Glossary of

mechanical
engineering

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This glossary of mechanical engineering terms pertains specifically to mechanical engineering

and its sub-disciplines. For a broad overview of engineering, see glossary of engineering.

Abrasion – is the process of scuffing,

scratching, wearing down, marring, or
rubbing away. It can be intentionally
imposed in a controlled process using
an abrasive. Abrasion can be an
undesirable effect of exposure to
normal use or exposure to the elements.
Absolute zero – is the lowest possible
temperature of a system, defined as
zero kelvin or −273.15 °C. No
experiment has yet measured a
temperature of absolute zero.
Accelerated life testing – is the process
of testing a product by subjecting it to
conditions (stress, strain, temperatures,
voltage, vibration rate, pressure etc.) in
excess of its normal service parameters
in an effort to uncover faults and
potential modes of failure in a short
amount of time.[1][2] By analyzing the
product's response to such tests,
engineers can make predictions about
the service life and maintenance
intervals of a product.[3][4]
Acceleration – In physics, acceleration
is the rate of change of velocity of an
object with respect to time. An object's
acceleration is the net result of any and
all forces acting on the object, as
described by Newton's Second Law.[5]
The SI unit for acceleration is metre per
second squared (m s−2). Accelerations
are vector quantities (they have
magnitude and direction) and add
according to the parallelogram law.[6][7]
As a vector, the calculated net force is
equal to the product of the object's
mass (a scalar quantity) and its
acceleration.
Accelerometer – is a device that
measures proper acceleration.[8] Proper
acceleration, being the acceleration (or
rate of change of velocity) of a body in
its own instantaneous rest frame,[9] is
not the same as coordinate
acceleration, being the acceleration in a
fixed coordinate system.
Accuracy and precision – In
measurement of a set, accuracy is
closeness of the measurements to a
specific value, while precision is the
closeness of the measurements to each
other. More commonly, accuracy or
trueness is a description of systematic
errors, a measure of statistical bias,
while precision is a description of
random errors, a measure of statistical
variability; the two concepts are
independent of each other. Alternatively,
ISO defines[10] accuracy as describing a
combination of both random and
systematic observational error, so high
accuracy requires both high precision
and high trueness.
Ackermann steering geometry – is a
geometric arrangement of linkages in
the steering of a car or other vehicle
designed to solve the problem of wheels
on the inside and outside of a turn
needing to trace out circles of different
radii. It was invented by the German
carriage builder Georg Lankensperger in
Munich in 1817, then patented by his
agent in England, Rudolph Ackermann
(1764–1834) in 1818 for horse-drawn
carriages. Erasmus Darwin may have a
prior claim as the inventor dating from
1758.[11]
Acoustic droplet ejection– (ADE) uses a
pulse of ultrasound to move low
volumes of fluids (typically nanoliters or
picoliters) without any physical contact.
This technology focuses acoustic
energy into a fluid sample in order to
eject droplets as small as a picoliter.
ADE technology is a very gentle process.
This feature makes the technology
suitable for a wide variety of
applications including proteomics and
cell-based assays.
Active cooling – An active cooling
system is one that involves the use of
energy to cool something, as opposed
to passive cooling that uses no energy.
Such systems circulate a coolant to
transfer heat from one place to another.
The coolant is either a gas, such as in
air cooling of computers, or a liquid
such as in a car engine. In the latter
case, liquid is pumped to transfer heat
from the engine to the radiator, which in
turn is cooled by passing air over it.
Other active cooling systems make use
of a refrigeration cycle.
Actual mechanical advantage – The
actual mechanical advantage (AMA) is
the mechanical advantage determined
by physical measurement of the input
and output forces. Actual mechanical
advantage takes into account energy
loss due to deflection, friction, and wear.
Adjoint equation – is a linear differential
equation, usually derived from its primal
equation using integration by parts.
Gradient values with respect to a
particular quantity of interest can be
efficiently calculated by solving the
adjoint equation. Methods based on
solution of adjoint equations are used in
wing shape optimization, fluid flow
control and uncertainty quantification.
For example
this is
an Itō stochastic differential equation.
Now by using Euler scheme, we
integrate the parts of this equation and
get another equation,
, here
is a random variable, later one is an
adjoint equation.
Aerodynamics – is the study of the
motion of air, particularly its interaction
with a solid object, such as an airplane
wing. It is a sub-field of fluid dynamics
and gas dynamics, and many aspects of
aerodynamics theory are common to
these fields.
Agitator (device) – is a device or
mechanism to put something into
motion by shaking or stirring. Agitators
usually consist of an impeller and a
shaft; an impeller is a rotor located
within a tube or conduit attached to the
shaft, which helps enhance the pressure
in order for the flow of a fluid be
done.[12]
Air handler – An air handler, or air
handling unit (often abbreviated to
AHU), is a device used to regulate and
circulate air as part of a heating,
ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC)
system.[13]
Air compressor – is a device that
converts power (using an electric motor,
diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into
potential energy stored in pressurized
air (i.e., compressed air). By one of
several methods, an air compressor
forces more and more air into a storage
tank, increasing the pressure. When tank
pressure reaches its engineered upper
