6 ……………

2.1 Design of solid slabs

2.1.1 Design of rectangular solid slabs
2.1.1.1 General
Slabs are horizontal plate elements forming floors and roofs in buildings, which
normally carry uniformly distributed load. Slabs can be simply or continuously supported
or over one or more span.
In this project the ground and repeated floors are designed as solid slab, whereas
some roof slabs are design as solid slab and others as two ways ribbed slabs (waffle).

2.1.1.2 Types of rectangular solid slabs

1. Spanning one way slabs between beams or walls, see fig (2.1), and
2. Spanning two ways slabs between the supporting beams or walls, see fig (2.2.a&b).

Fig.(2.1) One-way slabs supported on two sides

Main Main Main Secondary

reinforceme reinforcem reinforcement
reinforceme
nt ent Long-direction
nt

Fig (2.2.a) Two-way slabs supported on Fig (2.2.b) Slabs supported on four sides
four sides (structural action of one way-slabs)
 7 ……………

2.1.1.3 Reinforcement of slabs:

Slab reinforcement is a mesh and may be formed from two sets of bars placed at right angles.

(a) Main moment steel

The position of main bars for an interior span of a continuous one way spanning slab is shown
in Fig. (2.3.a). On the other hand, Fig. (2.3.b) shows the position of main bars of long and
short direction of a continuous two way spanning slab.
(b) Distribution steel bars:
The distribution or secondary bars runs at right angles to the main bars in one way. This
reinforcement serves the purpose of tying the slab together and distributing non-uniform
loads through the slab (see fig.2.3.a). Minimum reinforcement is provided for distribution
bars.

Minimum reinforcement:
The minimum area of reinforcement is given in Table 3.25 of the code. For rectangular
sections and solid slabs this is

Where: is the minimum area of reinforcement and Ac is the total area of concrete.

X-moment steel Distribution steel

Fig. (2.3.a) Reinforcement of one-way spanning slabs

X-moment steel Y-moment steel

Fig. (2.3.b) Reinforcement of two-way spanning slabs

 8 ……………

Note:
In one way spanning slab: the main bars are placed near to the surface as a first layer to give
the greatest effective depth. Whereas distribution bars are place as second layer.
In two way spanning slab: the main bars of short direction are placed near to the surface as a
first layer to give the greatest effective depth. Whereas main bars of long direction bars are
place as second layer.

2.1.1.4 Design formulae for estimation the area of reinforcement:

According to BS-8110-1:1997-Clause 3.4.4.4, the following equations can be used in design
of solid slabs:

( √( ))

2.1.1.5 Shear resistance of solid slabs:

It is difficult to bend and fix shear reinforcement so that its effectiveness can be assured in
slabs less than 200 mm deep. It is therefore not advisable to use shear reinforcement in such
slabs.
But, Shear reinforcement is provided in heavily loaded thick slabs (i.e., more than 200mm
thick). The shear resistance is checked in accordance with BS8110-1-Clause 3.5.5.
2.1.1.6 Deflection of solid slabs:
The factors which govern the design of solid slab are the deflection and it controls slab's
depth. The deflection of slabs is discussed in BS8110-1-Clause 3.5.7. In normal cases a strip
of slab 1 m wide is checked against span-to-effective depth ratios including the modification
for tension reinforcement set out in section 3.4.6 of the code. Only the tensional bars at the
mid of a span is taken into account. The ratio for a two-way spanning slab should be checked
only for the shorter span.
2.1.1.7 Crack control
To control cracking in slabs, maximum values for clear spacing between bars are set out in
BS8110-1-Clause 3.12.11.2.7. The clause states that in no case should the clear spacing
exceed the lesser of three times the effective depth or 750 mm.
Code states that no further check is required in bar spacing if either:
1. If grade 250 steel is used and the slab depth is not greater than 250 mm or
2. If grade 460 is used and the slab depth is not greater than 200 mm or
3. If the amount of steel, , is less than 0.3% …

