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Unit 5

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Unit 5

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Design of Grid x Connected Wind and Solar Photovoltaic Systems wind FAP: nee ‘and on-shore wind farms, Small wind turbines special consideraions and design testing, noise igeise Sie Satna ne Par rotor selection, ICT based monitoring and control of wind farms, Aon at sot (AEO) wth numerical treatment, optimal placement of wi bine in a wind farm, Wind power farm: installation cperaton and maintenance . pesign of Wind Energy Conversion Systems ' power controk etal, variable pitch, controllable aerodynare surtaces ena yaw control. Yaw Control: aver yaw. Fee Yow OF fixed yaw pesign of Solar PV systems : Site selection or solar photovoltaic plants, choice of module and thei techno-economica? crarecteristios, Series and parallel combinsion of PV array installation andl output calculation with numerical treatment, off aj, ongrid, standalone system, one interface. Enhancing array performance: cocina; ‘concentrator, Solar PV tracking. sheet of dust on PV and remedies, Installation of electrical and electronic components: army combiner Box, inverter. | pistbution boxes, safety devices, Meintonanc® procedure of eciar photovataic plants, DPR prepara | Mw scale solar plants Introduction Wind energy is the first among renewable energy resou ces to become an economically viable SOE of power generation Technological improvements ae brought down the cost of wind Powe! equal to that of coal-fired thermal power plant. India is blessed with maby ave weal meteorological and toposraphica! Se that are conductive to high {peed wind conducive to high speed rs sultable for power generation. EnsTey montent in wind in different regions ¥aes ‘Set tades, land sea disposition altitudes apd seasons. In India, the prime factor fgoverning the availabilty of ws nergy at a particular site, is 1 ‘yeographical Tocations with referers eyonsoan winds. A sie Is considered suitable rere he wind speed is 18 km/n (5 m/s) ayimum wind energy can Be tapped OT o ‘windy sites by installing several we arbines. The generated power is fed into york The whole systems called 2 7.1 Grid Interfacing of Wind Farm Wind is nat a steady source of energy s0 canner ct its own meet the need of consumers ata WS Necessarily. thas tobe integrated with the state grid to ensure can supply of continuous power: ENTRY path from wind farm to the grid a ae Brenergy user is ilustrated in Fig: 72°) som * nos vend 00 vot gh Several ure transmission ines tension lines of ad Seed i Ln Ae a u “Turbines automatically shut ‘computertzed site control down at 65-70 Kh B Fenors each twine ma, maximize output and co-ordinale Anemometre measures vind ‘speed to start ‘rines atthe esrad wind speed ‘Communication nk wh wind fA Muttiplexer For eommunicating — with sach turbine separately End users : residential NOUS®S, tactorias ofices, ete vom wind farm to user 7.2.2: Energy path fr W_ Renewable Energy Technologies Wind energy generators generate at 400 V which is Stepped upto 11 kV, then the overhead transmission lines connect to the substation for grid connection, Power evacuation may be on 11 RV of 22 kV or kV lines depending a) the availability of distribution network, b) the number of wind energy generators installed in the wind farm. A rule of thumb as given in Table 7.1.1 adopted, Table 7.1.1 : Type of interfacing for different capacities of wind energy generators. [capacity Type of interfacing Upto2 MW. Existing 11 KV/ 22KV tine 2r06 MW _| Separate 11 kV/ 22KV ine 61010 MW | Separate 33 XV line Above 10_| Locate 66 kV or 110 KV substation atthe foaled Farm its aeaaeaaes eaneameannaoem 7.1.1 Off-Shore and On-Shore Wind Farms For deciding the location of wind farms, siting studies are conducted in advance at several possible locations. From such studies carried out in areas of medium winds of average speed of at least 7 m/s a number of sites are selected, (4400 sites along eastern coast). The sites are usually classified into following categories. 1. Onshore 2. Off shoe shallow water ‘The main criteria in selected the site for Wind Farm are: 1) Adequate and uniform average wind velocity throughout year. Freedom from cyclones, floods, lightning strokes. 2), Availability of vacant land free from forests, townships, ete, 3) Availability of a distribution substation connected to the electrical grid, within a short distance (< 10 km), 4) Suitable terrain and soil for installing the Wind Turbine towers movement of crane etc 5) Approach roads upto site for movement of erection ‘equipment and the wind turbine subassemblies, 6) Environmental clearances. 7.1.1.1 Offshore Wind Farm — Offshore wind energy It means turbines are located out at sea or in fresh water for electricity generation. As for 7-2___Design of Grid Conn d Wind & Solar Photavoltai Sys ‘wind farms, the wind speed in the ocean is higher than ‘on land ~ 30% to 40% higher in open ocean and 15 % to 20 % higher near the shore = An Offshore wind farm therefore can generate up ta the 50 to 70 % more power and reduce its electricity cost ‘even with higher cost of installation in water for this reason many large of shore wind farms has been stalled in Europe, = Offshore wind farms fall Into two broad categories near shore (< 6 km) and far shore (> 6 km). = Offshore wind projects are generally large, often costing $100 to $300 million, = To reduce the cost per megabyte of capacity wind turbines build for Offshore applications are larger than those use onshore, Eg. Vest as 2-MW and GEs 3.6- MW turbines. Offshore wind farms need undersea electric cables land and installation and maintenance costs which a2 higher than onshore farm, ‘Advantages of Offshore Wind Farm 1) Offshore wind speeds are typically faster than on land, and even small increase in speed can produce big tim: Increase in energy. b) Offshore turbines are more consistent it means more reliable power generation. ©) Offshore turbines are free from geographical constrai like hill or structures which prevents wind circulation. 