limit the air compressor shuts off. The
compressed air, then, is held in the tank
until called into use.[14]
Air conditioner – Air conditioning (often
referred to as AC, A/C, or air con)[15] is
the process of removing heat and
moisture from the interior of an
occupied space, to improve the comfort
of occupants. Air conditioning can be
used in both domestic and commercial
environments.
Air preheater – (APH) is any device
designed to heat air before another
process (for example, combustion in a
boiler) with the primary objective of
increasing the thermal efficiency of the
process. They may be used alone or to
replace a recuperative heat system or to
replace a steam coil.
Airflow – Airflow, or air flow is the
movement of air from one area to
another. The primary cause of airflow is
the existence of pressure gradients. Air
behaves in a fluid manner, meaning
particles naturally flow from areas of
higher pressure to those where the
pressure is lower. Atmospheric air
pressure is directly related to altitude,
temperature, and composition.[16][17] In
engineering, airflow is a measurement
of the amount of air per unit of time that
flows through a particular device.
Allowance – is a planned deviation
between an exact dimension and a
nominal or theoretical dimension, or
between an intermediate-stage
dimension and an intended final
dimension. The unifying abstract
concept is that a certain amount of
difference allows for some known factor
of compensation or interference. For
example, an area of excess metal may
be left because it is needed to complete
subsequent machining. Common cases
are listed below. An allowance, which is
a planned deviation from an ideal, is
contrasted with a tolerance, which
accounts for expected but unplanned
deviations.
American Society of Mechanical
Engineers – The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME) is a
professional association that, in its own
words, "promotes the art, science, and
practice of multidisciplinary engineering
and allied sciences around the globe"
via "continuing education, training and
professional development, codes and
standards, research, conferences and
publications, government relations, and
other forms of outreach."[18]
Ampere – is the base unit of electric
current in the International System of
Units (SI).[19][20] It is named after André-
Marie Ampère (1775–1836), French
mathematician and physicist,
considered the father of
electrodynamics.
Applied mechanics – describes the
behavior of a body, in either a beginning
state of rest or of motion, subjected to
the action of forces.[21] Applied
mechanics, bridges the gap between
physical theory and its application to
technology. It is used in many fields of
engineering, especially mechanical
engineering and civil engineering. In this
context, it is commonly referred to as
Engineering Mechanics.
Archimedes' screw – also known by the
name the Archimedean screw or screw
pump, is a machine used for transferring
water from a low-lying body of water
into irrigation ditches. Water is pumped
by turning a screw-shaped surface
inside a pipe. The screw pump is
commonly attributed to Archimedes,[22]
Artificial intelligence – (AI), sometimes
called machine intelligence, is
intelligence demonstrated by machines,
in contrast to the natural intelligence
displayed by humans and other animals.
In computer science AI research is
defined as the study of "intelligent
agents": any device that perceives its
environment and takes actions that
maximize its chance of successfully
achieving its goals.[23] Colloquially, the
term "artificial intelligence" is applied
when a machine mimics "cognitive"
functions that humans associate with
other human minds, such as "learning"
and "problem solving".[24]
Assembly drawing – see Technical
drawing.
Automaton clock – An automaton clock
or automata clock is a type of striking
clock featuring automatons.[25] Clocks
like these were built from the 1st
century BC through to Victorian times in
Europe. A Cuckoo clock is a simple form
of this type of clock.
Automobile – is a wheeled motor
vehicle used for transportation. Most
definitions of car say they run primarily
on roads, seat one to eight people, have
four tires, and mainly transport people
rather than goods.[26][27]
Automobile handling – Automobile
handling and vehicle handling are
descriptions of the way a wheeled
vehicle responds and reacts to the
inputs of a driver, as well as how it
moves along a track or road. It is
commonly judged by how a vehicle
performs particularly during cornering,
acceleration, and braking as well as on
the vehicle's directional stability when
moving in steady state condition.
Automotive engineering – Automotive
engineering, along with aerospace
engineering and marine engineering, is a
branch of vehicle engineering,
incorporating elements of mechanical,
electrical, electronic, software and
safety engineering as applied to the
design, manufacture and operation of
motorcycles, automobiles and trucks
and their respective engineering
subsystems. It also includes
modification of vehicles. Manufacturing
domain deals with the creation and
assembling the whole parts of
automobiles is also included in it. The
automotive engineering field is research
-intensive and involves direct application
of mathematical models and formulas.
The study of automotive engineering is
to design, develop, fabricate, and testing
vehicles or vehicle components from the
concept stage to production stage.
Production, development, and
manufacturing are the three major
functions in this field.
Axle – is a central shaft for a rotating
wheel or gear. On wheeled vehicles, the
axle may be fixed to the wheels, rotating
with them, or fixed to the vehicle, with
the wheels rotating around the axle.[28]
In the former case, bearings or bushings
are provided at the mounting points
where the axle is supported. In the latter
case, a bearing or bushing sits inside a
central hole in the wheel to allow the
wheel or gear to rotate around the axle.
Sometimes, especially on bicycles, the
 latter type axle is referred to as a
spindle.