2.1.1.8 Bending moment formulae:

a) For spanning one way slab:

b) For spanning two way slab:

deign moment are given in code in table 3.14
 9 ……………

2.1.1.9 Redistribution of unbalanced supports moments:

The calculated (–ve) moments at a specific joint are usually unbalanced; hence these moments
are being redistributed in proportion to the stiffness of the slabs which are meeting at the joints.
If the difference between the two moments is large; we take the larger value of the two moments
and neglect the smaller one.
To balance (–ve) moments at a joint, we use the following equations:

1. Balancing negative moment at support :

{ } , or

{ }

Note:
Where:
: Unbalance moment.
: Balanced moment.
: The max. Unbalanced moment at the common support
: The min. unbalanced moment in the other side of this common support.
Relative stiffness of member is equal.
K= , where L is the span of the slab of which the (–ve) moment at joint will be balanced.
There are two spans.
The slab section is same for both spans; therefore the modulus 4EI is also same.

K is multiplied by 0.75 for exterior slab.

K is multiplied by 1 for interior slab.

2. Balancing positive moment at mid:

= + 0.5 ( )>

As a result of support moment balancing, one of these moments is increased and the other
is decreased as illustrated below:
Assume L1 has the large –ve moment, we get:

Case1: For span L1 there are:

(M-large and M1+mid), after balancing (M-large is decreased) so (and M+mid is increased).

Case2: For the other span L2 there are:

(M-small and M2+mid), after balancing (M-small is increased) so (and M+mid is decreased).

Accordingly; balancing of mid moment is done for case1 only.

 10 ……………

2.1.1.10 Torsion in solid slabs: BS 8110-1 clause 3.5.3.5

1) Torsion reinforcement should be provided at any corner where the slab is simply supported
on both edges meeting at that corner. It should consist of top and bottom reinforcement, each
with layers of bars placed parallel to the sides of the slab and extending from the edges a
minimum distance of one-fifth of the shorter span. The area of reinforcement in each of these
four layers should be three-quarters of the area required for the maximum mid-span design
moment in the slab. (See fig.2.4).
2) Torsion reinforcement equal to half that described in the preceding paragraph should be
provided at a corner contained by edges over only one of which the slab is continuous. (See fig.
(2.4)below).
3) Torsion reinforcement need not be provided at any corner contained by edges over both of
which the slab is continuous. (See fig. (2.4)below).

Fig. (2.4) Show provisions of steel for torsion in solid slab

 11 ……………

2.1.2 Calculation sheet for reinforcement concrete slab design of critical slabs (S1)
located between axes (1-2) & (A-C) as shown in fig.(2.6).
BS 8110 Calculations Output

Fig. (2.6) Show the layout of critical slab (S1) in plan

Specification:
Characteristic strength of concrete =
Characteristic strength of steel =
Proposed Finishing:
 Tilling thick is 8mm,
 cement mortar thick is 30mm
 Sand fill thick is 50mm,
 Cement plastering is 15mm,and
 Thickness of slab is 130 mm
Durability and fire resistance:
Table 3.3 Nominal cover for mild condition of exposure = 20 mm Cover 20mm
Table 3.4 Max fire resistance is 1.5 hours >1 h 1h fire
resistance is
ok.
Loading:
Dead load due to;
1.
2. Cement mortar = .030 * 16.5 = 0.495
3. Tilling = 0.008 * 24 = 0.192
4. cement plastering = 0.015 * 16.5 = 0.248 KN/m2
5. Self-weight(thickness) = 0.130 * 24 = 3.21

Design Load (n) = 1.4* + 1.6* =

n = 1.4 * 4.98 + 1.6 *1.5 = 9.372
=2.1
 12 ……………

Bending Moment coefficients(x-x):

panel type is (one long edge continuous),

Table 3.14 Along short direction:
,

Along long direction:

,

Fig. (2.7) Show Bending moment

coefficients in the plan
Bending Moment :
1. Sagging moments (+ve):

2. Hogging moments (-ve):

Balancing of moment:
a) In short direction:

Fig.(2.8)Bending moment values before balancing

Note: bending moment of S2 is obtained using excel sheets.

