CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

This chapter includes the Background of the Study, Conceptual Framework and

Theoretical Framework of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Scope and Delimitation of the

Study, Significant of the Study and Definitions of Terms.

Background of the study

Our coastal areas have been damaged, sea level rises worldwide, and wave heights

increases during extreme weather events. At the current rate, the rise of the ocean are about 3

millimeters per as of today and could more than triple to reach 10 extra millimeter per year by

2100. This intrusion on shore and severity of waves and storms affects human activity. Engineers

come up with a solution to build seawalls. Our coastal areas have been damaged, sea level rises

worldwide, and wave heights increases during extreme weather events. At the current rate, the

rise of the ocean are about 3 millimeters per as of today and could more than triple to reach 10

extra millimeter per year by 2100. This intrusion on shore and severity of waves and storms

affects human activity. Engineers come up with a solution to build seawalls. Eventually, severe

erosion occurs at the bottom of the wall causing severe damage to the wall (Trap Bag, 2021).

Seawalls also have a much lower space requirement than other coastal defenses such as dikes,

especially if vertical seawalls designs are selected. This serves as protection to the shore and

minimizes erosion which allows water to filter after the wave has been dissipated (Environment

Knowledge Hub Sustainability, 2019).

Globally, construction of seawall had dominantly existed all throughout the continent

due to its usefulness and preventive measures. The particular construction of seawall

depends on various circumstances and purpose to the community.

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 In the Philippine setting, residents, farmers and Fisherfolks of Barangay Calategas in

the municipality of Narra in Palawan protest against the construction of seawall which

allegedly bankrolled by a political party (Buhay Party List) citing lack of consultation and

proper permitting of the project (Palawan News, 2021). Thus, Palawan Council for

Sustainable Development (PCSD) has confirmed that the project has no Strategic

Environmental Plan (SEP) clearance which considered as violation according to

environmental lawyer Chief Attorney Grizelda Mayo-Anda. On the other hand, Culasi

Antique faced challenges due to several calamities that affect them in which the former

mayor Joel A. Lomugdag come up with the initiative in order to address this problem by

proposing a seawall construction. This seawall project is beneficial not only served as

protective measure against calamities but a tourist spot and gateway to the economic

activities of three island barangays namely Mararison, Maningning and Batbatan (Panay

News, 2016).

In the Municipality of Miagao along with its coastal areas specifically located in

Barangay Baybay Sur had encountered countless massive destruction to the coastal houses

and infrastructure nearby that is caused by typhoons and storm surge. To combat this

phenomenon, the Miagao LGU and the Department of Public Workers and Highways

contracted with International Builders Corporation (IBC) to construct a seawall project for

the prevention of disaster in the areas. Since, fishing is the main source of livelihood of the

said community, local fisherfolks of this barangay might have been affected by the

construction of seawall.

Based on a conflicting idea between the Palawan seawall construction due to the

protest of residents compared to Culasi Antique seawall project which is favorable to the

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community, the researchers made a decision to conduct the study in barangay Baybay Sur

Miagao to determine if the fisherfolks are in favor or not.

There has been no research studies conducted as to the effects of the seawall

construction to the fisherfolks in barangay Baybay Sur. In line with this premise, the

researchers have made a decision to analyze, evaluate and explore the subjective lived

experiences of Fisherfolks.

Theoretical Framework of the study

Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge and justified

belief. It analyzes the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as

truth, belief and justification. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as

well as skepticism about different knowledge claims. It is essentially about issues having

to do with creation and dissemination of knowledge in particular areas. Epistemology

asks questions like: ‘What is knowledge?”, “How is knowledge acquired?”, and “What are

the necessary and sufficient conditions of knowledge?” The overarching structure of the

research including the kind of evidence that is being gathered from where and how it is

going to be interpreted (Koninck, 2004).

This study is anchored on the epistemology of constructivism. Constructivism views

that all knowledge are all meaningful reality as such, as it is contingent upon human

practices and being constructed in and out of interaction between human beings and their

world thus developed and transmitted within an essential social context (Kaur, 2013).

Constructivism accepts reality as a construct of human mind, therefore reality is perceived to

be subjective.

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 This study is an example of constructivism based on the idea that fisherfolks

actively construct or generate their own interpretation of knowledge and reality which are

rooted on their individual and subjective experiences. It entails the fisherfolk’s way of life, in

which, the acquire experiences in fishing is a clear reflection of such. Hence, what they

perceive as fisherfolks is symmetrically co-inside with the information they uttered towards

the researchers.

The theoretical perspective used is interpretivism. Interpretive researchers believe that

the reality to consists of people’s subjective experiences of the external world; thus, they may

adopt an inter-subjective epistemology and the ontological belief that reality is socially

constructed. Interpretive research is more subjective than objective. Willis (2007) argues

that the goal of interpretivism is to value subjectivity, and “interpretivists” avoid the idea

that objective research on human behaviour is possible”. In terms of epistemology,

interpretivism is closely linked to constructivism. Interpretivism asserts that natural reality

and social reality are different and therefore require different kinds of method.

This study is supported by the Hierarchy of Needs Theory by Abraham Maslow in

1943 called “A Theory of Motivation”. This theory is a model that explains the psychology

of human motivation which includes Psychological, Safety, Love belonging, Esteem and

Self- Actualization. The two categories of this theory are “deficiency needs” and

“growth needs” (Wichita State University, 2023). This theory states that needs can only be

met, once all of the other needs are satisfied. Humans have basic need which includes

food, water, air and shelter thus without these basic needs, the human cannot survive (NASA,

2006). Fisherfolks sustain their economic necessities through fishing. In line with this,

fishing is the main source of their necessities which is also part of their culture and shapes

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their lives for the past centuries are now threatened by the potential effect of seawall

construction.

This study is also anchored in the Theory of Development by Walt Rostow in 1960

called the “Stages of Economic growth”. This theory elaborated linear stages of growth

that define development as a sequence of stages including innumerable variables such as

economic, social, political, gender, cultural, religious and environmental factors thus

integrating concepts and perspectives from a range of disciplines. It is highly influenced

by economic thought from the start in which early theoretical models of development

equated with economic growth and industrialization (Halperin, 2018). In line with this,

fisherfolks lives are affected economically and culturally due to development that the

government initiated thus the intervention of unpredictable hydro meteorological hazards

set as the root cause for the construction of the seawall.

Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Framework of the Study

Life of fisherfolks Life of fisherfolks after

Figure 1. Paradigm of the study

Figure 1 shows the relationship of the key variables which give importance to the

fisherfolks as the center of this study. This paper was anchored on the premise that the

construction of seawall will have an effect to the community. Stories of fisherfolks was

given importance particularly on the before and after the construction of seawall.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the life of the fisherfolks behind the seawall construction

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 at Barangay Baybay Sur Miagao, Iloilo. Specifically, it sought to answer following questions:

1. What is the life of Fisherfolks before the construction of Seawall?

2. What is the life of fisherfolks after the construction of seawall?

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study is focusing mainly on the lived experiences of fisherfolks of Barangay

Baybay Sur in the Municipality of Miagao. This will be conducted to explore various

experiences of fisherfolks during and after the construction of seawall by asking questions.

To ensure the reliability, validity, and comprehensiveness of findings, the researchers

employed the process of triangulation. Series of interviews were conducted with the actual

participants. The soundness of their responses where determined through a Focus Group

Discussion (FGD). To strengthen the overall credibility and confidence in the result obtained,

another interview was conducted with fisherfolks who are no longer engaged in fishing due to

their old age.

The participants of this study were fisherfolks of barangay Baybay Sur Miagao,

Iloilo. A purposive sampling was employed to determine the actual participants using the

following ctiteria; (1) He/she must be a fisherfolk for not less than 10 years; (2) He/she

must be registered to the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources; (3) He/she must

engage in small scale fishing; (4) Must be the owner of the boat; and (5) Uses the coastal area

for docking.

Ethical Statement

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 This research study adhered to the highest ethical standards and principles in conducting

research involving human participants. The following ethical considerations have been taken into

account to ensure the protection, rights, and well-being of all participants involved; (1) Informed

Consent; (2) Confidentiality and Anonymity; (3) Voluntary Participation; (4) Minimizing Risks;

(5) Data Protection, and (7) Researchers’ Integrity.

The researchers were committed to uphold these ethical principles throughout the

research process and will make every effort to ensure the well-being and rights of all participants

involved.

Significance of the Study

The result of the study would be beneficial and advantageous to the following:

Students- this study is beneficial to the students in the sense that it will provide incredible

knowledge, awareness, and background information about the life of fisherfolks before and

after the seawall construction as well as the legal basis of such construction.

Fisherfolks- through this study they can able to expound and share their lived experiences

which serve as a source material to elaborate their concerns to the community and to the other

related sectors. It will give chance towards the formulation of programs and projects that will

address their concerns in livelihood as a fisherfolks of the municipality.