Babbitt – also called Babbitt metal or

bearing metal, is any of several alloys
used for the bearing surface in a plain
bearing. The original Babbitt alloy was
invented in 1839 by Isaac Babbitt[29] in
Taunton, Massachusetts, United States.
Backdrive – is a component used in
reverse to obtain its input from its
output. This extends to many concepts
and systems from thought based to
practical mechanical applications.
Backlash – sometimes called lash or
play, is a clearance or lost motion in a
mechanism caused by gaps between
the parts. It can be defined as "the
maximum distance or angle through
which any part of a mechanical system
may be moved in one direction without
applying appreciable force or motion to
the next part in mechanical
sequence",[30]p. 1-8.
Balancing machine – is a measuring
tool used for balancing rotating machine
parts such as rotors for electric motors,
fans, turbines, disc brakes, disc drives,
propellers and pumps.
Ball detent – is a simple mechanical
arrangement used to hold a moving part
in a temporarily fixed position relative to
another part. Usually the moving parts
slide with respect to each other, or one
part rotates within the other.
Ball screw – is a mechanical linear
actuator that translates rotational
motion to linear motion with little
friction. A threaded shaft provides a
helical raceway for ball bearings which
act as a precision screw. As well as
being able to apply or withstand high
thrust loads, they can do so with
minimum internal friction.
Ball spline – Ball splines (Ball Spline
bearings) are a special type of linear
motion bearing that are used to provide
nearly frictionless linear motion while
allowing the member to transmit torque
simultaneously. There are grooves
ground along the length of the shaft
(thus forming splines) for the
recirculating ground balls to run inside.
The outer shell that houses the balls is
called a nut rather than a bushing, but is
not a nut in the traditional sense—it is
not free to rotate about the shaft, but is
free to travel up and down the shaft.
Beale Number – is a parameter that
characterizes the performance of
Stirling engines. It is often used to
estimate the power output of a Stirling
engine design. For engines operating
with a high temperature differential,
typical values for the Beale number
range from ( 0.11 ) to ( 0.15 ); where a
larger number indicates higher
performance.
Bearing – is a machine element that
constrains relative motion to only the
desired motion, and reduces friction
between moving parts.
Bearing pressure – is a particular case
of contact mechanics often occurring in
cases where a convex surface (male
cylinder or sphere) contacts a concave
surface (female cylinder or sphere: bore
or hemispherical cup). Excessive
contact pressure can lead to a typical
bearing failure such as a plastic
deformation similar to peening. This
problem is also referred to as bearing
resistance.[31]
Bearing surface – is the area of contact
between two objects. It usually is used
in reference to bolted joints and
bearings, but can be applied to a wide
variety of engineering applications. On a
screw the bearing area loosely refers to
the underside of the head.[32] Strictly
speaking, the bearing area refers to the
area of the screw head that directly
bears on the part being fastened.[33] For
a cylindrical bearing it is the projected
area perpendicular to the applied
force.[34] On a spring the bearing area
refers to the amount of area on the top
or bottom surface of the spring in
contact with the constraining part.[35]
The ways of machine tools, such as
dovetail slides, box ways, prismatic
ways, and other types of machine slides
are also bearing surfaces.
Belt – is a loop of flexible material used
to link two or more rotating shafts
mechanically, most often parallel. Belts
may be used as a source of motion, to
transmit power efficiently or to track
relative movement. Belts are looped
over pulleys and may have a twist
between the pulleys, and the shafts
need not be parallel.
Belt friction – is a term describing the
friction forces between a belt and a
surface, such as a belt wrapped around
a bollard. When one end of the belt is
being pulled only part of this force is
transmitted to the other end wrapped
about a surface. The friction force
increases with the amount of wrap
about a surface and makes it so the
tension in the belt can be different at
both ends of the belt. Belt friction can be
modeled by the Belt friction equation.[36]
Bending – In applied mechanics,
bending (also known as flexure)
characterizes the behavior of a slender
structural element subjected to an
external load applied perpendicularly to
a longitudinal axis of the element.
Biomechatronics – is an applied
interdisciplinary science that aims to
integrate biology, mechanics, and
electronics. It also encompasses the
fields of robotics and neuroscience.
Biomechatronic devices encompass a
wide range of applications from the
development of prosthetic limbs to
engineering solutions concerning
respiration, vision, and the
cardiovascular system.[37]
Body in white - or BIW refers to the
stage in automobile manufacturing in
which a car body's components have
been joined together, using one or a
combination of different techniques:
welding (spot, MIG/MAG), riveting,
clinching, bonding, laser brazing etc.
BIW is termed before painting & before
the engine, chassis sub-assemblies, or
trim (glass, door locks/handles, seats,
upholstery, electronics, etc.) have been
assembled in the frame structure.
Bogie – is a chassis or framework that
carries a wheelset, attached to a vehicle
—a modular subassembly of wheels and
axles. Bogies take various forms in
various modes of transport.
Bonded seal – is a type of washer used
to provide a seal around a screw or bolt.
Originally made by Dowty Group, they
are also known as Dowty seals or Dowty
washers.[38] Now widely manufactured,
they are available in a range of standard
sizes and materials [39][40][41]
Brittleness – A material is brittle if,
when subjected to stress, it breaks
without significant plastic deformation.
Brittle materials absorb relatively little
energy prior to fracture, even those of
high strength.
Buckling – is instability that leads to a
failure mode. When a structure is
subjected to compressive stress,
buckling may occur. Buckling is
characterized by a sudden sideways
deflection of a structural member. This
may occur even though the stresses
that develop in the structure are well
below those needed to cause failure of
the material of which the structure is
composed.
Bus- A bus (archaically also omnibus,[42]
multibus, motorbus, autobus) is a road
vehicle designed to carry many
passengers.
Bushing – or rubber bushing is a type of
vibration isolator. It provides an
interface between two parts, damping
the energy transmitted through the
bushing. A common application is in
vehicle suspension systems, where a
bushing made of rubber (or, more often,
synthetic rubber or polyurethane)
separates the faces of two metal
objects while allowing a certain amount
of movement. This movement allows
the suspension parts to move freely, for
example, when traveling over a large
bump, while minimizing transmission of
noise and small vibrations through to
the chassis of the vehicle. A rubber
bushing may also be described as a
flexible mounting or antivibration
mounting.
Boiler - is a closed vessel in which fluid
(generally water) is heated. The fluid
does not necessarily boil. The heated or
vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in
various processes or heating
applications,[43][44] including water
heating, central heating, boiler-based
power generation, cooking, and
sanitation.
C

CAD – see Computer-aided design.