1. Balancing negative moment at support (2 ):

{ }
 13 ……………

{ }

2. Balancing positive moment at mid (S1):

Fig.(2.9)Bending moment values after balancing

b) In long direction:
No need to blancing moment .

Design for bending moment:

1. Sagging moments (+ve):
For 20 mm cover and a bar of,12 mm diameter,
=104mm

1.a. For short direction ( )

Clause
( √( )) ( √( ))
3.4.4.4

provide

Table 3.25

1. b. For long direction:

Z = 87.4 m

provide
 14 ……………

2.Hogging moments (-ve):

2.a. For short direction : provide

2.b. For long direction:

provide

Check for Deflection:

Clause
3.5.7
The design service stress in tension reinforcement is given by :

( ⁄ )

The slab is
Table 3.9 Basic span/effective depth ratio = 26 satisfactory
w.r.to
deflection

Check for cracking:

Clause Spacing between cracks should be not exceed 3d = 3*98 = 294 mm or The slab is
satisfactory
3.12.11.2. 750 w.r.to
7 Hence, 3d > 200 mm cracking
Therefore, no further check required…

The other slabs are designed using Excel sheets. See Tables
15 ……………

2.1.3 Calculation sheet for Design of one way solid slab for floor and roof:
BS 8110 Calculations Output

Fig.(2.10) Show one-way Slabs in the plan

 16 ……………

Design load "n" = 9.372 KN.m

Thickness = 130 mm , ,
a. Slab No. (5) :

Clause
3.4.4.4

{ √( )) { √( ))

At mid, provide
a mesh of

Table 3.25

Provide nominal area of steel for distribution bars,

At edge, provide

Provide nominal area of steel for main and distribution bars at dis-
continuous edge.

b. Slab No.11 (S11):

Clause
3.4.4.4

{ √( )) { √( ))

At mid, provide

Table 3.25
)
at mid, provide
Provide nominal area of steel for distribution bars,
17 ……………

Provide nominal area of steel for main and distribution bars at dis- )
continuous edge. At edge, provide
18 ……………

Bending moment
19 ……………

Reinforcement of Solid Slabs for all floors

Specifications for slabs (Sheet 1of 4)
fcu = 25 N/mm² , fy = 250 N/mm²
When h = 130 mm, dmax = 104 mm, dmin = 92 mm.

B.M Ast.
hactual dmax Ast.req Ast.pro
(KN.m) Min
NO. direction position Details
After
(mm) (mm) (mm2) (mm2) (mm2)
balance
(-ve) (2-2) R10 – 225
130 104 7.9 312 336.67 349
Axis mm c/c
(+ve) At R10 – 250
SHORT 130 104 3.43 312 146.175 314
mid mm c/c
(-ve) (3-3) R10 – 250
130 104 5.37 312 228.85 314
Axis mm c/c
S2
(-ve) (D- R10 – 250
130 104 0.000 312 - 314
D) Axis mm c/c
(+ve) At R10 – 250
LONG 130 92 2.3 312 110.8 314
mid mm c/c
(-ve) (C-C) R10 – 250
130 104 3.05 312 130 314
Axis mm c/c
(-ve) (3-3) R10 – 250
130 104 5.37 312 228.85 314
Axis mm c/c
(+ve) At R10 – 250
SHORT 130 104 4.6 312 196.04 34
mid mm c/c
(-ve) (4-4) R10 – 225
130 104 7.92 312 337.53 349
Axis mm c/c
S3
(-ve) (D- R10 – 250
130 104 0.000 312 - 314
D) Axis mm c/c
(+ve) At R10 – 250
LONG 130 92 3.4 312 163.8 314
mid mm c/c
(-ve) (C-C) R10 – 250
130 104 4.5 312 191.78 314
Axis mm c/c
(-ve) (1-1) R10 – 250
130 104 0 312 - 314
Axis mm c/c
(+ve) At R10 – 250
SHORT 130 104 2.7 312 115.07 314
mid mm c/c
(-ve) (1-1) R10 – 250
130 104 3.6 312 153.42 314
Axis mm c/c
S7
(-ve) (B-B) R10 – 250
130 104 0.000 312 - 314
Axis mm c/c
(+ve) At R10 – 250
LONG 130 92 2 312 96.35 314
mid mm c/c
(-ve) (C-C) R10 – 250
130 104 0 312 - 314
Axis mm c/c
NO. direction position hactual dmax B.M Ast. Ast.req Ast.pro Details
(KN.m) Min
2 2 2
(mm) (mm) After (mm ) (mm ) (mm )
balance
S15 SHORT (-ve) 130 104 0.000 312 - 314 R10 –
(A-A) 250 mm
Axis c/c
20 ……………