4) Offshore wind turbines are having higher capacity o electricity generation compared with onshore. Disadvantages of Offshore Wind Farm a) Offshore wind turbines are located on shallow water hence ts installation cost is high. b} The underwater noise pollution will impact on marine life, 7.1.1.2, Onshore Wind Farm = Onshore wind energy it means the turbines are located oon land and they are driven by natural movement of air Onshore turbine are located in rural area_where buildings and obstacles don’t interrupt the air circulation, = Onshore wind farms are generally have small installed capacity and are mainly integrated to 6-36 kV or 110 KV distribution network. enn ey Tectnolones estore tar ines suitable location includes high altitude 1 oe exposed Ties, open lands and casted area, “wind farms are buildings that genera ~ oy fm wind that Bows in Teresa paces in sero aciewe tis we Fst developed and construct hnery 18 that an convert Wind energy’s kinetic ery into usable power whichis them send to the gigiusion network, evantages of onare Wind Farm sya onshore wind farms create less emission compare wth other enerBY SOUTCES. sy quer installation and easier maintenance ashore wind Fars are reduces our dependency on fossll fuels. ¢) jobcreation Disadvantages of Onshore Wind Farm 2) Dangerous to some wildlife, 8) Noisy 6. Expensive upfront cost. 12 Small Wind Turbines Special Consideration asic parameters we should consider during design of sma wind. turbines Uke fatigue strength, site and dynamic behaviour, strength of material and the ene zeenbly consideration The parameters considered while designing small wind turbines are as follows: 1) Turbine Structure 2) Rotor with two or three blades to the hub 3) Shaft with mechanical gear 4) Geometry of blades 5) Yaw mechanism, such as the tall vane 6) Angle of attack 7) Chord Length sey no fu ‘Small wind turbines will be defined as those with # power rating of 50 KW or less (approximately 15 m rot diameter) = Various components of small wind turbines will be examined lke rotor, drive tran, the electrical system and tower Of course wind turbines must be designed 28 a system, and so rotor design will affects drive ain design which affects contro system design = Virtually all small wind turbines use 55 control, Le. the turbine requires no yaw motors and associated controls to orient the machine into wind yen <= While designing the small turbines we should considers parameters juste large turbines such a, according © ans of turbine Ike Horizontal and vertical axis. Position ofrotor with turbine (upwind and downwind). = During designing rotor for turbine, consider tor aerodynamics, rotor over seed control and alse Ke rotor manufacturing consideration Also consider parameters like system design (DC ané AC system), Control system (Grid connected contre S/S Battery charging control system) and design of Bsns system. 7.4 Testing of Small Wi \d Turbines mall wind turbines are tested as per the standard testing procedure with considering all parameters Uke Duration Testing, Power generation testing, Noise evalaion aL; Tests Required For Smal testing, safety and function testing et Test are performed on the energy output, turbine speed. power eoefeent and turbine torgue for wie range of free stream velocity W_ Renewable Enengy Technolog A) Duration Testing ~ Duration testing provides information about the turbine’s structural integrity, quality of environmental protection, and dynamic behavior, = Part of the reliable-operation requirement for the uration test includes no significant wear, corrosion, or damage to turbine components, ~ Itincludes problems like repeated loose nuts at the base of the turbine, a broken washer at the base of the turbine, broken welds at the top of the turbine, airfoil displacement in the struts, and an inverter failure. 8) Power Performance sting = Power performance testing is conducted per IEC standard —61400-12-1, Power Performance Measurements of Electricity Producing Wind Turbines, referencing Annex H for small wind turbines when appropriate, ~ Products of the test include a measured power curve, a power coefficient (Cp) curve, and an estimation of annual energy production (AEP). ©) Safety and Function Testing In safety testing number of parameters are considered like turbine's power control, rotor-speed control, behavior upon loss. of load, normal start-up, normal shutdown, and emergency shutdown ete. D) Noise Testing ‘The noise test characterizes emissions from a turbine in terms of sound power level, one-third octave levels, and tonality. It also determines the sound pressure levels at the integer wind speeds. /™ Fig. 7.4.2 : AIR 403 wind turbine model 2 Design of Grid Connected Wind & Solar Photovoltaic Sys Table 7.4.1: Test Turbine Configuration ‘and Operational Data Test Turbine General Configuration Make, Model, Serial Southwest Wind power AIR Number 403,419825 | | Rotation Anis (H/V) ol ] orientation (upwind / Upwind downwind) _ ‘Number of Blades | 2d Rotor Diameter (m) casmam | Hub Height as tested (m) ra7msh) | Operation Rated Electrical Power 400 w Rated Wind Speed (m/s) 125 (28 mph) [cutin Wind Speed (m/s) 2.7 (6mph) Rotor [ Swept area (m2) 1.8 (19.48) Blade Pitch Angle (deg) 25 Direction of Rotation Clockwise Tower Type ‘Tubular (schedule 40 pipe) guyed ulteup Height 137 m (40) with 15m (Sf) adapter 7.5__Noise Issue of Small Wind Turbine ~ Wind turbines most commonly produce some broadband. noise as their revolving rotor blades encounter turbulence in the passing ait. Broadband is usually described ‘swishing” “whooshing” sound. nolse asa or Some wind turbines (usually older ones) can also produce tonal sounds (a "hum" or "whine" at a steady, pitch). This can be caused by mechanical components or less commonly, by unusual wind currents interacting with turbine parts. This problem has been nearly eliminated in modern turbine design. Wind turbines generate noise from multiple mechanical and aerodynamic sources. As the technology has advanced, wind turbines have gotten much quieter, but apie Energy Technologies ene 75 Design of Grid Connected Wind Solar Photovataic SYS

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