CAM – see Computer-aided
manufacturing
CAID – see Computer-aided industrial
design.
Calculator – An electronic calculator is
typically a portable electronic device
used to perform calculations, ranging
from basic arithmetic to complex
mathematics.
Calculus – is the mathematical study of
continuous change.
Car handling – Automobile handling
and vehicle handling are descriptions of
the way a wheeled vehicle responds and
reacts to the inputs of a driver, as well
as how it moves along a track or road. It
is commonly judged by how a vehicle
performs particularly during cornering,
acceleration, and braking as well as on
the vehicle's directional stability when
moving in steady state condition.
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer – or
carbon fiber reinforced plastic, or
carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic
(CFRP, CRP, CFRTP, or often simply
carbon fiber, carbon composite, or even
carbon), is an extremely strong and light
fiber-reinforced plastic which contains
carbon fibers.
Carbon fibers – or carbon fibres
(alternatively CF, graphite fiber or
graphite fibre) are fibers about 5–10
micrometres in diameter and composed
mostly of carbon atoms. Carbon fibers
have several advantages including high
stiffness, high tensile strength, low
weight, high chemical resistance, high
temperature tolerance and low thermal
expansion. These properties have made
carbon fiber very popular in aerospace,
civil engineering, military, and
motorsports, along with other
competition sports. However, they are
relatively expensive when compared
with similar fibers, such as glass fibers
or plastic fibers.
Classical mechanics – describes the
motion of macroscopic objects, from
projectiles to parts of machinery, and
astronomical objects, such as
spacecraft, planets, stars and galaxies.
Clean room design – is the method of
copying a design by reverse engineering
and then recreating it without infringing
any of the copyrights associated with
the original design. Clean-room design
is useful as a defense against copyright
infringement because it relies on
independent invention. However,
because independent invention is not a
defense against patents, clean-room
designs typically cannot be used to
circumvent patent restrictions.
Clock – is an instrument used to
measure, keep, and indicate time. The
clock is one of the oldest human
inventions, meeting the need to measure
intervals of time shorter than the natural
units: the day, the lunar month, and the
year. Devices operating on several
physical processes have been used over
the millennia.
Clutch – is a mechanical device which
engages and disengages power
transmission especially from driving
shaft to driven shaft.
CNC – (CNC)), is the automated control
of machining tools (drills, boring tools,
lathes) by means of a computer. An NC
machine alters a blank piece of material
(metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, or
composite) to meet precise
specifications by following programmed
instructions and without a manual
operator.
Coefficient of thermal expansion –
describes how the size of an object
changes with a change in temperature.
Specifically, it measures the fractional
change in size per degree change in
temperature at a constant pressure.
Several types of coefficients have been
developed: volumetric, area, and linear.
The choice of coefficient depends on
the particular application and which
dimensions are considered important.
Coil spring – also known as a helical
spring, is a mechanical device which is
typically used to store energy and
subsequently release it, to absorb shock,
or to maintain a force between
contacting surfaces. They are made of
an elastic material formed into the
shape of a helix which returns to its
natural length when unloaded.
Combustion – also known as burning
when accompanied by fire, is a high-
temperature exothermic redox chemical
reaction between a fuel (the reductant)
and an oxidant, usually atmospheric
oxygen, that produces oxidized, often
gaseous products, in a mixture as
smoke. Generally, the chemical equation
for stoichiometric combustion of a
hydrocarbon in oxygen is

where .
Composite material – (also called a
composition material, or shortened to
composite), is a material made from
two or more constituent materials with
significantly different physical or
chemical properties that, when
combined, produce a material with
characteristics different from the
individual components. The individual
components remain separate and
distinct within the finished structure,
differentiating composites from
mixtures and solid solutions.
Compression ratio – The static
compression ratio, (symbol ),[45] of an
internal combustion engine or external
combustion engine is a value that
represents the ratio of the volume of its
combustion chamber from its largest
capacity to its smallest capacity. It is a
fundamental specification for many
common combustion engines.
Compressive strength – or
compression strength is the capacity of
a material or structure to withstand
loads tending to reduce size, as
opposed to tensile strength, which
withstands loads tending to elongate. In
other words, compressive strength
resists compression (being pushed
together), whereas tensile strength
resists tension (being pulled apart). In
the study of strength of materials,
tensile strength, compressive strength,
and shear strength can be analyzed
independently.
Computational fluid dynamics – (CFD)
is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses
numerical analysis and data structures
to analyze and solve problems that
involve fluid flows. Computers are used
to perform the calculations required to
simulate the free-stream flow of the
fluid, and the interaction of the fluid
(liquids and gases) with surfaces
defined by boundary conditions. With
high-speed supercomputers, better
solutions can be achieved, and are often
required to solve the largest and most
complex problems.
Computer – is a device that can be
instructed to carry out sequences of
arithmetic or logical operations
automatically via computer
programming. Modern computers have
the ability to follow generalized sets of
operations, called programs. These
programs enable computers to perform
an extremely wide range of tasks. A
"complete" computer including the
hardware, the operating system (main
software), and peripheral equipment
required and used for "full" operation
can be referred to as a computer
system. This term may as well be used
for a group of computers that are
connected and work together, in
particular a computer network or
computer cluster.
Computer-aided design – (CAD) is the
use of computer systems (or
workstations) to aid in the creation,
modification, analysis, or optimization of
a design.[46] CAD software is used to
increase the productivity of the designer,
improve the quality of design, improve
communications through
documentation, and to create a
database for manufacturing.[47] CAD
output is often in the form of electronic
files for print, machining, or other
manufacturing operations. The term
CADD (for Computer Aided Design and
Drafting) is also used.[48]
Computer-aided industrial design –
(CAID) is a subset of computer-aided
design (CAD) software that can assist in
creating the look-and-feel, or industrial
design aspects of a product in
development.
Computer-aided manufacturing - (CAM)
is the use of software to control
machine tools and related ones in the
manufacturing of
workpieces.[49][50][51][52][53] This is not
the only definition for CAM, but it is the
most common;[49] CAM may also refer
to the use of a computer to assist in all
operations of a manufacturing plant,
including planning, management,
transportation and storage.[54][55]
Computer numerical control –
Numerical control (NC), (also computer
numerical control (CNC)), is the
automated control of machining tools
(drills, boring tools, lathes) and 3D
printers by means of a computer. An NC
machine alters a blank piece of material
(metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, or
composite) to meet precise
specifications by following programmed
instructions and without a manual
operator.
Conservation of mass – The law of
conservation of mass or principle of
mass conservation states that for any
system closed to all transfers of matter
and energy, the mass of the system
must remain constant over time, as
system's mass cannot change, so
quantity can neither be added nor be
removed. Hence, the quantity of mass is
conserved over time.
Constant-velocity joint – (also known
as homokinetic or CV joints), allow a
drive shaft to transmit power through a
variable angle, at constant rotational
speed, without an appreciable increase
in friction or play. They are mainly used
in front wheel drive vehicles. Modern
rear wheel drive cars with independent
rear suspension typically use CV joints
at the ends of the rear axle halfshafts
and increasingly use them on the drive
shafts.
Constraint –
Continuum mechanics – is a branch of
mechanics that deals with the
mechanical behavior of materials
modeled as a continuous mass rather
than as discrete particles.
Control theory – in control systems
engineering is a subfield of
mathematics that deals with the control
of continuously operating dynamical
systems in engineered processes and
machines. The objective is to develop a
control model for controlling such
systems using a control action in an
optimum manner without delay or
overshoot and ensuring control stability.
Corrosion – is a natural process that
converts a refined metal to a more
chemically-stable form, such as its
oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. It is the
gradual destruction of materials (usually
metals) by chemical and/or
electrochemical reaction with their
environment. Corrosion engineering is
the field dedicated to controlling and
stopping corrosion.
Cotter pin – is a pin or wedge passing
through a hole to fix parts tightly
together.
Crankshaft – is a mechanical part able
to perform a conversion between
reciprocating motion and rotational
motion. In a reciprocating engine, it
translates reciprocating motion of the
piston into rotational motion; whereas in
a reciprocating compressor, it converts
the rotational motion into reciprocating
 motion. In order to do the conversion
between two motions, the crankshaft
has "crank throws" or "crankpins",
additional bearing surfaces whose axis
is offset from that of the crank, to which
the "big ends" of the connecting rods
from each cylinder attach.
Cybernetics –