(+ve) At 130 104 6.36 312 271.04 314 R10 –

mid 250 mm
c/c
(-ve) 130 104 0 312 - 314 R10 –
(24-24) 250 mm
Axis c/c
LONG (-ve) (1- 130 104 0.000 312 - 314 R10 –
1) Axis 250 mm
c/c
(+ve) At 130 92 5.4 312 260.15 314 R10 –
mid 250 mm
c/c
(-ve) 130 104 5.5 312 234.4 314 R10 –
(19-19) 250 mm
Axis c/c
S13 SHORT (-ve) (2- 130 104 5.5 312 234.4 314 R10 –
2) Axis 250 mm
c/c
(+ve) At 130 104 2.94 312 125.3 314 R10 –
mid 250 mm
c/c
(-ve) (3- 130 104 4.52 312 192.63 314 R10 –
3) Axis 250 mm
c/c
LONG (-ve) 130 104 2.61 312 111.23 314 R10 –
(A-A) 250 mm
Axis c/c
(+ve) At 130 92 1.96 312 94.42 314 R10 –
mid 250 mm
c/c
(-ve) (B- 130 104 2.61 312 111.23 314 R10 –
B) Axis 250 mm
c/c
S12 SHORT (-ve) 130 104 7.2 312 306.84 314 R10 –
(A-A) 250 mm
Axis c/c
(+ve) At 130 104 5.4 312 230.13 314 R10 –
mid 250 mm
c/c
(-ve) 130 104 7.2 312 306.84 314 R10 –
Secondry 250 mm
beam c/c
LONG (-ve) (3- 130 104 4.52 312 192.63 314 R10 –
3) Axis 250 mm
c/c
(+ve) At 130 92 3.74 312 180.175 314 R10 –
mid 250 mm
c/c
21 ……………

(-ve) (4- 130 104 0.000 312 - 314 R10 –

4) Axis 250mm
c/c
NO. direction position hactual dmax B.M Ast. Ast.req Ast.pro Details
(KN.m) Min
2 2 2
(mm) (mm) After (mm ) (mm ) (mm )
balance
S9 SHORT (-ve) (2- 130 104 3.67 312 156.4 314 R10 –
2) 250 mm
c/c
(+ve) At 130 104 2.78 312 118.47 314 R10 –
mid 250 mm
c/c
(-ve) 130 104 3.67 312 156.4 314 R10 –
(19-19) 250 mm
Axis c/c
LONG (-ve) (B- 130 104 2.61 312 111.2 314 R10 –
B) Axis 250 mm
c/c
(+ve) At 130 92 1.96 312 94.42 314 R10 –
mid 250 mm
c/c
(-ve) 130 104 2.61 312 111.2 314 R10 –
(26-26) 250 mm
Axis c/c
W.C1 SHORT (-ve) 130 104 0 312 - 314 R10 –
250 mm
c/c
(+ve) At 130 104 2.5 312 106.55 314 R10 –
mid 250 mm
c/c
(-ve) 130 104 0 312 - 314 R10 –
250 mm
c/c
LONG (-ve) 130 104 0.000 312 - 314 R10 –
250 mm
c/c
(+ve) At 130 92 1.34 312 65 314 R10 –
mid 250 mm
c/c
(-ve) 130 104 0.000 312 - 314 R10 –
(18- 250 mm
Curve) c/c
w.c2 SHORT (-ve) 130 104 0 312 - 314 R10–
250 mm
c/c
(+ve) At 130 104 3.49 312 148.73 314 R10–
mid 250 mm
c/c
22 ……………

