BIOCHEMISTRY

FIRST SEMESTER / LECTURE

ENZYMES
16. Vasoactive intestinal peptide – increases
ENZYMES are biological catalysts for cellular blood flow and secretes aqueous pancreatic
reactions. Because enzymes are catalysts, they speed fluid.
up reactions by lowering the activation energy in the
same way as other catalysts do. 17. Carboxypeptidase – separates the terminal
PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES
carboxy amino acids .
18. Bromelain – involved in the production of
Two highly desirable properties։ hydrolysates.
1. The ability to accelerate reactions under 19. Enkephalin – inhibits the secretion of
mild reaction condition pancreatic enzymes and intestinal motility.
2. Specificity 20. Somatostatin – inhibits the secretion of
- means that enzymes are hydrochloric acid.
substrate specific, there is only 21. Amylase – provides glucose in the stomach
one enzyme that will act on a and pancreas, if it acts in an acidic
substrate. environment.
22. Whole glucagon – inhibits motility and
o SUBSTRATES are described as molecules secretion.
on which enzymes act upon. In bodies of a 23. Pectinases – in the beverage industry, it
living organism, such as fungus, bacteria, improves the clarification and extraction of
mammals, animals, microbes contain juices.
enzymes for activation of the substrates to 24. Tannasa – it converts glucose into fructose,
perform biochemical processes which is in addition to avoiding darkening and
necessary for life. unpleasant flavors in some drinks.
25. Pectinase – in the beverage industry, it
EXAMPLES OF ENZYMES AND THEIR improves the clarification and
FUNCTIONS extraction of juices.
1. Pepsin – produces peptides and amino
acids in the stomach, a very acidic medium ENZYME NOMENCLATURE
2. Dipeptidase – producer of two amino acids  Enzyme names give information about their
3. Deoxyribonuclease – produces nucleotides function rather than the structure; focus on
with DNA substrate type of reaction catalyzed and the substrate
4. Ribonuclease – produces nucleotides with (the reactant)
RNA substrate 1. The suffix -ase identifies a substance as
5. Lipoxidase – improves the quality of the an enzyme.
bread and produces a very white crumb - Lipase, sucrase
6. Fiscina – important in meat softening Some enzymes have the suffix -in.
7. Lactase – prevents the crystallization of - Trypsin, pepsin
concentrated milk 2. The type of reaction catalyzed is often
8. Papain – in the brewery, it is used to liquefy noted with a prefix.
malt paste. - Oxidase catalyzes oxidation
9. Sacarase – produces fructose and glucose. - Dehydrogenase for
10. Trypsin – breaks the peptide bonds dehydrogenation
adjacent to arginine or lysine. - Isomerase for isomerization
11. Gastrin – produces and secretes
3. The substrate is often noted.
hydrochloric acid, while stimulating gastric
- Glucose oxidase, pyruvate
mobility.
carboxylase
12. Chymosin – coagulates milk proteins in the
When the type of reaction is omitted, it is
cheese industry.
hydrolysis.
13. Lipase – provides fatty acids, provided that I
- Urease, lactase
act in an alkaline medium, with previous
action of bile salts.
14. Secretin – segregates water and sodium
bicarbonate, in addition to inhibiting gastric
motility.
15. Glucose-isomerases – allows the use of
high fructose syrups in the production of
sweet foods.
BIOCHEMISTRY
FIRST SEMESTER / LECTURE
ENZYMES