Damping ratio – is an influence within or

upon an oscillatory system that has the
effect of reducing, restricting or
preventing its oscillations. In physical
systems, damping is produced by
processes that dissipate the energy
stored in the oscillation.[56] Examples
include viscous drag in mechanical
systems, resistance in electronic
oscillators, and absorption and
scattering of light in optical oscillators.
Deformation (engineering) – refers to
the change in size or shape of an object.
Deformation that is reversible is termed
as elastic deformation, while irreversible
deformation is termed plastic
deformation. Strain is the relative
deformation of an infinitesimally small
cube of material, and is generally
linearly proportional to the forces or
stresses acting on the cube while the
deformation is elastic. The
determination of the stress and strain
throughout a solid object is given by the
field of strength of materials and for a
structure by structural analysis.
Delamination – is a mode of failure
where a material fractures into layers. A
variety of materials including laminate
composites[57] and concrete can fail by
delamination.
Design –
Design for manufacturability – (also
sometimes known as design for
manufacturing or DFM), is the general
engineering practice of designing
products in such a way that they are
easy to manufacture. The concept
exists in almost all engineering
disciplines, but the implementation
differs widely depending on the
manufacturing technology.
Diesel Engine – (also known as a
compression-ignition or CI engine),
named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal
combustion engine in which ignition of
the fuel is caused by the elevated
temperature of the air in the cylinder due
to the mechanical compression
(adiabatic compression).
Differential –A differential is a gear train
with three shafts that has the property
that the rotational speed of one shaft is
the average of the speeds of the others,
or a fixed multiple of that average.
Dimensionless number – is a quantity to
which no physical dimension is
assigned. Dimensionless quantities are
widely used in many fields, such as
mathematics, physics, chemistry,
engineering, and economics.
Diode – is a two-terminal electronic
component that conducts current
primarily in one direction (asymmetric
conductance); it has low (ideally zero)
resistance in one direction, and high
(ideally infinite) resistance in the other.
A diode vacuum tube or thermionic
diode is a vacuum tube with two
electrodes, a heated cathode and a
plate, in which electrons can flow in only
one direction, from cathode to plate. A
semiconductor diode, the most
commonly used type today, is a
crystalline piece of semiconductor
material with a p–n junction connected
to two electrical terminals.[58]
Diode laser –
Docking sleeve –
Drafting –
Drifting –
Driveshaft – a component for
transmitting mechanical power and
torque and rotation, usually used to
connect other components of a
drivetrain that cannot be connected
directly because of distance or the need
to allow for relative movement between
them.
Dynamics – the branch of classical
mechanics that is concerned with the
study of forces and their effects on
motion.
Dynamometer – a device for
simultaneously measuring the torque
 and rotational speed (RPM) of an
engine, motor or other rotating prime
mover so that its instantaneous power
may be calculated.