(-ve) 130 104 0 312 - 314 R10–

250 mm
c/c
LONG (-ve) 130 104 0 312 - 314 R10–
250 mm
c/c
(+ve) At 130 92 2.12 312 102.13 314 R10–
mid 250 mm
c/c
(-ve) 130 104 0.000 312 - 314 R10–
250 mm
c/c
23 ……………
24 ……………
25 ……………

Section A-A
26 ……………
 27 ……………

2.2 Design of Stair slabs

2.2.1 General
Stair consist of steps arranged in series for purpose of giving access to different floors of a
building, since the stair is often the only means of communication between the varies
floors of a building , the location of stair requires good and careful consideration.

2.3.1.2 Types of stair slab:

Stairways are sloping one-way spanning slabs. Two methods of construction are used.

2.3.1.2.1 Transverse spanning stair slabs:

Transverse spanning stair slabs span between walls, a wall and stringer (an edge beam), or
between two stringers. The stair slab may also be cantilevered from a wall. A stair slab
spanning between a wall and a stringer is shown in Fig. (2.20.a). The stair slab is designed
as a series of beams consisting of one step with assumed breadth and effective depth.
The moment reinforcement is generally one bar per step. Secondary reinforcement is
placed longitudinally along the flight.

2.3.1.2.2 Longitudinal spanning stair slab:

The stair slab spans between supports at the top and bottom of the flight. The supports
may be beams, walls or landing slabs. A common type of staircase is shown in Fig.
(2.20.b). The effective span l of the stair is defined in the code BS 8110 in section 3.10.
The maximum moment near mid-span and over supports is taken as wl/10, where w is the
total design load on the span of stair.

Fig. (2. 20.a) Transverse stair Fig.(2.20.b) Longitudinal stair

2.3.1.3 Code design requirements:

2.3.1.3.1 Imposed loading:
The imposed loading on stairs is given in BS6399: Part 1, Table 1. From this table the
distributed loading is as follows:
a) Dwelling not over three storey, ,
 28 ……………

b) All other buildings, the same as the floors to which they give access but not less than
or more than .
2.3.1.3.2 Design provisions:
Provisions for design of staircases are set out in BS8110: Part 1, section 3.10 and are
summarized below:
1. The code states that the staircase may be taken to include a section of the landing
spanning in the same direction and continuous with the stair flight;
2. The design ultimate load is to be taken as uniform over the plan area. When two spans
intersect at right angles the load on the common area can be divided equally between
the two spans;
3. When a staircase or landing spans in the direction of the flight and is built into the
wall at least 110 mm along part or all of the length, a strip 150 mm wide may be
deducted from the loaded area.
4. When the staircase is built monolithically at its ends into structural members spanning
at right angles to its span, the effective span is given by
Where
: is the clear horizontal distance between supporting members,
: is the breadth of a supporting member at one end or 1.8 m whichever is the smaller
: is the breadth of a supporting member at the other end or 1.8 m whichever is the smaller.
5. The effective span of simply supported staircases without stringer beams should be
taken as the horizontal distance between centre lines of supports or the clear
distance between faces of supports plus the effective depth whichever is the less.
6. The depth of the section is to be taken as the minimum thickness perpendicular to the
soffit of the stair slab.
7. The design procedure is the same as for beams and slabs (see provision 8 below).
8. For staircases without stringer beams when the stair flight occupies at least 60% of the
span the permissible span-to-effective depth ratio may be increased by 15%.
29 ……………

2.2.2 Calculation sheet for Design of stair slab :

BS8110 Calculation Output
30 ……………

Fig. (2.21). Show the layout of stair slab.