Government – The result of this study will provide the government with sufficient

information especially on the problems encountered by fisherfolks. This awareness will lead

the government to come up with interventions in the form of laws, legislations, programs, and

policies that will focus on ensuring adequate level of fisherfolks income and sufficient and

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affordable technologies in fishing production. This study will also broaden the scope of

government’s policies to achieve other goals, including contributing to more competitive and

innovative industries and environmentally sustainable fishing systems that are more resilient

to climate change and other risks.

Future Researchers - The outcome of this study will serve as a spring board in conducting

related studies on lived experiences of the fisherfolks. The data gathered may also serve as a

reference to future social sciences allied researches such as value chain analysis and impact

assessment.

Definition of terms

Seawall – a wall or embankment erected to prevent the sea from encroaching on or eroding an

area of land (Oxford Languages 2023).

In this study, seawall refers to an infrastructure build in barangay Baybay Sur to lessen

massive impact of waves during the typhoons and storm surge.

Fisherfolks – people who engage in fishing especially for living (Merriam Webster, 2023).

In this study, fisherfolks are the people who engage in fishing and at the same time the

informants of the study.in barangay Baybay Sur Miagao Iloilo.

Waves – a moving ridge or swell of water occurring close to the surface of the sea,

characterize by oscillating and rising and falling movements, often as a result of friction drag

of the wind (GEMET, 2023).

In this study, waves refers to the problems and challenges encountered by the fisher

folks in barangay Baybay Sur Miagao Iloilo.

Construction – to build something typically a large structure (Cambridge, 2023).

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 In this study, construction refers to the building of seawall in barangay Baybay Sur

Miagao Iloilo.

Natural calamities – are natural perils that cause catastrophic losses, including but not

limited to earthquake, typhoon, cyclone, tsunami, tornado, flood, landslide, mudslide,

bushfire and volcanic action (Law Insider, 2023).

In this study, a natural calamity refers to waves and erosion which affect the lives of

people among the coastal area specifically the Fisherfolks in Barangay Baybay Sur, Miagao

Iloilo.

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes the review of related literature and studies which the researchers

have perused to shed light on the topic under study.

Related literature

History of fishing practices

Fishing was source of food in Prehistory and becomes commercial activity in antiquity.

Fossils found during archaeological digs shows that Homo habilis and Homo erectus were the

first fishermen around five-hundred thousand years ago. It started to develop after the appearance

of Homo sapiens during Paleolithic Period between forty thousand to ten-thousand BCE (Rookie

road, 2023). In the Philippines, fishing is one of a major source of livelihood for Filipinos living

in coastal villages. It is vital economic activity that fed and provided the needs of millions of

Filipinos for past centuries.

Challenges in fishing industry

Fish is one of the most traded foods globally as half of the world’s population relies on it

as a major source of protein. It is essential for the livelihood of people, especially in the fishing

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industry. Problems within the fishing industry include the extinction of marine animals due to

overfishing, plastic pollution, habitat degradation, and capturing unwanted marine life when

fishing for a certain species, thus imposing consequences that affect the entire planet (Paxian,

2022).

Challenges on Fisherfolk

Millions of people relies their livelihood in fishing as economic source. Small-scale

fisherfolks are mostly dependent on fishing as their survival methods of living and sustaining

their daily needs. Using unsustainable resource extraction, their success and failure is dependent

on their capacity to cope up with external forces that engage in large scale fishing. Large scale

fishing affects marine habitats and hinders the fisherfolk’s access to resources (Eugenia, n.d.)

Seawall and its significance

A seawall is a concrete structure built parallel to the shore to protect the area against

wave action and to prevent coastal erosion. It was designed to resist storm surges and other

meteorological hazards bought by unpredictable natural phenomenon (Climate Adapt, 2016). It

helps separate land and water areas which also prevent the sea from entering coastal areas. In

addition seawall was hard engineered structure with a primary function to prevent further erosion

of the shoreline (UNFCCC, 1999). It works by reflecting incident wave energy back into the sea,

thereby reducing the energy and erosion which the coastline would otherwise be subjected to.

It was designed to limit wave run up and overtopping by the hindering action of the

stepped face on the advancing wave front. Although somewhat less massive than curved-face

seawalls, the general design requirements for structural stability are the same for this kind of

structure. It also found structure combines a massive, curved face with a fronting stepped section

that incorporates the advantages of both of those kinds of seawalls (Zulkifli, 2021).

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 From a cultural perspective, seawall also plays a significant role in terms of culture and

history as it exists for a long time ago since it was constructed by the Romans in 448 A.D. by the

order of Emperor Constantine. It was built to defend the city of Constantinople from attackers by

land or sea (Gibson, 2013). The cultural implication of seawalls is to preserve and enhance the

quality of life of every individual and enrich their sense of identity.

Types of seawall

Seawall had been effective structure barriers to minimize the adverse impact of waves. In

addition, there are various types of seawall which pertains to address different functions which

includes Vertical seawall, curved seawall and mound seawall. Vertical seawalls are built to

reflect wave energy and preventing the shoreline to erode by reflecting it thus it is simple to

construct but easily to destroy by high waves. It is vertically positioned which standing wave

moves up and down instead of horizontally. As a result, severe erosion can occur at the bottom

of the wall causing severe damage to the wall (Trap Bag, 2021). Curved seawalls are designed to

enable waves to break to wave energy and to repel waves back to the sea. The curve can also

prevent the wave to stand out the wall and provides additional protection for the toe of the wall

(Environment Knowledge Hub Sustainability, 2019). Mound seawall are made using riprap

which are used in less demanding setting where the sites involve the lowest-cost bulkheads and

revetments of sandbags. This serves as protection to the shore and minimizes erosion which

allows water to filter after the wave has been dissipated (Environment Knowledge Hub

Sustainability, 2019).

Effects of seawall construction

Seawall construction is essential to protect coastal are from erosion due to impact of

waves but their corresponding effects that affect the beaches’ structure. Seawalls causes increase

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of erosion in adjacent are that do not have seawall in which it is called as “flanking erosion”

(Sekich, 2021). Seawall structure has many different designs as it can be used to protect a cliff

from wave impact and improve slope stability thus dissipate wave energy on sandy coasts

(Zulkifli, 2021). According to Prasetya (2006) the disadvantages of this structure includes; (1) It

creates wave reflections and promotes sediment transport offshore; (2) Scour occurs at the toes

of eroded beaches; (3) It does not promote beach stability; (4) It should be constructed along the

whole coastline; if not, erosion will occur on the adjacent coastline. A riprap seawall for instance

employs a wide gravity supported base with the sides of the wall angling inwardly to the top.

Materials for a riprap seawall may not be available and it is not watertight. Its costs are high and

because of the angling sidewalls it is not possible to tie a boat alongside. The experts believe that

seawalls cause erosion. However, was only built on eroding shorelines. In addition, experts had

explained the clear fact of passive erosion after the seawall development. Furthermore, the lack

of seawall impact at this site is likely due to the extremely large longshore sediment transport

that overwhelms any seawall effect (Zulkifli, 2021).

Seawall has multiple effects in many aspects such as social, cultural, environmental and

economic impact. Seawall plays a significant role especially in the recreational activities that it

provides. The impact of seawall brought positive effects in social aspects as it can make people

unwind and interact with each other through outdoor activities such as sunbathing, picnicking,

swimming, surfing, fishing, boating and diving.

The effects of the seawall on the environment are beneficial as it initiates the increase of

habitat for colonization and the growth of marine life which include seaweeds, shellfish and

other aquatic animals thus it also provides protection to marine life, high temperature and

predators. In economic perspective, seawalls are considered as tourist spot which is beneficial to

13
the economic aspect of the locality or a place. In relation to its positive effects on the economy,

social activities highlight the economic status in terms of attracting tourists as visitors and

audiences.

Related Studies

Local Studies

The study of Zoisa (2020) about the Beyond the wall: Dyking as an object of everyday

governance in the Bay of Manila, Philippines discusses the emergence of a recent donor-funded

polder dyke in Metro Manila (Philippines) thus it focuses on the infrastructural politics of coastal

protection in a delta megacity, often technocratically framed as a global disaster capital and

illustrates how socio-technological object might serve as a distinct mode of governing everyday

life along high density urban coastlines. In addition this paper focuses on the infrastructural

politics of coastal protection in a delta megacity, often technocratically framed as a global

disaster capital and illustrates how a socio-technological object might serve as a distinct mode of

governing everyday life along high density urban coastlines thus it traces the materialization of

the dyke as an evolving ‘living’ infrastructure, placing it against a broader canvas of urban

transformations encompassing contestations around disaster risk reduction, land use, uneven

livelihood access, tenurial rights, and neoliberal aesthetics.

