolic or life process of these
plants will cause the gradual breakage of rocks into smaller pieces.
Animals
Animals that live underground also contribute to weathering. As burrowing
animals dig deeper, they cause rocks to break into pieces.
Human
Humans also contribute to the weathering of rocks. Subdivision developers use
bulldozers to flatten mountains or hills to build houses. Some construction workers use
jackhammer to break boulders of rocks as they repair roads. Mining companies extract
stones or rocks from a quarry or an open-pit mine. Some miners throw dynamites and
other explosives on quarry sites to get more rocks or stones which can trigger landslides.

Learning Task 1. Identify the change happening in each situation. On the space provided before
each number, draw a heart eyes emoji if the change is an example of mechanical

weathering and wow emoji if it is an example of chemical weathering.

__________________1. A boulder of shore is slowly broken apart by the force of water.

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__________________9. As the rocks expand, the cracks become deeper and new cracks are
produced.
_________________10. Rocks exposed to the intense heat of the sun crack and crumble when rain falls
or soak in the
ground.

Learning Task 6. Read each question carefully. Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct
answer.
1. It is the breaking of rocks into fragments.
a. erosion b. flooding c. weathering d. runoff
2. A type of weathering that involves change in the composition of the rock.
a. chemical c. mechanical
b. both chemical and mechanical d. electrical
3. It is open-pit mine where rocks can be extracted.
a. landfill b. reservoir c. open-field d. quarry
4. Which of the following tends to cause physical or mechanical weathering?
a. animal that burrow in the ground c. water that seeps into the pores and cracks of rocks
b. root of plants growing into the cracks in the rocks d. all of these
5. What will happen to a rock when it is exposed to higher temperature?
a. contracts b. evaporates c. expands d. sin

Lesson 2 -Effects of Soil Erosion

You have learned in the previous lesson that weathering is an important process that helps shape
the Earth’s surface. The breakings of rocks result in the formation of soil and different landforms. This is
also the reason why
we have amazing rock formations.
Also, weathering can either be mechanical or chemical. Mechanical weathering is a physical
wearing away of rocks without any change in their chemical nature, while chemical weathering
involves change in the composition of rocks that allows them to break down into pieces.
This time, you will learn about soil erosion and its effects on living things and the environment. When
rocks are broken down into different pieces, it does not stay in one place. Some rock fragments
become part of the
soil. Others are transferred from one place to another which is called erosion. Materials that are
transported due to erosion are called sediments. Erosion of rock fragments contributes to the soil
formation as well as formation of landforms.
Soil erosion does not only shape Earth’s landforms, it also affects the ecosystem, especially if it
happens unexpectedly. It can destroy roads and bridges. The roads become rugged. Traveling will
be difficult and long.
Repair of roads will cost the government much money. Erosion affects the land. It can change its
shape and size.
Human activities such as deforestation, illegal logging, and quarrying also increase the effects of
soil erosion in the environment.

Effects of Soil Erosion on Landforms

Although soil erosion happens every time, the appearance and structure of a landform do not
change overnight. It would take hundreds of years to change. For instance, sand dunes would form
after plenty of soil accumulate and form a huge mass after existing large mass of rocks and soil. This
process happens over and over again. Soil erosion can destroy large masses of land. It can also
transform a mountain to hill or plateau.
Effects of Soil Erosion on Living Things
Plants get most of its nutrients from the topsoil. The topsoil contains the organic
materials produced by dead plants and animals. However, this topsoil is usually carried
away by wind and water. Once the topsoil is gone, the nutrients for plants will be
carried away as well.
Too much soil erosion makes the soil unable to hold or absorb water. This makes the
soil dry, coarse, and eventually unfit for vegetation. In addition, sediments that are
washed away by water can clog irrigation system and can further inhibit the plant’s
water supply.
The effect of erosion on plants would mean less food production. This can affect

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animals and human since plants are their main source of food and nutrients.
Another negative effect of erosion is the prevalence of mine tailings which are
mineral wastes or leftovers after the mining process. Erosion brought by water can
wash mine tailings to nearby bodies of water and pollute them. Polluted seas and
rivers can affect aquatic plants and animals, as well as the potable water supply of
animals and humans.
Learning Task 5. True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if not.
_____________1. The effect of erosion on plants would mean over food production.
_____________2. The topsoil contains the organic materials produced by dead plants and animals.
_____________3. Soil erosion can destroy large masses of land.
_____________4. Erosion brought by water can wash mine tailings to nearby bodies of water and
pollute them.
_____________5. Human activities such as deforestation, illegal logging, and quarrying decrease the
effects of
soil erosion in the environment.

Learning Task 2. Matching Type. Match the definition in Column A with the concept in Column B. Write the
letter of your answer on the space provided before each number.

Column A Column B
_____1. It contains the organic materials produced by dead plants
and animals.
a. mine tailings
_____2. These are materials that are transported due to erosion.
b. deforestation
_____3. It is an example of human activity that increases the effects
of soil erosion.
c. topsoil
_____4. It can change the shape and size of land.
d. sediments
_____5. These are mineral wastes or leftovers after the mining
process. e. erosion
f. weathering

Lesson 3 Weather Disturbances

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Learning Task 1. Inside the column, analyze the following statements that describe the changes of the weather
before, during, and after the typhoon. Put a check (/) mark on the column that corresponds the condition of
each statement

Learning Task 2. Matching Type. Match the definition in Column A with the concept in Column B. Write the letter
of your answer on the space provided before each number

Lesson 4- Phases of the Moon

You have learned in the previous lesson that weather disturbances refer to any disruption of the
atmosphere’s stable condition which can manifest through the formation of low pressure area or
different prevailing winds like monsoon and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITZC). You have also
learned, the classification of cyclones according to the strength of wind, changes of weather before,
during, and after a typhoon as well as how to determine the strength of typhoon through Public
Storm Warning Signal (PSWS).
Do you know that there is another factor that affects the weather? The moon affects the
weather in a way that when it is high in the sky, it creates bulges in the planet’s atmosphere that
makes changes in the amount of rainfall. Now, you will learn more about the moon, its phases that
represent the pattern in the changes in its appearance. The moon is the only natural satellite of the
Earth. A satellite is an object that revolves around a larger object. The moon does not produce its
own light. It only reflects the light coming from the sun. Since the moon is
revolving around the Earth, the amount of light it reflects from the sun varies as it changes its position.
The moon’s appearance changes from time to time. It is because the lighted portion on the
moon changes as it moves around the Earth. This obvious change in the appearance of the moon is
known as the phases of the moon.

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 Lesson 5- Constellation

You have learned in the previous lesson the moon has eight phases, namely new moon, waxing
crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent.
The moon goes these eight phases in 29 ½ days. The period it takes for the moon to complete the
phases is called month.
Do you know that the moon does not produce its own light? The moon only reflects the light
coming from the sun which is one particular example of a star. The sun is an average size star; it is the
star closest to the Earth, that is why we can see it. Now, we will learn more about the stars particularly
the groups of stars that form definite patterns in the sky.

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Learning Task . On the space provided, write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if not.

______________1. Ursa major resembles a big bear and is the third largest constellation in the night sky.
______________2. Constellations are groups of stars that form clear patterns in the sky
______________3. Some of the North Polar constellations include the following: Carina, Centaurus, and Crux.
________________4. Centaurus represents the centaur, the half man, half horse creature in Greek mythology.

________________5. Since ancient times, constellations are not helpful to people.