Elasticity – In physics, elasticity is the

ability of a body to resist a distorting
influence and to return to its original
size and shape when that influence or
force is removed. Solid objects will
deform when adequate forces are
applied to them. If the material is elastic,
the object will return to its initial shape
and size when these forces are
removed. Hooke's law states that the
force should be proportional to the
extension. The physical reasons for
elastic behavior can be quite different
for different materials. In metals, the
atomic lattice changes size and shape
when forces are applied (energy is
added to the system). When forces are
removed, the lattice goes back to the
original lower energy state. For rubbers
and other polymers, elasticity is caused
by the stretching of polymer chains
when forces are applied.
Electric current – A stream of charged
particles, such as electrons or ions,
moving through an electrical conductor
or space. It is measured as the net rate
of flow of electric charge through a
surface or into a control volume.
Electric motor – An electrical machine
that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Most electric
motors operate through the interaction
between the motor's magnetic field and
electric current in a wire winding to
generate force in the form of rotation of
a shaft. Electric motors can be powered
by direct current (DC) sources, such as
from batteries, motor vehicles or
rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC)
sources, such as a power grid, inverters
or electrical generators. An electric
generator is mechanically identical to an
electric motor, but operates in the
reverse direction, converting mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
Electrical engineering – Electrical
engineering is an engineering discipline
concerned with the study, design and
application of equipment, devices and
systems which use electricity,
electronics, and electromagnetism.
Electrical circuit – An electrical network
consisting of a closed loop, giving a
return path for the current.
Electrical network – An interconnection
of electrical components (e.g., batteries,
resistors, inductors, capacitors,
switches, transistors) or a model of
such an interconnection, consisting of
electrical elements (e.g., voltage
sources, current sources, resistances,
inductances, capacitances).
Electromagnetism –
Electronic circuit – A type of electrical
circuit which is composed of individual
electronic components, such as
resistors, transistors, capacitors,
inductors and diodes, connected by
conductive wires or traces through
which electric current can flow.
Electronics –
Energy –
Engine –
Engineering – the use of scientific
principles to design and build machines,
structures, and other items.
Engineering cybernetics –
Engineering drawing – a type of
technical drawing that is used to convey
information about an object. Detail
drawings commonly specify the
dimensions and tolerances for the
construction of a single component,
while a master drawing or assembly
drawing links the detail drawings for
each component in a system. Only
required information is typically
specified, usually only in one place to
avoid inconsistency.
Engineering economics – a subset of
economics that studies the behavior of
individuals and firms in making
engineering decisions regarding the
allocation of limited resources. It is a
simplified application of
microeconomics in that it assumes
elements such as price determination,
competition and demand/supply to be
fixed inputs.
Engineering ethics – a field that
examines and sets the obligations by
engineers to society, to their clients, and
to the profession. Many engineering
professional societies have prepared
codes of ethics which are largely similar
to each other.
Engineering management – the
combination of technological problem-
solving and the organizational,
administrative, legal and planning
abilities of management in order to
oversee the operational performance of
complex engineering driven enterprises.
Engineering society – a professional
organization for engineers of various
disciplines. Some are umbrella type
organizations which accept many
different disciplines, while others are
discipline-specific. There are also many
student-run engineering societies,
commonly at universities or technical
colleges.
Exploratory engineering – the process
of designing and analyzing detailed
hypothetical models of systems that are
not feasible with current technologies or
methods, but do seem to be clearly
within the bounds of what science
considers to be possible. It usually
results in prototypes or computer
simulations that are as convincing as
possible to those that know the relevant
 science, given the lack of experimental
confirmation.

Fits and tolerances -

Factor of safety –
False precision –
Fast fracture –
Fatigue –
Fillet –
First Law of Thermodynamics - states
that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed; it can change only from one
form to another.
Finite element analysis –
Flange -
Fluid mechanics –
Flywheel –
Force – an influence that can push or
pull an object to change its motion. A
force can cause an object with mass to
change its velocity (e.g. moving from a
state of rest), i.e., to accelerate. A force
has both magnitude and direction,
making it a vector quantity.
Force density –
Forging –
Four-bar linkage –
Four-stroke cycle –
Four wheel drive –
Friction – the force resisting the relative
motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers,
and material elements sliding against
each other. There are several types of
friction including static friction between
non-moving surfaces and kinetic
friction between moving surfaces; for
two given solid surfaces, static friction
is greater than kinetic friction. Fluid
friction describes the friction between
layers of a viscous fluid that are moving
relative to each other.
Front wheel drive –
 Fundamentals of Engineering exam –
Fusible plug –
Fusion Deposition Modelling –

Gas compressor –
Gauge –
Gear – a rotating circular machine part
having cut or inserted teeth which mesh
with another compatible toothed part to
transmit torque and speed. Each gear
tooth essentially functions as a lever
with its fulcrum at the gear's center.
Gear coupling – a mechanical device for
transmitting torque between two shafts
that are not collinear. It consists of a
flexible joint fixed to each shaft. The two
joints are connected by a third shaft,
called the spindle.
Gear ratio – the ratio of the pitch circles
of mating gears which defines the speed
ratio and the mechanical advantage of
the gear set.
Granular material –

Heat engine – is a system that converts

heat or thermal energy—and chemical
energy—to mechanical energy, which
 can then be used to do mechanical
work.[59][60]
Heat transfer –
Heating and cooling systems –
Hinge –
Hoberman mechanism –
Hobson's joint –
Hooke's law –
Hotchkiss drive –
HVAC –
Hydraulics –
Hydrostatics –

I
Ideal machine –
Ideal mechanical advantage –
Imperial College London –
Inclined plane –
Independent suspension –
Inductor –
Industrial engineering –
Inertia –
Institution of Mechanical Engineers –
Instrumentation –
Integrated circuit –
Intelligent pump –
Invention – a unique or novel device,
method, composition, idea or process.
 An inventor who creates or discovers a
new invention can sometimes receive a
patent, or legal right to exclude others
from making, using, or selling that
invention for a limited time.
Idler-

Jack chain –
Jacking gear –
JIC fitting –
Joule – the SI unit of energy, which uses
the symbol J. It is equal to the amount
of work done when a force of 1 newton
displaces a mass through a distance of
 1 metre in the direction of the force
applied. It is also the energy dissipated
as heat when an electric current of one
ampere passes through a resistance of
one ohm for one second.