Another study about Philippine Alliance of Fisherfolk: Ecohealth Practitioners for

Livelihood and Food Security by Añabieza and Pajaro (2010) states that access to food,

education, and health services for Philippine fisherfolk families is directly dependent upon the

fish harvest and related health of the marine environment. PAMANA (Grassroots Fisherfolk

Alliance Of Philippine Marine Protected Areas) represents a unique “ecohealth” strategy, linking

the health of coastal people and that of their surrounding marine ecosystem. This paper discusses

14
the alliance of PAMANA alliance that developed an approach to the empowerment of fisherfolk

that has led to improvement in health, food security, and nutritional status of their communities.

The development of Pamana provides a model for building capacity in other fishing- and

resource-based cultures, through engagement and empowerment. Pamana’s initiative may be the

only solution for sustainable fisheries contributions to food security, given the challenges of

fisherfolk poverty, environmental degradation and limited finances.

Based on the study of Maxino and Torete (2017) about Dagat Ug Kinabuhi: A Survey of

Bais Fisherfolk and Their Survival Strategies discusses the socio-economic conditions and

survival strategies of the registered fisherfolks of Bais City, Negros Oriental which this study

finding shows the fact that fisherfolks earn subsistent incomes. Thus, registered fisherfolk’s

coping mechanism in response to insufficiency of income include getting goods on credit,

spending their savings, and borrowing money from others, but does not include government

assistance. Fisherfolks come up with the reason that the sea cannot provide much resources

resulting to the idea that they do not want their children to continue fishing, gleaning and

vending as what they did thus they hope to see their children complete an education and secure

better-paying jobs.

According to the study of Amper (2020) about Surviving a Reclamation Project: Shifting

Fisherfolk Provisioning Strategies in a Metropolitan City states that the affected fisherfolk in

Cebu City changed their household provisioning strategies as a result of the (CSRP) Cebu South

Reclamation Project. It discusses the lives of affected residents, which show that prior to the

CSRP, primary livelihood strategies of most residents revolved around small-scale fishing

practices that includes; panawom (diving/spear fishing), pamasol (hook and line fishing),

pamukot (fishing using mesh nets), panginhas (gleaning), and panu (gathering shrimps and crabs

15
at low tide). The implementation of the CSRP has adversely affected their livelihood, leading

them to shift to less lucrative and mostly informal, irregular, temporary service-related work.

Thus employed were not only in terms of livelihood options but also in tapping social networks,

pooling resources, cutting on consumption costs, and joining resistance movements.

Foreign Studies

According to the study of Allison and Ellis (2001) about the livelihoods approach and

management of small-scale fisheries states that studies of small-scale fisheries in developing

countries in the last 25 years have tended to emphasize small-scale fisherfolks’ resource

dependence and the open-access nature of fisheries that together lead to resource degradation,

poverty and marginalization. Small-scale fisheries are frequently characterized as “the

occupation of last resort” and fisherfolk as “the poorest of the poor”. This paper suggests that a

framework known as the livelihood approach can help bring a complete idea of fisherfolk's

adaptive strategies into the policy arena of small-scale fisheries management in low income

countries. In addition, vulnerability has the dual aspect of external threats to livelihood security

due to risk factors such a climate, markets or sudden disaster; and internal coping capability

determined by assets, food stores, support from kin or community, or government safety net

policies.

Another study from Islam et al. (2021) about Coastal fishing communities in Bangladesh

discusses how climate-related hazards, coupled with other drivers and pressures, create

vulnerability to disasters for coastal fishing communities in Bangladesh. This paper reveals on

how climate-related hazards, coupled with other drivers and pressures, create vulnerability to

disasters for coastal fishing communities in Bangladesh. In response to disasters’ adverse

impacts, affected communities adopt various coping strategies, which produce both beneficial

16
and harmful impacts. It calls for the implementation of the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines and

the immediate relief phase, as well as the rehabilitation, reconstruction, and recovery after

disasters and reduce vulnerabilities of small-scale fishers.

According to the study of Santha (2014) about Adaptation to coastal hazards: the

livelihood struggles of a fishing community in Kerala, India demonstrates that local discourses

on coastal hazards are livelihood-centric and socially constructed within the struggle of the

fishing community to access resources and to acquire the right to development. Thus, formal

adaptation strategies are highly techno centric are costly and does not take into account the

vulnerabilities of fishing community, instead they have contributed to ecological, livelihood and

knowledge uncertainties.

Another study from Kittinger (2013) about Human Dimensions of Small-Scale and

Traditional Fisheries in the Asia-Pacific Region states that Small-scale fisheries account for

most of the livelihoods associated with fisheries, produce about as much fish as industrialized

fisheries, and contribute substantially to the economies of countries and territories in the Asia-

Pacific region. Yet these resource systems and their human communities face numerous local

and global threats and social vulnerability to these pressures places at risk the livelihoods, food

security, well-being, and traditional lifestyles of coastal communities and cultures of the Asia-

Pacific region. This paper provides an overview of the challenges and opportunities for small-

scale and traditional fisheries and the role of human dimensions’ research in the sustainable

governance of these resource systems. It is increasingly clear that sufficient understanding of the

social, economic, and cultural aspects of these linked social-ecological systems is critical in

determining pathways toward sustainability.

Based on the study of Freduah and Fidelman (2018) about Adaptive capacity of small-

17
scale coastal fishers to climate and non-climate stressors in the Western region of Ghana

discusses that fisherfolks mobilize and use adaptive capacity through exploitation of various

forms of capital, including cultural capital (e.g., local innovation); political capital (e.g., lobbying

government and local authorities); social capital (e.g., collective action); human capital (e.g.,

local leadership); and natural capital (e.g., utilizing beach sand) to respond to multiple stressors.

Nevertheless, in many cases, fisherfolks responses were reactive and led to negative

(maladaptive) outcomes. Furthermore, this study underscores the importance of critically

considering the interactive nature of capitals and how they collectively influence adaptive

capacity in the planning and implementation of adaptation research, policy and practice.

According to the study of Salagrama (2012) about Climate Change and Fisheries:

Perspectives from Small-Scale Fishing Communities in India on Measures to Protect Life and

Livelihood states that overall analysis proposes measures to protect the lives and livelihoods of

small-scale fishing communities in the context of climate-change policies and programmes at

different levels. This study will be useful for researchers, policymakers, students and anyone

interested in climate change and its potential effects on the lives and livelihoods of small-scale

fishing communities.

Another study from Kumar and Saravanan (2014) about Mapping the Coastal Commons:

Fisherfolk and the Politics of Coastal Urbanisation in Chennai states that multiple, overlapping

logics of urbanisation are transforming Tamil Nadu's coast. Real estate, infrastructure, tourism,

and urban beautification plans are putting unprecedented pressure on the coastal commons.

Fisherfolk, whose everyday life and survival is rooted in the commons, are at the centre of these

processes of coastal urbanisation. Faced with the prospect of losing access to these spaces,

fisherfolk are drawing upon their customary knowledge and new satellite mapping techniques to

18
assert their rights to land and livelihoods.

On the study of Utete et. al (2019) about Vulnerability of fisherfolks and their

perceptions towards climate change and its impacts on their livelihoods in a peri-urban lake

system in Zimbabwe states that the livelihood of the majority of fisherfolks (92.3% in Lake

Manyame and 97.1% in Lake Chivero) is predominantly based on fishing. More than 60% of the

fisherfolks have attained formal education with some even attaining university education. Most

(87%) peri-urban fisherfolks in the Lake Chivero and Manyame are aware of climate change and

attest to its negative effects on their fishing-dependent livelihoods. Synergistic and multiplier

relations between climatic and non-climatic factors such as water quality and quantity

deterioration, obsolete fishing equipment and low working capital are key drivers of

vulnerability. Economic diversification is the main adaptive strategy adopted by fisherfolks to

reduce vulnerability. Non-significant differences in livelihood strategies, fisherfolk responses

and perceptions towards climate change are attributed to the contiguity of the two lakes.

Application and implementation of similar climate mitigation and adaptive strategies is a

potential solution to reduce current and future vulnerability of fisherfolks in contiguous peri-

urban lakes.

According to the study of Patel (2019) about Getting Marginalized and Surviving

presents that practitioner’s account of the marginalization of the Pagadiya fishing community

along the Mundra Coast due to rampant and unplanned industrialization. It depicts how a

traditional community that practiced sustainable fishing got marginalized. In addition to this,

marginalization started with the exploitation of nature, starting with the ocean. The chapter

explains the struggle of the Pagadiya community to secure their rights and livelihoods through

collective action.

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 Another study of Namwira (2020) about Vulnerability, conflict and institutions:

navigating livelihoods on Lake Tanganyika states that fisherfolk, in addition to being differently

affected by the DRC conflict-induced vulnerability factors, live in dynamic multiple institutional

environments shaped by local contexts. Such a mix of institutions including state rules,

management and enforcement structures, social norms, community groups and local beliefs

(religious and traditional), mediate fisherfolk behaviors that can either exacerbate/maintain or

reduce vulnerability depending on the conditions in which they operate and the socioeconomic

categories of concerned fisherfolk.

