Fluid

A fluid is something which can flow.

Liquids and gases are fluids.
A fluid has no definite shape of its own.
The normal force acting per unit area

P-F-n.TV unit Pa
,
NÑ
The pressure applied at any point on a continuous fluid in equilibrium
is equally transmitted to all other points.
A number of devices, such as hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes, are based
transmitting
pressure..
 P
,
= P2

p ¥5
'

Fa=%÷ =¥¥→ Fa=%ÉF

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,
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Question
Two syringes of different cross-sections (without needles) filled with
water are connected with a tightly fitted rubber tube filled with water.
Diameters of the smaller piston and larger piston are 1.0 cm and 3.0 cm
respectively.
(a) Find the force exerted on the larger piston when a force of 10 N is
applied to the smaller piston.
(b) If the smaller piston is pushed in through 6.0 cm, how much does the larger
piston move out?

:↑¥÷É÷
" "
a- -
±
"
✗ 10-2 m ↑
82 ?
2-
Fi = ION

Fa
 /
E. =
(E) Fi V, -_ V2
""

=¥%j¥
"" =

'°

=
32×10
=

,¥;÷
= 9×10 =
&4
? 6×10-2
90¥ =f¥¥¥ )
=

=
1-9×6 ?
MARCH - 2017
Q. Draw the schematic diagram of a hydraulic lift. Give its working
principle.
Question
In a car lift compressed air exerts a force on a small piston
having a radius of 5.0 cm. This pressure is transmitted to a
second piston of radius 15 cm. If the mass of the car to
be lifted is 1350 kg, calculate . What is the pressure necessary
to accomplish this task? (g = 9.8 ms-2).

=•E
¥°
F.

F.
=Cm9 150
13-50×9.8
=
1350×9^8 =
#
=1UI_N
P =
¥
=
¥÷

Y.fi#s-xio*- j.:?a-s-xio-T
=

= ?
If the point 1 under discussion is shifted to the top of the fluid
= (atmospheric pressure)
Pa
A •

Pit↑
= P (absolute pressure)

"

pj
'

P
P- or (gauge pressure)

Pa = 1.013×1 05Pa
=P,+f①
B.

¥÷=
Sgh
•

P = Pa +
Question
At a depth of 1000 m in an ocean
(a) what is the absolute pressure?
(b) What is the gauge pressure?
(c) Find the force acting on the window of area 20 cm × 20 cm of
a submarine at this depth, the interior of which is maintained
at sea level atmospheric pressure. (The density of sea water is
at kg m-3, g = 10 m s 2.)
1.03 × 103

/
P = Pat Sgh
105 (1.013+1.03×18)
= 1.013×105-1 1.03×103×10×103 105 (1.013+103)
= 1013×105+1.03×107 =
1oUX!§P9
b) Sgh = 1- 03×103×10×103

=
1-03×107171
c) 5- =
PA 3/5
1.03×10>1*20×20×1 #
=
1-
03g

.N
=
u
What is the pressure on a swimmer 10 m below the surface
of a lake?

P = Pat Sgh

= I -013×105 -1103×10×10

= 1-013×105-1105

= 10J (1-013+1)
=

2.013×1051292
The hydrostatic pressure at a certain horizontal level of a liquid is directly
proportional to the distance of the horizontal level from the surface of

The hydrostatic paradox states that the height of water in a container is

independent of the shape of the container.
a. MERCURY BAROMETER

It is a device used to measure atmospheric pressure

h -76cm
-

Pa = I -01311105Pa

#mz¥④
Pa=S④
b. OPEN TUBE MANOMETER or U tube manometere

It is a device used for measuring pressure differences.

how → oil a
P = Pa + Sgh
high → moo

PA

Pa=1?+S
¥ih
?⃝
Study of fluid in motion is called fluid dynamic

STEADY FLOW
If at any given point, the velocity of each passing fluid particle remains
constant in time.
The velocity of a particular particle may change as it moves from one
point to another
M, =
M2

* v. =
✗ v2
→m
°
V1 =
V2
,
D-
A, on , =

207g
v④
A

%au=Aa
Q. A region of streamline flow of an incompressible fluid is shown
in the figure.

a) By considering mass conservation in the fluid flow, arrive at the

A garden hose having an internal diameter of 2 cm is connected
to a lawn sprinkler that consists of an enclosure with 12 holes,
each 0.2 cm in diameter. If the water in the hose has a speed
1.2 m/s at what speed does it leave the sprinkler holes?

