Introduction Unit Of Pressure •Pressure in Fluids

1. Liquids and gases can flow and are therefore, called When an object is submerged
fluids. in a fluid at rest, the fluid
exerts a force on its surface.
2. An Ideal Fluid is one which is This force is always normal to
Unit Of Volume the object’s surface
a) Incompressible

b) Non - Viscous

Pressure Q1) •Density of Fluids

Pressure is a scalar quantity

•Relative Density /specific gravity Q2) Q3)
• The relative density of a substance is the ratio of its a) P=Po +𝝆g(1)
density to the density of water at 4oC. b) P=Po +𝝆g(2)
𝟏
c) P=Po +𝝆g( )
𝟐
d) P=Po

•Variation of Fluid Pressure with depth •Graph between P and h

•Gauge Pressure and Absolute Pressure Q5)

Q4) Q6)The density of the atmosphere at sea level is 1.29 kg/m3 Q7)
. Assume that it does not change with altitude. Then how
high would the atmosphere extend?

a) 5km

b) 8km

c) 11km h

d) 13km
 Q8)The three vessels shown in the following figure have
same base area. Equal volumes of a liquid are poured in. The
force on the base will be
a) maximum in vessel A
b) maximum in vessel B
c) maximum in vessel C
d) equal in all vessels

Q9) Q10)The force acting on a window of area 50 cm x 50 cm of a •Variation of Fluid Pressure along the same
submarine at a depth of 2000 m in an ocean, the interior of Horizontal Level
which is maintained at sea level atmospheric pressure is
(Density of sea water= 103kg m-3 , g=10 m/s2) For a liquid in equilibrium the pressure
a) 5x105 N is same at all points in a horizontal
plane. Suppose the pressure were not
b) 25x105 N equal in different parts of the fluid, then
c) 5x106 N there would be a flow as the fluid will
d) 2.5x106 N have some net force acting on it. Hence
in the absence of flow the pressure in
the fluid must be same everywhere in a
horizontal plane.
Q11) Q12) Q13)

Q14)

•U – tube problems
  = 1g/cm3  = 2g/cm3 •Variation of Pressure in vertically
accelerating Fluid –
x
x


9 cm

9 cm
Sliding boundary

Q15)Find x , so  = 1g/cm
3
 = 2g/cm3
x
Q16)
that fluid remains x

9 cm

9 cm

in equilibrium

a) 1 cm
Sliding boundary
b) 2cm

c) 3cm

d) 4cm
•Variation of Pressure in horizontally Q18)A closed rectangular tank is completely filled with water
accelerating Fluid – and is accelerated horizontally with an acceleration towards
right. Pressure is

i. Maximum at (ii) minimum at

(a) (i) B (ii)D
(b) (i)C (ii)D
(c) (i)B (ii)C
(d) (i)B (ii)A

Q17) Shape of Liquid Surface due to horizontal Q19)

acceleration
•Barometer •Manometer •Hydraulic Lift
• Torricelli devised a method for
measuring atmospheric pressure.
• A long glass tube closed at one
end and filled with mercury is
inverted into a trough of mercury
• This device is known as ‘mercury
barometer’.

• In the experiment it is found that the mercury column in the •Pascal’s Law Q20)Two pistons of a hydraulic machine have diameters 20 cm and
barometer has a height of about 76 cm at sea level 2 cm. Find the force exerted on the larger piston when 50 kg wt is
“ Whenever external pressure is applied placed on the smaller piston. When the smaller piston moves
on any part of a fluid contained in a through 50 cm, by what distance the other piston moves out?
vessel, it is transmitted undiminished
and equally in all directions”

• A pressure equivalent of 1 mm is called a torr

(after Torricelli). 1 torr = 133 Pa.
 Q22)An iron cube of mass 5kg and side 10 cm is
•Archimede’s Principle suspended by a thread in water. Find the tension in
thread.
When a body is immersed wholly or
partially in a fluid, it is lifted up by a a) 50N
force equal to the weight of fluid b) 80N
displaced by the body.
c) 40N
d) 10N

•Upthrust / Buoyancy Q21) A Stone of density 3000 kg/m3 is submerged in Q23)

water.If the mass of stone is 30kg , find upthrust.