Study from Nunan (2010) about Mobility and fisherfolk livelihoods on Lake Victoria:

Implications for vulnerability and risk states that migration forms an essential livelihood strategy

for many fisherfolk in the developing world, largely responding to fluctuating fish availability

and prices. On Lake Victoria, East Africa, most migration is characterized by movement between

landing sites, particularly of male boat crew responding to localized changes in fish productivity

and using social networks to identify better fishing grounds and areas of higher fish prices. This

paper uses the sustainable livelihoods framework to identify the risks and vulnerabilities

mitigated, or generated, by fisherfolk movement, and analyses how these sources of vulnerability

affect livelihood outcomes, looking at the experiences and situation of both male boat crew and

women involved in processing and fish trade.

According to Sok et. al (2021) about Political participation and small-scale fishery

management in the Tonlé Sap, Cambodia states that the policy reforms leading to the

implementation of open-access fisheries have not produced satisfactory outcomes due to

inequitable access to fishery resources. The results of statistical analysis reveal; the dependency

of small-scale fisherfolk on fishery resources; the level of institutional support available to small-

20
scale fisherfolk; the capacity of the local community; and the important roles fishery

management initiatives play in determining the level of political participation in fishery

governance.

According to the study of Eshun et. al (2019) about Livelihood Strategies and Outcomes

of Fisher Folks in Selected Rural Coastal Communities of Ghana focuses on two sub-themes:

livelihood strategies and livelihood outcomes of fisher folks in four selected rural coastal

communities in the Volta and Central Regions of Ghana.. The population included fisher folks -

fishermen, fish mongers, fish processors, boat owners, net owners, outboard motor owners,

middle men and women in the fishing industry in the selected communities. Eighty purposively

sampled respondents were tasked to respond to interpreted and aided in answering questionnaires

since most of them could not read and write. Twenty fisher folks were interviewed from each of

the four communities. In addition, one Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held in each of the

four communities. Interpretative technique was employed in in testing for consistency of

findings and analyzing the qualitative data, whilst simple percentage was employed for the

quantitative data collected. The research established three predominant livelihood strategies

pursued in the study settings. These are livelihood diversification, intensification and migration.

The livelihood outcomes they aimed to achieve were to: improve health and wellbeing; increase

food security; have access to resources; increase income; and decrease vulnerability. The study

categorized fisher folks who strive to achieve their livelihood outcomes into three, namely,

‘positive’, ‘mid’, and ‘negative’. The study recommended the need for investment in livelihood

activities within rural fishing communities as a way of broadening fisher folks’ entitlements and

capabilities.

21
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the Research Method, Research Design, The Informants, Research

Locale, Material and Instrumentation, Data Gathering Procedure and Data Processing Technique.

The Research Method

Qualitative Research

Epistemology
Constructivism

22
 Theoretical Methods
Perspective
Interpretivism Triangulation involving
Output
interview with the actual
Lived experiences
participants, Focus Group
Methodology of fisherfolks
Phenomenology
Discussion (FGD), and
before and after
interview with the non- the construction
of seawall
participants and thematic

analysis

Figure 2. Flowchart of the Research Process and Methods

Figure 2 shows the procedure undertaken in this qualitative study. The epistemology used

is constructivism and interpretevism for the theoretical perspective. On the other hand, the

methodology used is phenomenology employing triangulation which involves interview with the

actual participants, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and interview with the non-participants and

thematic analysis as methods in gathering data from the participants leading to the output which

is the lived experiences of fisherfolks of Barangay Baybay Sur in the Municipality of Miagao

before and after the construction of seawall.

Research Design

This study utilized a phenomenological approach. Phenomenology is the examination of

consciousness as experienced from the first-person perspective; the emphasis is on how

23
phenomena are lived by each individual (Smith, 2013). This study design is one of the most

commonly used methodology in qualitative research within the social and health sciences. It is

used to describe how human beings experience a certain phenomenon. It focuses on people’s

lived experience, and by definition, this makes phenomenology the most appropriate research

method for this study.

The Participants

The participants of this study were fisherfolks of Barangay Baybay Sur Miagao, Iloilo. A

purposive sampling was used to determine the actual number of participants. To be a qualified

participant of this study, one must comply with the following criteria; (1) He/she must be a

fisherfolk for not less than ten (10) years; (2) He/she must be registered to the Bureau of fisheries

and Aquatic Resources; (3) He/she must have engaged in small-scale fishing; (4) Must be the

owner own of the boat; and (5) Uses the coastal area for docking.

The Research Locale

This study will be conducted in the Municipality of Miagao, Iloilo, specifically in

Barangay Baybay Sur. Miagao is largely agricultural town, and also abundant when it comes to

fishing industry. It is one of the major sources of livelihood of anyone who lives near the coast.

The barangay has a total population of 969 which represents the 1.42% of the total

population of Miagao, with a total land area of 87,017 square meters as determined by the

census. As to the geographic location, this barangay is situated along where land meets the

ocean, or as a line that forms boundary between the land and the coastline.

24
 At present, a one kilometer, multi-million seawall is being constructed in the said palce.

The primary source of income of the people in this barangay is fishing. These characteristics

made Barangay Baybay Sur suitable for this study.

Materials and Instrumentation

To gather the data needed for the study, a validated interview guide which were anchored

on the statement of the problem was used. This will provide the researchers with a structured

framework and set of questions for conducting interviews with participants. It served as a tool to

guide the researchers throughout the interview process and ensure consistency and

comprehensiveness in data collection.

To ensure the validity of the questions, the researchers presented the instrument to the

members of the research panel during the deliberation of this study. The instrument was also

referred to the research adviser for more inputs.

Data Gathering Procedure

The conduct of data gathering commenced after the approval of the research adviser and

the Campus Administrator of Iloilo Science and Technology University Miagao Campus.

After the research panel and research adviser approved the instrument, a letter was sent to

the Barangay Captain of Barangay Baybay Sur asking for the approval to conduct the study in

the said baranagy. A schedule of interview was arranged with the participant. During the

interview proper, the participants were informed of the purpose and nature of the study and were

permitted to respond freely without any boundaries. In addition, the participants were given

25
ample time and opportunity to answer, comment, provide insights, explain and share experiences

as to the effects of seawall construction.

The data gathered through interviews were properly documented. The researchers used

audio and video recorder, and pictures were taken upon the approval of the individual

participant.

Transcription, coding, and thematic analysis begun immediately after the completion of

series of interviews. The researchers with the help of their research adviser transcribed and

encoded the data collected. As to the thematic analysis, the researchers used the seven stages in a

sequence thematic analysis adapted from Colaizzi’s approaches.

Data Processing Technique

For the phenomenological study, the data gathered were transcribed and themes were

generated.

Describing how any one participant experiences a specific event is the goal of the

phenomenological method of research. This method utilizes several techniques such as

interviews, observation and surveys to gather information from the subjects which is highly

concerned with how participants feel about things during an event or activity (Leonard, 2019).

Theme identification is one of the most fundamental tasks in qualitative research. In this

study, researchers were guided by will be guided by the seven stages in a sequence thematic

analysis adapted from Colaizzi’s approaches which includes the following:

Stage 1: The analysis of participants’ interview

The interview was conducted in the residences of the participants, which were along the

coast. They were speaking their native language (Kinaray-a) during the interview. The interview

26
was recorded so that in the translation, the researchers will be able to grasp all the significant

information. The recorded interviews were transcribed and translated into the English language

with the help of research adviser. Participants’ experiences differed based on the opportunity to

reflect on their interview experiences, the sensitivity of the topic explored, and the number of

interviews conducted but founded that no differences in participants’ articulation of benefits and

risks by interview orientation.

Stage 2: Obtaining Significant Facts

The researchers have marked all words and statements that were significant to the study.

Words and statements were numbered based on the degree of relationship to the phenomenon.

Questions should also be sensitive to both the interviewee’s and the interviewer’s cognitive

processes. Specifically, the interview should facilitate the interviewee’s search through memory

and not overload either the interviewee’s or the interviewer’s limited capacity to process

information. Interviewers should also avoid excessive questioning which may be perceived as

pressure to respond. Interviews are most effective when interviewees provide richly detailed

narratives.

Stage 3-5: Formulating Themes and Meaning

An individual analysis each sought to identify themes of participants’ experiences. This

began by searching through data for descriptions of participants’ experiences in interviews. It

was highlighted, underlined, wrote memos about, and composed summaries of our participants’

experiences, including stated and implied risks and benefits.

Stage 6: Triangulation of Facts

After the identification of significant facts, formulating themes, and meaning, the

27
researchers visited again the participants to ask confirmation of all information to ensure the

reliability and validity of data. Confirmation of data among investigators, without prior

discussion or collaboration with one another, lends greater credibility to the observations. The

benefits of triangulation can include increased confidence in research data, creating innovative

ways of understanding a phenomenon, revealing unique findings, challenging or integrating

theories, and providing a clearer understanding of the problem.