Ait = 12h2 V2 "

Va
;h÷ =

,
=

,
-ʰ "
n=±×ˢ
¥¥ )?÷ =

&÷¥=io◦✗
R=¥✗1m
=
:#"¥
 12 A2 V2
-④-Ff
A. u, =

V2 =
%
=

÷ .
.
"

= ↑_
Tangent of streamline gives direction of fluid velocity.
Two streamline does not iintersect each other.
Steady flow is achieved at low flow speeds. Beyond a limiting value,
called critical speed, this flow loses steadiness and becomes
turbulent.
velocity of the fluids at any point in space varies rapidly and randomly
with time.
 P, +
3- S
'

VY + $
9h ,
=
Pa +
f- SO! + 59h2 P2

a-
1.
2. Venturi-meter
3. Atomisers and sprayers
4. Blood flow and heart attack
5. Magnus effect
6. Aerofoil or lift on aircraft wing
 P = Pa
t8BEpBoBBp

The speed by which the fluid is flowing out of a small slit of a

container is same as the velocity of a freely falling body ( ).
61^-017
,

→
At,→v↑
→
Pts
 ✗ ↑ → Pt
,

→
Aerofoil or lift on aircraft wing

PH
→
up

¥
SAY - 2017
Q. Bernoulli's principle has a large number of useful applications in
our day-to-day life.
a) State the Bernoulli's principle.
b) Explain with mathematical derivation how the venturimeter is
helpful to measure the flow speed of a liquid.
Question
Two pith balls are suspended from a rigid support using strings
of equal length. What happens if air is blown between the balls?
What is the principle behind this?

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Question
During windstorms, the roofs of certain houses are blown
off without damaging other part of the houses. Explain

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Water flowing with a speed of 5m/s on a pipe of cross sectional
area 4 . The water gradually descends 10m as the pipe
increases in area to 8 .
a) What is the speed of flow at the low level?
b) If the pressure at the upper level is 1.5x Pa, what is the
pressure at the low level?
It is the frictional force which opposes the relative motion between the
liquid (fluid) layers.
Note:
SI unit of viscosity is
Dimension - M
Viscosity of a liquid decreases with temperature.
Viscosity of gases increases with temperature.
When a spherical body of density moves through a fluid of density

rv
The buoyant force or the upward force, which an object immersed
partially or wholly in a fluid experiences, is also known 'Upthrust
This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
Question
The terminal velocity of a copper ball of radius 2mm falling
through a tank of oil at C is 6.5cm/s. Compute the
viscosity of the oil at C. Density of oil is 1.5x kg/m3,
density of copper is 8.9x kg/m3.
Question
Eight spherical rain drops of equal size are falling vertically
through air with a uniform speed of 1 m/s. What would be the
uniform speed if these drops were to combine to form one large
spherical drop?
RLATION BETWEEN SURFACE TENSION
AND SURFACE ENERGY
Note:
Due to surface tension the liquid surfaces act as elastic
membranes.
A fluid will stick to a solid surface if the surface energy between
fluid and the solid is smaller than the sum of surface energies
between solid-air, and fluid-air.
Due to surface tension, liquids have a tendency to reduce their
free surface area. For a given volume spherical shape has least
surface area because liquid drops assume spherical shape.
surface energy is numerically equal to surface tension
 Why liquid drops assume spherical shape?

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Due to surface tension, liquids have a tendency to reduce
their free surface area. For a given volume spherical shape
has least surface area.
 Angle of contact is the angle between the tangent drawn to the liquid
meniscus at the point of contact and the solid part inside the liquid.
Note: -
Pressure above a concave meniscus is greater than that below it.
Pressure above a convex meniscus is less than that below it.
In pure water angle of contact is zero
Note:-
Excess pressure inside a liquid bubble is,

Excess pressure inside an air bubble inside a liquid is,

The ascent of liquid in tubes of very small bore radius in spite
of gravity is called capillary rise
The ascent of liquid in tubes of very small bore radius in spite
of gravity is called capillary rise
Q. Schematic diagram of capillary rise in a narrow tube is shown in
the figure

a) Arrive at an expression for capillary height 'h' in terms of the

surface tension of the liquid.
b) On the surface of the moon, the liquid in a capillary tube will
rise to the ...
i) Same height as on earth. ii) Less height as on earth.
iii) More height than that on earth. iv) Infinite height.
Dimensionless number, whose value gives one an approximate
idea whether the flow would be turbulent. This number is
called the Reynolds .

Flow is streamline or laminar for less than 1000.

The flow is turbulent for > 2000.
The flow becomes unsteady for between 1000 and 2000.
The two thigh bones (femurs), each of cross-sectional area10 cm2
support the upper part of a human body of mass 40 kg. Estimate
the average pressure sustained by the femurs.
Calculate the amount of energy evolved when eight drops of
mercury of radius 1 mm each, combine to form one drop
(surface tension of mercury is 0.55N/m)
Surface tension changes with temperature.
(a) Hot soup is tastier than cold one. Why?
(b) Calculate the work done in breaking a water drop of radius
1mm to 1000 droplets. Surface tension of water=72x .
A wire ring of internal radius 3cm and external radius 3.2 cm is
rested on the surface of a liquid and then raised. An extra
pulling force equivalent to the weight of 3.03g is required
before the film breaks than it is after. Calculate the surface
tension of the liquid.
A single drop of liquid is split in to 8 identical drops.
What will be the excess pressure in each drop?
Explain why
The blood pressure in humans is greater at the feet than
at the brain