a) 300N
b) 100 N
c) 75N
d) 10N
 •Apparent Weight formulae

•Apparent Weight Of a Body Q24)A stone of density 3000 kg/m3 is lying submerged in
water of density 1000 kg/m. If the mass of stone in air is 150
Q25)
When a body is wholly immersed in a fluid, kg, calculate the force required to lift the stone
.

it’s effective weight decreases.

a) 1200 N
b) 1000 N
c) 850 N
d) 812 N
 Q26)
•Law Of Floatation

•Condition for floatation & sinking •For Cylindrical or cubical body Q27)
Q28) Q29)
 REMEMBER

Q30) Q31)

Fluid Dynamics
Steady Flow / Streamlined Flow / Laminar Flow Properties Of Streamline Flow Turbulent Flow
At different points, (i)
➢ velocities of fluid particles
can be different.
➢ But velocity at a given
point is constant with time
(ii)

• The flow of the fluid is said to be steady if at any given

point, the velocity of each passing fluid particle remains
constant in time

• This does not mean that the velocity at different points

is same. The velocity of a particular particle may change
as it moves from one point to another. (iv)
• That is, at some other point the particle may have a
different velocity, but every other particle which passes
through same point behaves exactly as the previous
particle that has just passed that point.
 Reynolds Number →dimensionless number Q32)

Volume Rate of Flow Q33)

Equation Of Continuity
Q34) BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE Different Heads
We now suppose that an incompressible ,
Non – Viscous and Irrotational fluid is
flowing through the pipe in a steady flow
 Q35)
For Fluid at Rest

In a Horizontal Pipe Q36) Q37)

 Q38) Q39)

Q40)
MENTOZ METHOD

(density of air = 1kg/m3)

Q41) The Venturi-meter is a device to measure the
Venturimeter flow speed of incompressible fluid.
Q42) The speed of Water at X is 30cm/s . Find the speed of
water at Y , if difference in heights of two coloumns of Rate of Flow
water is 2 cm.

a) 70 cm/s
b) 65 cm/s
c) 80 cm/s
d) 100 cm/s

Q43)The Area of cross section of wide and narrow Q44)

portions of the tube are 5cm2 and 1cm2 respectively. The Speed of Efflux: Torricelli’s Law
rate of flow of water through the tube is 500 cm3/s. Find
the difference in heights of two coloumn.

a) 0.1 m
Very small hole
b) 0.6m
c) 0.9m
d) 1.2m
OPEN TANK / VESSEL
Q45) Q46) Range

Q48) Figure shows two holes in a wide tank containing a liquid in

Q47)
common. The water streams coming out of these holes strike
the ground at the same point. The height of liquid column in
tank is

a) 10 cm
b) 8 cm
c) 9.8 cm
d) 980 cm
 Q50)
Time taken to empty the tank

Q49) A rectangular vessel when full of water, takes 10 min to be

Maximum Range emptied through an orifice in its bottom. How much time will
it take to be emptied when half filled with water?

a) 9 min
b) 7 min
c) 5 min
d) 3 min
Velocity of Efflux in closed container Velocity profiles of fluids-
1) A layer of liquid sandwiched
between two parallel glass plates,

Viscosity in which the lower plate is fixed

and the upper one is moving to
the right with velocity v

For any layer of liquid, its upper layer pulls it forward

Viscous Force - while lower layer pulls it backward. This results in force
1)Viscosity is internal friction in a fluid between the layers. This type of flow is known as
motion laminar.
2)It occurs due to relative motion
between layers of liquid
3)The internal friction force in fluids is
called Viscous Force.
4)Viscous Force depends on relative
motion between layers (velocity
gradient) , Area of contact between
two layers and type of fluid.
 Coeffecient of Viscosity Q51) Stoke’s Law
When an object moves
through a fluid , it
experiences a viscous force
It is seen that the viscous force
is proportional to the velocity
of the object and is opposite to
The viscosity of liquids decreases with temperature, while it the direction of motion.
increases in the case of gases.

Terminal velocity
2) velocity distribution for viscous flow in a pipe
 If density of sphere is less than that of fluid Q52)

Terminal velocity VS radius and time Q53)

Rain drops
We consider a raindrop in air. It
accelerates initially due to gravity. As
the velocity increases, the retarding
force also increases. Finally, when
viscous force plus buoyant force
becomes equal to the force due to
gravity, the net force becomes zero
and so does the acceleration. The
sphere (raindrop) then descends with
a constant velocity
 Q56)

Q54) Q55)