Figure 3. The seven stages in a sequence thematic analysis adapted from Colaizzi’s approaches

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter represents the analysis and interpretation of the gathered data through

research- made questionnaire (premise and probe questions), face-to-face, semi- structured

interview to analyze, evaluate and explore the subjective lived experiences of Fisherfolks before

and after the construction of seawall.

Research question #1: What is the life of fisherfolks before the construction of Seawall?

28
Main theme: Safe and Sound

The informants shared their experiences when they asked how their lives were when the

seawall was not yet constructed in barangay Baybay Sur. From that, the safety of the pump

boats which is their main source of living were greatly at risk hence, it must be prioritized.

Informant 1: “Sa amon wala gid kang problema kay halimbawa, kong may malipatan man kami

nga gamit parehas kang flashlight kag balon dasig lang makablik kay sa tubang balay man ang

amon baratakan.” (For us, there is no problem since if we forget something important like a

flashlight or pack food, we can immediately go back since our house is located nearby the

shoreline and we can easily dock our pump boats...)

Informant 2: “Indi kami ma budlayan magpasaka kang amon baruto kay lapad amon baratakan.

Maliban kara mabantayan namon mayad kay rapit kami sa durungka-an kapin pagid kay jan lang

sa tubang balay. Makapagusto kami dungka kang amon baruto kag ma sipti ka mayad.” (It is not

hard for us to lift our pump boats forward since our area is wide for docking. Aside from that, we

can easily watch out since our docking area is just in front of our houses. We can dock

everywhere and firmly secure the pump boat.)

Informant 3: “Kauna kanami lantawon kang dariyahan kay mapalapad pa tana kag pwede pa

dungka-an. Makapagusto pa kami kapadungka kong diin namon gusto kag manan namon nga

safe” (When the docking area was still wide, we could dock our pump boats in an area where we

knew we could assure the security of our boats..)

Informant 5: “Pagpangisda gid ang amon pangabuhi-an. Amo ra importante gid kanamon ang

safety kang pump boat. Kong indi lang man baskog ang bagyo gina bangot ko lang man ang

baroto sa niyog.” (Fishing is our main source of income. That is why it is important for us to

ensure the safety of the pump boat. If the typhoon is not too strong, I just tied it up in the coconut

29
tree.)

Informant 6: “Kauna kong mag abot ang bagyo wara gid problema kay lapad ang durungka-an

ka. Pwede ko gid ma saylo saylo nga hindi maguba ka baskog nga balod.”(Before, if a typhoon

approached, we were not worried since our docking area was wide and we could transfer our

pump boat from one area to another so that it wouldn’t be destroyed by the strong waves...)

Informant 8: “Kauna kong mag landfall ang bagyo dasig ko lang mabatak ang baroto kay jan

lang man sa tubang balay namon. Wara gid ti problema incase kong ma gub-an pagid ako baroto

kay rako ang mabulig sa akon kay-ad.”(Every time a typhoon lands, I can easily lift my pump

boat since it is just in front of our houses. And it is easy to ask for help in case there is a problem

with my pump boat. )

Formulated Meaning

The importance of safety in fishing boats cannot be questioned. It is crucial for the sustaining

lives of people in the community, the well-being of fisherfolks, accident prevention, resource

conservation, regulatory compliance, and the economic sustainability of the fishing industry. Prioritizing

boat safety is a responsible and necessary approach to ensure a safer and more sustainable fishing

environment.

Main theme: Creating Strong Social Bonds

It had been part of one’s culture to socialize to build a firm rapport towards their fellows

in order to live harmoniously with one another. Based from the shared experiences of the

informants, there is a vivid portrayal that the community with strong bond is tantamount to a

better environment, that the co-existence of others is always beneficial to all.

Informant 1: “Halin sa dariyahan nga storyahanay dangat sa lawod. Amo run ra ang naanadan

namon nga mga mangingisda…Luwas nga tupad amon balay, tupad pa guid amon baroto.” (We

used to talk a lot from the docking area up until we arrived in the middle of the sea; aside from

30
being neighbor we also docked our pump boats in the same place.)

Informant 2: “Dyan lng kami ga dungka sa tubang balay ti ang mga paryente namon kg mg

amigo maka bulig-bulig kg makaambit mn sa buol namon.” (We docked our boats in front of the

residence of our relatives and close acquaintances so they could assist, and in return, they got

something we caught.)

Informant 4: “Kung tag sarahid ang mga kaparyentihan namon sa uma madulhog ma dara tubo

kag eh baylo sa maragbas ukon hipon. Dw pareho lng nga may pag tipon-tipon nga gatabo.”

(During seine net fishing season my relatives are the one who bring sugar cane to barter it with

anchovy and tiny shrimp.It seems like it has a family gathering.)

Informant 7: “Pagdungka namon kung aga naga daralagan ang mga tawo kg magbulig batak kng

baroto…Sakto lng kami magkirinadlawanay labi na guid kung puraot ang hulikanay, ti wara ta ti

mahimo wara kmo parte ky sakto lng namon daplion ang hulik namon, entyendihan mn nanda.”

(Every Morning,as we arrived in our docking area people are excitingly run just to help dock our

pump boat. Ironically, we just laughed it out even though the fish we caught was few. We cannot

do anything if we can’t give them their part because it is only enough for our needs just to

survive and we knew that they understand it. )

Formulated Meaning

Part of Filipino tradition entails spending time with family, encompassing bonding, build

rapports, and providing strong support system. In the context of the fisherfolks, both immediate

and extended family members are given the utmost priority regarding their well-being,

happiness, and privileges. When relatives living from mountainous and upland areas visited their

family living along the coasts, the discussions become highly engaging and interesting. Most of

the informants brought up nostalgic experiences they’ve gone through, including the changes and

31
development occurred. Thus, their collective experiences of assisting each other in fishing

activities are considered memorable and unforgettable. This involves lending helping hands with

one another in beaching the boats as well as altering their agricultural crops with sea crops. The

resemblance of optimism and sense of gratefulness is greatly manifested thru uttered words that

they ironically conveyed, that despite of insufficient fish caught, they still possesses transparency

and authenticity with their reactions.

Main theme: Abundance of Nature

Fisherfolks contextualized that abundance of nature is always available as long as you are

eager and dedicated enough to put an extra efforts to benefit from it. As the informants

eloquently shared their first-hand experiences as to how prominent the natural resources present

in their community were, in which it gave them a source of living and it only entails diligence

and vigilance to witness the abundance of these resources.

Informant 1: “Luwas sa pagpalawod, my iba pa ako nga parangitan-an, ang pagubra asin. Nami

guid ang lugar kay lapad ang dariyahan kag makapagusto guid ako tukod kng kawayan para sa

akon asinan. Dugang pa dya sa akon parangitan-an.” (Besides fishing, I also have another source

of income, which is salt making. The place was convenient for me because it has enough space

to construct bamboo tubes that is very useful in salt making which gave me an additional source

of income.)

Informant 2: “May mga bes nga di run namon kinahanglan pa magpalawod kay dyan pa lng sa

dariyahan, sa binit bala hw, my pwede run kmi ma dapli. My kasag kg kung ano pa nga mga

garagmay nga isda. Bastante run sa pamilya namon. Kauna ra ha.” Amo ra gani nga galibog guid

ulo namon tungod sa seawall kadya.” (Way back then, There are times that we no longer needed

to go fishing in the middle of the sea as even we are beneath the shore line we can still get some

32
crabs and fishes that can provide the needs of our family. However, the seawall construction

makes us feel unsettled.)

Informant 3: “Halin pa kami sa Negros Oriental nagsaylo kami dya sa Miagao ky raku kmi

nabatian nga storya nga bughana ang bul anay dya ky wra pa guid na tandog ang baybay kng

Miagao. Gamay palng ang mga mangingisda kauna bay” (We came from Negros oriental and we

decided to transfer here in Miagao because it is widespread that the fishing industry is abundant

and since there’s only few fisherfolks present in this municipality which equates that the sea is

somehow untouched.)

Informant 4: Rayu pa lng kami sa dariyahan gapinadag-as run ang mga tawo nga magsugata

kanamon kg magbakal ky luwas nga preska-preska guid dara namon nga isda, maka ayo pa

sanda. Hinid run makalab-ot sa tindahan hulik namon ky sa baybay pa lng ubos run. Bughana

guid kauna ang pangabuhi.” (Despite that we are a far from the docking area, people are coming

towards our direction to buy, aside from the fact that the fish is freshly caught, they avail

discounts as well.)

Informant 5: Ay abaw raku-raku giud baroto dya kauna. Ti kung raku baroto, raku isda ma hulik

barato mn bili na. Raku estilo kng pagpangisda dya. My panahid, pnglambo, pamukot, panalum,

bentahan. Ang iban gani dyan lng ma plastar sa binit baybay kg mamunit.” (Before, there were

so many pump boats there. If there are numbers of pump boats, caught fish is also abundant;

hence, it is not costly.)