Specification:
Characteristic strength of concrete = = 25 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of longitudinal steel = = 250 N/mm2
Tread = 250 mm and Rise = 150 mm
No. of treads = 9 per flight and No. of Rises = 10 per flight.
Proposed Finishing thickness:
marble tile = 30 mm,
Cement mortar = 30 mm,
Sand fill thick = 30 mm, and
Plaster thick = 15 mm.
Noising of tile = 0.03 mm

Durability and fire resistance:

Table Normal cover for mild condition of exposure = 20 Cover=20mm
3.3 Max fire resistance of is 1.5hours >1 h Ok.
Table
3.4
 31 ……………

Preliminary Design:
a) Preliminary Design of flight A-A:
The effective span = 3600 mm.
Claus Take 60 % = 3600 * 0.6 = 2160 mm
e Net span of flight =2300 mm
3.10.2 The stair flight is equal to 60 % of the effective span. Hence, the span
.2 effective depth ratio is increased by 15%.
Then: B.R = 26, assume M.F = 1.4

Assume cover = 20 mm, Ø = 16 mm

h= 130 mm

Design of stairs
Flight A-A:
= 3.600 mm, h = 130 mm,
Inclined length of flight = 2.3 2  1.5 2  2.74m
 32 ……………

Loading
Computation of loads for flight:-
Dead load due to;
1.marble tile =(9*0.25+10*0.18)*0.03*27.5=3.34 KN/m,
2.Cement mortar =(9*0.25+10*0.15)*0.03*16.5=1.856 KN/m,
3.Steps =0.5*0.15*0.25*9*24=4.05 KN/m,
4.Waist =0.13*2.74*16.5 =8.55 KN/m,
5.Plaster =0.015*2.74*16.5=0.6782 KN/m
Total dead load on stair flight = 18.48
Live Load on tread = 4*2.25 = 9

Computation of loads for Landing:-

Dead load due to;
1. marble tile = 0.03*1.4*27.5 = 1.155
2. Cement mortar = 0.030*1.4*16.5 = 0.693
3. Sand layer = 0.030*1.4*18.5 = 0.777
4. Thickness = 0.130*1.4*24 = 4.368
5. plaster = 0.015*1.4*16.5 = 0.347
Total dead load on landing = 7.34
Live Load on tread =1.4*4 = 5.60

Design Load (n) = 1.4*GK + 1.6*QK:

Design load on flight = 1.4*18.48+1.6*9.2= 40.6
Design load on landing
= 1.4*7.34 + 1.6*5.6 = 19.236
Total design load on flight (A-A) = 40.6 + 19.236 = 59.836
Total design load on flight (A-A) for full width,
F = 59.836*1.07=64.03 KN F=64.03 kN

 Design Stair Slab

Note that moment at mid span equal to moment at support

Claus
e
3.4.4.
4 { √ ) { √ )

Z= 91.5 mm < 0.95d= 96.9 mm Z = 101.6 mm



Provide
R16-178 mm

Distribution Bars
Provide nominal area of steel Provide
R10-200 mm
 33 ……………

( )

 Check for Deflection

The design service stress in tension reinforcement is given by:

Claus
e
3.5.7
( ⁄ )

The slab is
satisfactory w.r.to
deflection

 Check for Crack

Case cracks in slab can be avoided by controlling the bar spacing that is: The slab is
satisfactory w.r.to
3d = 3 * 102 = 306 mm cracking
Maximum spacing = 336 mm or 750 mm > Spacing of bars = 200 mm
Claus
e
3.12.11.  Check for shear
2.7 It is difficult to bend and fix shear reinforcement so that its effectiveness Safe for shear
can be assured in slabs less than 200mm deep. It is therefore not advisable
to use shear reinforcement in such slabs.

Table
3.16
Note
1

-Load transferred to beams:

Design load on flight =40.60 KN/m,

Design load on lift landing =19.24 KN/m,

Design load on right landing =13.74 KN/m

34 ……………
35 ……………

Detail of stair reinforcement:

Fig. (2.24) Reinforced of Stair Slab (Section A-A).