Kelvin – the primary SI unit of

temperature, which uses the symbol K
and has absolute zero as its zero point.
The temperature in degree Celsius is
defined as the temperature in kelvins
minus 273.15 (i.e. 0 °C is equal to
273.15 K).
Kinematic determinacy –
 Kinematics –

Laser –
Leaf spring –
Lever – a simple machine consisting of
a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed
hinge, or fulcrum. A lever amplifies an
input force to provide a greater output
force, which is said to provide leverage.
The ratio of the output force to the input
force is the mechanical advantage of
the lever.
Liability –
Life cycle cost analysis –
Limit state design –
Linkage –
Live axle –
Load transfer –
Locomotive –
Lubrication –

Machine –
Machine learning –
Machinery's Handbook – is a classic,
one-volume reference work in
mechanical engineering and practical
workshop mechanics published by
Industrial Press, New York, since 1914;
its 31st edition was published in 2020.
Recent editions of the handbook contain
chapters on mathematics, mechanics,
materials, measuring, toolmaking,
manufacturing, threading, gears, and
machine elements, combined with
excerpts from ANSI standards.
Magnetic circuit –
Margin of safety –
Mass transfer –
Materials –
Materials engineering –
Material selection –
Mechanical advantage –
Mechanical Biological Treatment –
Mechanical efficiency –
Mechanical engineering –
Mechanical equilibrium –
Mechanical work –
Mechanics –
Mechanochemistry –
Mechanosynthesis –
Mechatronics –
Microelectromechanical systems –
Micromachinery –
Microprocessor –
Microtechnology –
Modulus of rigidity--
Molecular assembler –
Molecular nanotechnology –
Moment –
Moment of inertia –
Motorcycle –
Multi-link suspension –

Nanotechnology –
Newton (unit) – the SI unit of force,
which uses the symbol N. It is defined
as 1 kg⋅m/s2, the force which gives a
mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1
metre per second per second. It is
 named after Isaac Newton in
recognition of his work on classical
mechanics, specifically Newton's
second law of motion.
Normal stress –
Nozzle –

Ohm's law – states that the current

through a conductor between two points
is directly proportional to the voltage
across the two points. It is typically
expressed as the equation I = V ÷ R,
where I is the current through the
conductor, V is the voltage measured
 across the conductor and R is the
resistance of the conductor.
Orientation
Overdrive –
Oversteer –

Pascal (unit) – the SI unit of pressure,

which uses the symbol Pa and is
defined as one newton per square
metre. It is also used to quantify internal
pressure, stress, Young's modulus, and
ultimate tensile strength.
Physics –
Pinion –
Piston –
Pitch drop experiment –
Plain bearing –
Plasma processing –
Plasticity –
Pneumatics –
Poisson's ratio –
Position vector –
Potential difference –
Power – the amount of energy
transferred or converted per unit time.
Power is a scalar quantity.
Power stroke –
Pressure –
Prime mover –
Process control –
Product Lifecycle Management –
Professional Engineer (PE) – In the
United States, this designation is given
to engineers who have passed the
Principles and Practice of Engineering
exam, or PE exam. Upon passing the PE
exam and meeting other eligibility
requirements, that vary by state, such as
education and experience, an engineer
can then become registered in their
State to stamp and sign engineering
drawings and calculations as a PE.
Project management –
 Pulley –
Pump –

Quality –
Quality control –
Quality assurance –

Rack and pinion –

Rack railway –
Railcar –
Rail gauge –
Railroad car –
Railroad switch –
Rail tracks –
Random vibration –
Reaction kinetics –
Rear wheel drive –
Refrigeration –
Reliability engineering –
Relief valve –
RepRap Project –
Resistive force –
Resistor –
Reverse engineering –
Rheology –
Rigid body –
 Robotics –
Roller chain –
Rolling –
Rotordynamics –

Safety engineering –
Screw theory –
Seal –
Second Law of Thermodynamics -
states that when energy changes from
one form to another form, or matter
moves freely, entropy (disorder) in a
closed system increases. In other
words, heat always moves from hotter
objects to colder objects unless energy
is supplied to reverse the direction of
heat flow, and not all heat energy can be
converted into work in a cyclic process.
Semiconductor –
Series and parallel circuits –
Shear force diagrams –
Shear pin –
Shear strength –
Shear stress –
Simple machine –
Simulation –
Slide rule –
Society of Automotive Engineers –
Solid mechanics –
Solid modeling –
Split nut –
Sprung mass –
Statics –
Steering –
Steam Systems –
Stress-strain curve – a chart which
gives the relationship between stress
and strain for a given material. It is
obtained by gradually applying load to a
test coupon and measuring the
deformation.
 Structural failure –
Student Design Competition –
Surveying –
Suspension –
Switch – an electrical component that
can disconnect or connect the
conducting path in an electrical circuit,
interrupting the electric current or
diverting it from one conductor to
another.

Technical drawing – is the act and

discipline of composing drawings that
visually communicate how something
functions or is constructed. In industry
and engineering, common conventions
constitute a visual language and help to
ensure that the drawing is precise,
unambiguous and relatively easy to
understand. Many of the symbols and
principles of technical drawing are
codified in an international standard
called ISO 128.
Technology – refers to both the
application of knowledge for achieving
practical goals in a reproducible way,
and the products and tools resulting
from such efforts.
Tensile strength – also called ultimate
tensile strength or ultimate strength, is
the maximum stress that a material can
withstand while being stretched or
pulled before breaking. In brittle
materials the ultimate tensile strength is
close to the yield point, whereas in
ductile materials the ultimate tensile
strength can be higher.
Tensile stress –
Testing Adjusting Balancing –
Theory of elasticity –
Thermodynamics – a branch of physics
that deals with heat, work, and
temperature, and their relation to energy,
entropy, and the physical properties of
matter and radiation. The behavior of
these quantities is governed by the four
laws of thermodynamics.
Third Law of Thermodynamics - states
that the entropy of a system approaches
a constant value when its temperature
approaches absolute zero, because its
atoms would stop moving. However,
heat transfer between the system and
its surroundings would prevent the
system from ever reaching absolute
zero.
Toe –
Torque –
 Torsion beam suspension –
Torsion spring –
Toughness –
Track gauge –
Transmission –
Truck –
Truck (railway) –
Turbine –
Tribology –
Touch screen –
tear –
Tire manufacturing –