Informant 6: “Kauna, my lima ra ridya ka sahidan. Ang dya nga mga sahidan ginpamana pa

nanda sa anda mga kamal-aman. Raku ang sahidan ky nabaw ang tubig ridya nga area ti saho

guid ka hipon kg marugbas. Binanyera ang anda mabuol kung kaluy an lng.” (Before, there are

five beach seining “sahidan”. These specific beach seining “sahidan” were traditionally passed

33
by their elders. due to low level of water countless beach seining “sahidan” are present, small

shrimps and silver fish are fond in this area. With God’s grace, they can catch as much as large

basin “binanyera”.)

Formulated Meaning

The abundance of aquatic resources present in the locality equates to a variety of

livelihood which is also a great catalyst to have internal migrants from other places. In fact, few

of the informants were not natives of Miagao but then, they opted to settle and establish their

lives permanently due to rich marine life and aquatic resources present. Dominantly, fishing

activities such as beach seining and the like is the primary livelihood of residents who live along

coastline also; salt making is regarded as an alternative livelihood for fisherfolks in accordance

to one of the informant’s response. Furthermore, in salt making, crucial aspect of the process is

having an ample space for the evaporation and salt crystallization of the collected saltwater. It

simply implies that nature provides opportunities and privileges. And it is in the hands of the

locality on how to utilize those things. And as they appreciate the nature’s gifts they able to

radiate it and share it with others in a more humane ways.

Analysis of the themes for question #1

The theme “Safety and Sound” is supported by the study of Alvina (2022) about Fishing

Methods and Occupational Safety Practices of Fishermen in a Coastal Municipality of Central

Luzon states that fishing practices highly varies and the most prominent of which is using

numerous equipment for catching fish and other marine products thus safety are mainly focused

on the avoidance of hazard.

The theme “Creating Strong Social Bonds” is supported by the study of Arawolo (2019)

34
about Analysis of effectiveness of social capital formation among fishing households in Kainji

Lake Basin, Nigeria which states that there was high awareness of bonding, bridging and linking

social capital by the respondents Therefore, there is need to promote social ties either

horizontally or vertically in order to access services that will enhance the economic well-being of

the respondents.

The theme “Abundance of Nature” was supported by the study of Tran et al. (2022) about

the Livelihood of salt farmers in the context of environmental changes in Can Gio district,

Vietnam, which shows that livelihood is highly susceptible to fluctuations in both natural and

socioeconomic elements. Concerning socioeconomic factors, salt farmers face numerous risks

due to unstable markets, declining selling prices, and rising production costs. Local measures

have been implemented to address the adverse environmental effects, such as modifying

production inputs, expanding income sources, and establishing links between salt production

areas and consumer markets.

However, due to the abundance of natural resources, fisherfolks have various alternatives

besides fishing and salt production. Way back to the previous year, when there were no

government projects and development along the shoreline, including infrastructure and

commercial fishing enterprises, fisherfolk tended to experience higher catch rates and abundant

aquatic resources.

Research question #2: What is the life of fisherfolks after the construction of seawall?

Theme: Disrupted Fishing Patterns

The fisherfolks shared an intricate reality of what are the adverse experiences they

experienced when the seawall was already built. In accordance to them, safety and security of

35
their pump boats were no longer guaranteed due to lack of docking area.

Informant 2: “Kulbaan man ako eh kay patas kara ang baratakan namon wara ron kay may

seawall dun, kay didto kami na gabatak mong sang una kag rapit sa amon puloy-an. Kay kung

didto sa sapa ang pumpboat tapos ridya amon panimalay te kinanlan mo pa dalaganon kung

hinali.”(We are nervous too; before, we only docked our boats near our houses, but now the

docking area has vanished due to the construction of a seawall and because it has been relocated

to another area, specifically in Barangay Sapa, which is an inconvenience on our part.)

Informant 3: Ti amo lang ra garing kung magbagyo ti ga aligmat kaw kung ano matabo, parehos

ka mga baroto nga kinanglan mo barabantayan kung madab’ot ka balud kag hangin nga tama run

ka baskog. Ti syempre, ngita kaman ka paralipdan nga hindi maguba baroto mo eh.”(When the

typhoon hits, we are worried about what might happen to our pump boats. That is why we need

to assure the security and safety of our pump boats when the sea level rises and strong winds

strike. And because of that, we have to look for a place where we can hide our pump boat.)

Informant 4: “Bahol gid ang epekto kay kung mag balod wara ikaw plastaran kag dungkaan kay

kung iplastar mo sa tubang seawall maguba man japon sakayan mo. (There is a big impact for us

fishermen, especially when there is a massive wave. We have no longer enough space for

docking, and if we dock our pump boat near the seawall, it can cause damage to our pump boat.)

Informant 5: Kung sa kanamon nga side nga mangingisda, medjo against kami kay syempre

nabul an kami kang durungkaan. Teh ang problema kaja, kun mag balod, kag wara ka tu ti lugar

nga batakan, te mangita kagid kara bisan gamay lang nga space, ma dasok mo ang imo baroto eh.

Bilang isang mangingisda bahol gid epekto ka pagpa tukod ka seawall kay budlay na samon mag

dungka.” (Alongside in our case as a fisherfolk, somehow, we are against because we no longer

have our docking area. As fishermen, seawall construction affects our docking area and the

36
problem is when the wave rises and you have no place to dock your pump boats. Because of this,

you need to look for a place or small space just to dock your pump boats.)

Informant 7: “Rayo amon balay sa gina parkingan namon kang pumpboat bangud sa seawall amo

na ginaulikid gid namon kada mag ta’ob ukon mag baha kay basi mag daludo ang sapa magbaha

matangay amon mga pumpboat.”(The seawall construction was inconvenient for us fishermen, as

the distance of our house from the docking area is way too far. That’s why we are worried that

our pump boat might be carried away if the sea level rises.)

Informant 8: “Teh tulad tana rayo ikaw, kun mag kado-kado ang tiyempo ma dalagan kapa ridtu,

teh lain tana kung ridja kuon mo duw nag lain ang lagpok kang balod aw?. makabugtaw ka

dayon kag ang sakayan mo mapa safety mo dayon.. Ridto tana katu, mabatyagan mo man , pro te

kay may seawall ron te., igo guru ka batyag ka kaja, kun makamaan ta guru nga kado tiyempo

guru kaja eh sa mga balita nalng siguru eh.( Now, the docking area was too far for us. When the

weather is bad, we need to run to where our pump boat docks. Unlike here, if the wave rises, we

can check it anytime, and we can assure the security of our pump boat. Due to the construction of

the seawall, we cannot easily determine if the sea level has already risen; we know if it has

already been reported in the news.)

Formulated Meaning

The construction of a seawall along the shore is necessary to protect coastal areas and

infrastructure, prevent erosion, and ensure the well-being of people. However, fisherfolks

expresses concerns as their boats are not adequately protected and it becomes a ground that

hindered docking activities. All of the informants firmly stated that having the seawall, indeed

37
caused so much inconveniences and unease minds most especially during meteorological

phenomena. In addition to that, elongated distance of the docking areas from their respective

homes delimits their capacity to safeguard and monitor their boat’s status during these scenarios.

Thus, emotional and psychological aspects of the fisherfolks are greatly affected by it.

Theme: Development vs. Inconvenience

From the informants subjective plane view, it is extra burden and melancholic in their

part because of the situations that they are presently dealing with. In which, the uttered responses

of the fisherfolks also conveyed the two contradicting benefits among them, homes owners

nearby the shoreline, large scale fishing boat, and to the community as a whole.

Informant 1: “Isa ron ang rayo nga durungka-an kang baruto namon. Syempre kauna jan ra sa

tadlong gid te tulad rayo ron panawon mo te may benefits man gawa nga nabuol.”(One of these

is that our docking area is way too far away. Way back then, our docking area was in front of our

house, but now we have to walk in-distance just for docking. On the other hand, there’s some

benefits present.

Informant 2: Bisan sin o nga tawo nga naka intindi nga pahambalon mo tama gid ka budlay nga

may seawall run eh. Naka bulig sa mga panimalay, pero sa mga mangingisda bahol ang epekto

na. Maka benepisyo ang sa tag iya ruman kng lupa, pabor knanda eh, the kay syempre na

proteksyunan lupa nanda the kay may seawall ron mung”. (No matter who you ask, they will

give the same answer: the construction of the seawall brought conflict to the people. Somehow, it

is beneficial to those houses near the shoreline, but for us fisherfolk, it is difficult on our part. It

is beneficial to those who own property near the shoreline, and it can protect their property

because of seawall construction.)

Informant 3: Huod, budlay kay namon nga ridya sa mga baybayon naga gapangabuhi. Ok lang ra

38
sa mga balay nga dalagku nga lapit sa baybayon, pabor kay nanda! Pero kanamon nga puripigado

ti kami makalulu’oy eh. (Yes, it was hard for us fishermen, especially since it is our source of

living. It is beneficial to those large houses near the shoreline, but for us who have less privilege,

it is difficult on our part.)

Informant 4:“Ti pareho ka sa gin kuon ko,, ang baroto ginhawa mo lang ka ngita ka lugar nga

pasaka’an mo kag batakan. Pabor sa mga may mga pamalay sa Baybay nga dagku balay kay ti

bahol ang bulig ka nanda.(Just like I said earlier, as a fisherman, it is quite difficult. However, for

those houses near the shoreline, it can protect their property.)

Informant 5: “Indi Gusto kang mga gagmay nga mangingisda pero ang mga dagko nga balay sa

binit baybay uyon nanda eh, wara dun sanda garastuson sa mga materyales kay may seawall abi,

kay ana ra kang gobyerno ang gasto.” (as a small scale fisherfolk, we are favor for it. but for

those who had huge houses near the shoreline, they loved it, they don’t need to worry for the

expenses for the materials since it is valready funded by the government.)

Informant 6: “Sa pagka karon wara ron benepisyo kanamon nga mangingisda eh, ang maka

benepisyo kaja ang balay nga lapit sa Baybay eh.” (Seawall construction is not beneficial for us

fishermen; it is only beneficial for those houses near the shoreline.)

Informant 7: “Wala eh kay ang seawall mas nakabulig sa liwanag(large scale fishing vessels) kay

hulas lang sa ila maka dungka kag hindi na sila mabudlayan mag ariya ka isda kay may hagdan

na bay, kag lapit lang magpasaka nila. “(Seawall construction was beneficial to those large-scale

fishing vessels, as they could easily dock their vessels without any hassle.)

Informant 8: Bahol ang epekto na kay namon nga mangingisda eh, Ti pareho ka ja ay, ang

baroto ginhawa mo lang ka ngita ka lugar nga pasaka’an kag batakan mo. Pabor sa mga may mga

pamalay sa Baybay nga dagku balay kay ti bahol ang bulig nanda, ti sa amon tana nga amo lang

39
ra ang paringatan’an, wara man gihapon kami may ma himo, bisan ano namon ka reklamo.

(There is a huge impact for us fishermen; just like with our pump boats, it is hard to find a place

where we can dock our pump boats. It is in favor of those houses near the shoreline because it

can protect their property. However, since this is our source of living and seawall construction is

a government project, we cannot do anything about it.)

Formulated Meaning

Every action being taken often anchored with two different results, depending on who’s

more likely to benefit from it and not. In this particular theme, it gave a concept of solicited firm

standpoints of the informants regarding the seawall construction and the sprout of numerous

burden circumstances they’ve gained out from the project. The ways how they’ve viewed the

seawall is a hindrance; unlike to other members of the community (property owners nearby the

constructed seawall) that it had been helpful for them to secure their property’s safety while our

(fishefolks) pump boats will always aligned in risks and dangers. Also, one of the informants

mentioned about the convenience that the large-scale fishing vessel could also benefit from it.

hence, it is evident that the construction of a seawall is advantageous to residents living beside

the shore; however, it simultaneously makes the lives of the fisherfolk more challenging.

Theme: Developing a Sense of Resiliency and Adaptability

Change is only thing that it constant in this world. And since humans are rational beings,

they are in-capacity to adapt with various changes may arise. As the fisherfolks shared how their

lives affected by the seawall construction, the adjustment is also pinned along with them. The

resiliency and sense of adaptability is manifested by them firmly despite of the hardships they

40
faced.

Informant 1:“Dar-on ang amon pumpboat sa barangay sapa amo na ang sakripisyo sa amon

bilang mangingisda” (As a fisherfolk, we have to carry out our pump boat in barangay Sapa and

that is one of the sacrifices we have to endure.)

Participant 2: “Sa tuod lang ang mananagat gid ang ma apektuhan kang kaja nga seawall kay

ridyan kami gapanahid kag ga batak kang amon baroto.Wala naman kami mahimo ikaw nalang

gid mismo mangita kang durungkaan mo.” (Actually, the most affected by this seawall

construction were the fisher folks, because this is where we dock our pump boats. But since we

have nothing to do, we will just look for a place to dock our pump boat.)

Informant 3:“Amo man ra ang kumod kang iba, paryas abi kanakon nga fishermen, nga naga

panagat nga.. teh yugs..,wara da gid kami gin taw an kang konsiderasyon nga gamay lang nga

ano.. nga mag naba-naba, nga pwede bala pasakaan pump boat.” (That was also the complaint of

others, just like me, who is also a fisherman,we are not given consideration, even just a small or

short area where we can dock our pump boat.)

Informant 4: “Teh batunon mo nalang ra kag kami nalang gid ga adjust, nga mangingisda kun

diin kami ma plastar kang pump boat namon, teh kay jan ron ra eh kag sa urihi kaja guro.., mga

kumod kumod ta guru kaja teh…madura lang man ra pro teh jan ron ra and seawall mung..”. (We

will just accept these things, and we fishermen will be the ones to initiate to adjust where we can

place our pump boats. Because at the end of the, complains have nothing to do with it since the

seawall was already constructed and structured.)

Informant 5: “Sara para, bisan ridtu, ga girinutok mung teh indi ron kaw ka plastar. Isipon mo.,

Kuta, asta sa Baybay Sur nga malupdan.. indi man masakaan kang pump boat, te, ang mga pump

boat nga sa Kuta, ga saylo pa suba, ang diya sa Baybay Sur, nagsaylo kami pa Sapa.” (One thing,

41
since the area allotted for docking is crowded, you can no longer dock your pump boat. Think of

it, since other fisherfolks from other nearby barangay, are also having a hard time to lift or dock

their pump boats. There is also drastic change of the routes as to where to dock their boats.)

Informant 6: “Kami nalng nga managat ang ma adjust kang amon nga gamit, pareho kaja tlad,

indi rn mabatakan, teh mga pumpboat namun ridto ron sa pihak, ridto ron sa sapa”. (For

instances like these, as a fisherfolk we’re the ones’ to make adjustment of our tools since our

pump boats are already there in the other barangay.)

Informant 7: “Kang una nga wara pa seawall laka ang pumpboat kag ang mga baroto tulad tana

kaja ga tiriripon kag magutok ang lugar tungod tanan nga sakayan ma compress tungod sa

kagamayon nga space.” (When the seawall is not yet constructed, pump boats can freely dock

but now, pump boats are congregated and compressed because of the small area for docking.)

Formulated Meaning

Change implies making either an essential difference often amounting to a loss of

original identity or a substitution of one thing for another (Merriam- Webster). Changes in the

lives of fisherfolks occur as the seawall construction project commences. Each boat is transferred

based on the owner's management approach. Unfortunately, there is no alternative space

available for their docking area, resulting in a congestion of boats. Based on the conducted

interview, fisherfolks’ are not in favour of the seawall construction basically because of the fact

that elongated distances of the docking area from their respective homes is a visible disadvantage

for them and must be take into consideration. However, they are the ones who must adjust

because it is a government project, and they cannot counteract it. Living with no choice, they

have to adapt with the reality and accept it whether they like it or not.

42
Main theme: The Twilight of Fishing Industry

The informants shared their sentiments about the effects of seawall construction in terms

of their source of living. In which, it became a major contributor to eradicate major and prone

type of fishing activity called beach seining “panahid” that is commonly occur beneath the sea.

Informants were very précised that the seawall rooted to have limited and selected livelihood

activities and it is way far from what it is before.

Informant 1: “Ti, about sa amon nga mangingisda, may gamay gid man nga problema syempre

kung ara kami sa higad gapangisda hindi ron kapangisda kay may seawall ron mong.. Number

one, ang sahid hindi ron maka operate. May benepisyo man sa amon ang seawall pero May

gamay lang nga epekto sa amon nga panagat labi na guid sa parangabuy-anan.” (About us

fisherfolks, we also encountered a little bit problems. If we are beneath the shore line, we can no

longer do fishing because of seawall construction. One of this is beach seining, it can no longer

operate at the same time, and seawall construction is beneficial to us Fisherfolks. However, it can

affect our source of living)

Informant 2: “Ang mga gapanahid bala kara maduraan gid pangabuhi kag mauntat gid anda

pagpanahid kay hindi ron by kabatak ang sahid kay may seawall ron pero wala sanda mahimo

kay ana ra ka gobyerno project mong. Ahh te wara ron eh kay pwede kaw ka kwan kong

mangayo ka livelihood kara” (Those fisherfolks who engaged in beach seining will lost their

livelihood and stop this activity because seawall serves as a barrier. However, they can't do about

it because it's a government project. We do not have any choice but to ask for livelihood

assistance from the government.)

Informant 4: “Hindi eh! Kay bahol ang epekto na ka namon nga mangingisda, ti amon tana nga

amo lang ra ang pangabuhi’an, wara man gihapon kami may ma himo, bisan ano namon ka

43
reklamo!” (No, Seawall has a big impact for us fisherfolk. It is our only source of living and we

can't do anything about it, no matter how much we complain.)