U
 Understeer –
Unibody –
Unsprung weight –

Verification and Validation –

Valve – a device or natural object (such
as a heart valve) that regulates, directs
or controls the flow of a fluid (gases,
liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by
opening, closing, or partially obstructing
various passageways
Vector – a geometric object that has
magnitude (or length) and direction. A
vector quantity is differentiated from a
scalar quantity which only has
magnitude, not direction. Vectors can be
added to other vectors according to
vector algebra.
Vertical strength –
Viscosity –
Volt – the SI unit of electric potential,
electric potential difference (voltage),
and electromotive force, which uses the
symbol V.
Vibration –
Velocity diagrams –

W
Wear – is the damaging, gradual
removal or deformation of material at
solid surfaces. Causes of wear can be
mechanical (e.g., erosion) or chemical
(e.g., corrosion). The study of wear and
related processes is referred to as
tribology.
Wedge – is a triangular shaped tool, and
is a portable inclined plane, and one of
the six classical simple machines. It can
be used to separate two objects or
portions of an object, lift up an object, or
hold an object in place. It functions by
converting a force applied to its blunt
end into forces perpendicular (normal)
to its inclined surfaces. The mechanical
advantage of a wedge is given by the
ratio of the length of its slope to its
width.[61][62] Although a short wedge
with a wide angle may do a job faster, it
requires more force than a long wedge
with a narrow angle.
Weight transfer –
Wheel – In its primitive form, a wheel is
a circular block of a hard and durable
material at whose center has been
bored a hole through which is placed an
axle bearing about which the wheel
rotates when torque is applied to the
wheel about its axis. The wheel and axle
assembly can be considered one of the
six simple machines.
Wheel and axle – is a machine
consisting of a wheel attached to a
smaller axle so that these two parts
rotate together in which a force is
transferred from one to the other. The
wheel and axle can be viewed as a
version of the lever, with a drive force
applied tangentially to the perimeter of
the wheel and a load force applied to the
axle, respectively, that are balanced
around the hinge which is the fulcrum.
Wheelset – is the wheel–axle assembly
of a railroad car. The frame assembly
 beneath each end of a car, railcar or
locomotive that holds the wheelsets is
called the bogie (or truck in North
America). Most North American freight
cars have two bogies with two or three
wheelsets, depending on the type of car;
short freight cars generally have no
bogies but instead have two wheelsets.
Work – the energy transferred to or from
an object via the application of force
along a displacement. Work is a scalar
quantity.

X bar charts
Y

Yield point – In materials science and

engineering, the yield point is the point
on a stress-strain curve that indicates
the limit of elastic behavior and the
beginning of plastic behavior. Below the
yield point, a material will deform
elastically and will return to its original
shape when the applied stress is
removed. Once the yield point is passed,
some fraction of the deformation will be
permanent and non-reversible and is
known as plastic deformation.
Yield strength – or yield stress, is a
material property and is the stress
corresponding to the yield point at which
the material begins to deform
plastically. The yield strength is often
used to determine the maximum
allowable load in a mechanical
component, since it represents the
upper limit to forces that can be applied
without producing permanent
deformation. In some materials, such as
aluminium, there is a gradual onset of
non-linear behavior, making the precise
yield point difficult to determine. In such
a case, the offset yield point (or proof
stress) is taken as the stress at which
0.2% plastic deformation occurs.
Yielding is a gradual failure mode which
is normally not catastrophic, unlike
ultimate failure.
Young's modulus – Young's modulus ,
the Young modulus or the modulus of
elasticity in tension, is a mechanical
property that measures the tensile
stiffness of a solid material. It quantifies
the relationship between tensile stress
(force per unit area) and axial strain
(proportional deformation) in the linear
elastic region of a material and is
determined using the formula:[63]
 Young's moduli are
typically so large that
they are expressed not in
pascals but in gigapascals
(GPa).

Zero Defects – (or ZD), was a

management-led program to eliminate
defects in industrial production that
enjoyed brief popularity in American
industry from 1964[64] to the early
1970s. Quality expert Philip Crosby later
incorporated it into his "Absolutes of
Quality Management" and it enjoyed a
renaissance in the American automobile
industry—as a performance goal more
than as a program—in the 1990s.
Although applicable to any type of
enterprise, it has been primarily adopted
within supply chains wherever large
volumes of components are being
purchased (common items such as nuts
and bolts are good examples).
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics – If
body A is in thermal equilibrium (no heat
transfers between them when in
contact) with body C, and body B is in
thermal equilibrium with body C, then A
is in thermal equilibrium with B.
See also

Mechanical engineering
Engineering
Glossary of engineering
National Council of Examiners for
Engineering and Surveying
Fundamentals of Engineering
Examination
Principles and Practice of Engineering
Examination
Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
Glossary of aerospace engineering
Glossary of civil engineering
 Glossary of electrical and electronics
engineering
Glossary of structural engineering
Glossary of areas of mathematics
Glossary of artificial intelligence
Glossary of astronomy
Glossary of automotive design
Glossary of biology
Glossary of calculus
Glossary of chemistry
Glossary of economics
Glossary of physics
Glossary of probability and statistics

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