Informant 8: Sa tlad duw wra paman, basi sa urihi kara nga duw man an da guru nga pigado rn

gd ang mga mangingisda, basi kun mag tugro man snda kja kang ano gru, alternative nga mga

livelihood. (As of now there is no assistance offered by the government, but time will come if

they would notice that we fisherfolks are already affected, I think that was the time that they will

provide some alternative livelihood for us.)

Formulated Meaning

Fishing is applicable not only offshore but also near the shoreline. However, due to the

construction of the seawall, fisherfolks are unable to catch fish near the shore due to the presence

of the concrete wall. This situation results in struggles for fisherfolks as they try to find means to

support their family's daily basic needs. Their economic status has also been affected because

they cannot engage in fishing activities frequently, requiring more time and effort to set up the

necessary equipment. Based from the responses of the informants, they explained that residents

who live beside the seashore are in favor of the seawall construction as it provides significant

help for them. The seawall protects their houses from destructive waves and hazardous

calamities such as typhoons and storm surges. In contrary, the only source of living that caters

our needs as a fisherfolks is somehow threatened. Which evident that the fisherfolks’ shoes were

the ones’ who’s marginalized among the rest of the members of the community when we talk

about benefits of seawall construction.

Analysis of the themes for question #2

The theme “Disrupted Fishing Patterns” is supported by the study of Kadkaf and

Oskarsson (2020) about An (Urban) Political Ecology approach to Small-Scale Fisheries in the

44
Global which states that that individuals are impacted by coastal changes that encompass

interconnected socio-economic and biophysical dynamics. Despite urbanization proceeding

swiftly across most of the world, the literature on Small-Scale Fisheries has only partially

included urbanization processes in its analysis. This is since fishing lives and livelihoods do not

only depend on the ability to access and control marine resources, but also on the possibilities to

stake claims over dynamic coastal spaces, under the influence of wider political and economic

transitions like those generated by urbanization.

The study of Ayilu (2023) about Limits to blue economy: challenges to accessing

fishing livelihoods in Ghana’s port communities States that coastal fishing actor lose their only

source of livelihood, resistance may escalate into different forms of maritime conflicts in the

blue economy. The study recommends addressing the marginalisation and exclusion of

traditional coastal fishing livelihoods to ensure a more equitable blue economy. This literature

clearly a reflection of the researchers’ findings and theme on “Development vs. Inconvenience.”

The theme “Developing a Sense of Resiliency and Adaptability” is supported by the work

of Bumbury (2021) about Fisherfolk Awareness And Participation: Identifying The Barriers Of

Unreported And Underreported Fishing In Guyana Small-Scale Artisanal Fishery which states

that focus on strengthening communication, garnering more commitments from additional

fishers, influencing more leaders and the using of prompts at all landing sites are necessary to

affect behavior change thus participation and awareness are essential for the sustainable

development. The willingness of the target group to assist in effecting behavior change through

conversation about reporting with all fishers is positive and key step to initiating change.

The theme “The Twilight of Fishing Industry” is supported by the study of Cimene (2022)

about Assessment of government assistance among small-scale fisherfolks. International Journal

45
of Bioscience which states that fisherfolks received a number of livelihood support which have

really helped them however, there are some projects that failed due to technical reasons and poor

financial management. Providing inputs is not enough to see positive long-term outcomes in

terms of poverty alleviation, but a holistic approach is necessary to address all aspects of

sustainability.

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter consists of the summary of the problem, methods, findings, conclusions and

46
recommendations.

Summary of the Problems, Methods and Findings

This study was conducted to find out the lived experiences of Fisherfolks before and after

the seawall construction in Barangay Baybay Sur, Miagao, Iloilo. The methods used were

researcher-made questionnaire (premise and probe questions), limited face-to-face, semi-

structured interviews and thematic analysis. The findings of the study revealed that when

fisherfolks were asked the question on how is their life before the construction of seawall, three

main themes emerged which includes Safety is our Priority, Establishing Strong Social Bonds

and Abundance of Nature.

Meanwhile, when queried about their life after the construction of seawall, Disrupted

Fishing Patterns, Development vs. Inconvenience, Developing a Sense of Resiliency, and The

Twilight of Fishing Industry appeared as key themes.

Conclusion

The phenomenological study investigated the lives of every fisherfolk in the Municipality

of Miagao. It also explored the opportunities and challenges of becoming a small-scale

fisherfolk, in which the inherited livelihood from their ancestors becomes endangered due to the

infrastructure development, specifically the seawall project. Through highly participatory

methods, this study provided fisherfolks with the opportunity to describe their experiences, as

well as the challenges brought about by the inevitable developmental projects. The data shows

that the framework for small scale fishing is composed of these dimensions: 1) Social, 2)

Economic and 3) Political.

Social dimension was considered due to strong family ties that are necessary for

maintaining strong support which leads to well-being and happiness. Economic for the way that

47
the means of livelihood are affected as it sustain the basic needs of the fisherfolks in order to

survive. Finally, political dimension since they are looking after for the government assistance

to support their means of living. Fisherfolks experienced difficulties and struggling in terms of

livelihood as they are affected especially in economic aspect. They faced internal challenges in

sustaining their fishing necessities such as insufficient funds, outdated equipment, lack of

necessary infrastructure such as docking area and fuel for the pump boat wherein external

challenges includes the large-scale fishing industry, the seawall project and weather condition.

The findings confirm challenges discussed in previous literature and revealed challenges that

have not been researched including the intervention that academic institution such as Iloilo

Science and Technology University might offer these fisherfolks in cooperation with the

government to address these socioeconomic difficulties. This study has implications for more

researches and demonstrated a need for improved understanding of fishing industry status in

modern world and alternative solution for the challenges experienced by the fisherfolks. By

recognizing and understanding these shared experiences by the fisherfolks, government could

provide solutions to address these challenges.

Recommendations
The "Build, Build, Build" program is an ongoing initiative with a long-term vision for

transforming the infrastructure landscape of the Philippines. Its goal is to provide modern,

efficient, and accessible infrastructure that supports economic growth, improves living standards,

and enhances the overall competitiveness of the country. The implementation of this program

made the fisherfolks helpless to recover what the nature has given to them. Nevertheless, the

researchers, upon listening to the suggestions of the fisherfolks, came up with several

recommendations to balance infrastructural development and the preservation of culture.

48
 It was suggested that the government through the Department of Public Works and

Highways should revisit the existing laws, policies, and guidelines regulating the construction of

seawalls. Presently, these seawalls include dock steps and stairs system about 1 meter in width

designed to be used by humans only. It would be more practical if the engineers will revise the

design and widen the said seawall steps to accommodate the docking of fishing boats. This will

allow the fisherfolks to use the seawall for docking purposes. By this, problems on overcrowding

and displacement of fishing boats will be eliminated.

Barangay Baybay Sur is endowed with several natural resources and one of these is

creek. Using this creek for fishing boat docking can be a viable option. The local government of

Miagao should consider developing this creek into a docking area to accommodate the

fisherfolks affected by the construction of seawall. However, it is still advisable to consult the

local authorities, harbor masters, or experienced fisherfolks familiar with the specific creek and

its conditions. They can provide valuable insights and guidance regarding the suitability and

feasibility of using the creek for fishing boat docking.

Based on the statements of fisherfolks, fishing is their only source of income and they are

not open to the idea of exploring other livelihood options or to be relocated to other places. It is

crucial for the government to adopt a participatory and collaborative approach, working closely

with affected fisherfolks and their communities, relevant stakeholders, and experts to develop

comprehensive mitigation strategies and support mechanisms. Therefore, it was suggested that

the government may consider measures to provide alternative access points or fishing areas for

affected fisherfolks. This may involve identifying and designating new fishing zones, creating

artificial reefs, or implementing fisheries management measures that enhance the availability of

fish stocks.

49
 The participants clearly manifested the lack of consultation between the government and

fisherfolks prior to the construction of seawall. As such, dialogue between the government and

fisherfolks before the construction of a seawall is highly recommended for it is essential to

ensure the protection of fisherfolks's livelihood, minimize negative impacts on the marine

environment, and promote sustainable coastal development. By actively involving stakeholders,

including fisherfolks, in decision-making processes, a more comprehensive and inclusive

approach can be adopted, leading to better outcomes for all parties involved.

Universities can play a significant role in assisting fisherfolks affected by the

construction of a seawall. Universities such as Iloilo Science and Technology University can

conduct research and impact assessments to better understand the potential effects of the seawall

construction on fisherfolks and their communities. This research can provide valuable insights

into the specific challenges faced by the fisherfolks and help in designing appropriate mitigation

measures and support strategies.

University of the Philippines Visayas, as a premier university offering BS Fisheries, may

provide capacity building and training programs to equip affected fisherfolks with new skills and

knowledge that can support their transition to alternative livelihood options. This may include

training in sustainable aquaculture practices, fisheries management, entrepreneurship, marketing,

or other relevant areas.

More researches are also recommended to determine what other aspects and areas of

seawall construction not covered by this study such as its effects to the environmental will be

explored and addressed upon.

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