AS EXTENDED PROJECT REPORT

Contents:
The Student News Service at Clear Mountain State University (CMSU) has decided to gather
data about the undergraduate students that attend CMSU. CMSU creates and distributes a
survey of 14 questions and receives responses from 62 undergraduates (stored in the Survey
data set).
Problem 1
1.1. For this data, construct the following contingency tables (Keep Gender as row variable)
1.1.1. Gender and Major
1.1.2. Gender and Grad Intention
1.1.3. Gender and Employment
1.1.4. Gender and Computer
1.2. Assume that the sample is representative of the population of CMSU. Based on the
data, answer the following question:
1.2.1. What is the probability that a randomly selected CMSU student will be male?
1.2.2. What is the probability that a randomly selected CMSU student will be female?
1.3. Assume that the sample is representative of the population of CMSU. Based on the
data, answer the following question:
1.3.1. Find the conditional probability of different majors among the male students in
CMSU.
1.3.2 Find the conditional probability of different majors among the female students of
CMSU.
1.4. Assume that the sample is a representative of the population of CMSU. Based on the
data, answer the following question:
1.4.1. Find the probability That a randomly chosen student is a male and intends to
graduate.
1.4.2 Find the probability that a randomly selected student is a female and does NOT
have a laptop.
1.5. Assume that the sample is representative of the population of CMSU. Based on the
data, answer the following question:
1.5.1. Find the probability that a randomly chosen student is a male or has full-time
employment?
1.5.2. Find the conditional probability that given a female student is randomly
chosen, she is majoring in international business or management.
1.6. Construct a contingency table of Gender and Intent to Graduate at 2 levels (Yes/No).
The Undecided students are not considered now and the table is a 2x2 table. Do you think
the graduate intention and being female are independent events?
1.7. Note that there are four numerical (continuous) variables in the data set, GPA, Salary,
Spending, and Text Messages.
1.7.1. If a student is chosen randomly, what is the probability that his/her GPA is less
than 3?
1.7.2. Find the conditional probability that a randomly selected male earns 50 or
more. Find the conditional probability that a randomly selected femaleearns 50 or more.
1.8. Note that there are four numerical (continuous) variables in the data set, GPA, Salary,
Spending, and Text Messages. For each of them comment whether they follow a normal
distribution. Write a note summarizing your conclusions.
Problem 2
2.1 Do you think there is evidence that means moisture contents in both types of shingles
are within the permissible limits? State your conclusions clearly showing all steps.
2.2 Do you think that the population mean for shingles A and B are equal? Form the
hypothesis and conduct the test of the hypothesis. What assumption do you need to check
before the test for equality of means is performed?
Problem 3A:
3.1 State the null and the alternate hypothesis for conducting one-way ANOVA for both
Education and Occupation individually.
3.2 Perform a one-way ANOVA on Salary with respect to Education. State whether the null
hypothesis is accepted or rejected based on the ANOVA results.
3.3 Perform a one-way ANOVA on Salary with respect to Occupation. State whether the
null hypothesis is accepted or rejected based on the ANOVA results.
3.4 Perform a two-way ANOVA based on Salary with respect to both Education and
Occupation (along with their interaction Education*Occupation). State the null and
alternative hypotheses and state your results. How will you interpret this result?
3.5 Explain the business implications of performing ANOVA for this particular case study.
Table of Figures:
Figure 1 Normal Distribuon
Figure 2Interacon Plot
Figure 3 Interacon Plot
Problem 1
The Student News Service at Clear Mountain State University (CMSU) has decided together
data about the undergraduate students that attend CMSU. CMSU creates and distributes a survey of 14
questions and receives responses from 62 undergraduates (stored in the Survey data set).

1.1. For this data, construct the following contingency tables (Keep Gender as row variable)
1.1.1. Gender and Major

1.1.2. Gender and Grad Intention

Male :17 Grad Intention (Yes)

Male:9 Undecided
Male :3 No
Total Male:29
Female: 11 (Yes)
Female:13 (Undecided)
Female: 9 (No)
Total Female :33Total:62
1.1.3 Gender and Employment

Male :7 Full time

Male :19 Part Time
Male:3 Unemployed
Total Male:29
Female:3 Full time
Female: 24 Part time
Female:6 Unemployed
Total Female:33
Total:62

1.1.3. Gender and Computer

Male :3 Desktop
Male :26 Laptop
Total Male:29
Female:29 Laptop
Female: 2 Desktop
Female:2 Tablet
Total Female:33
Total:62

1.2. Assume that the sample is representative of the population of CMSU. Based on the
data, answer the following question:
1.2.1. What is the probability that a randomly selected CMSU student will be male?
 From the given table we can see that the, number of male is 29, and the total number
of gender is 62. Hence the probability that a randomly chosen player is injured is;
P(MALE) = 29/62 = 0.467742

1.2.2. What is the probability that a randomly selected CMSU student will be female?

From the given table we can see that the, number of Female is 33, and the total number of
genders is 62. Hence the probability that a randomly chosen player is injured is; P (FEMALE)
= 33/62 0.532258

1.3. Assume that the sample is representative of the population of CMSU. Based on the
data, answer the following question:
1.3.1. Find the conditional probability of different majors among the male students in
CMSU.

Solution:
1)(the same proportions of Males listed Accounting as their major 4/29=0.137931034%)
2)(the same proportions of Males listed CIS as their major1/29=0.034482759%)
3) (the same proportions of Males listed Economics/Finance as their major
4/29=0.137931034%)
4) (the same proportions of Males listed International Business as their
major2/29=0.068965517%)
5) (the same proportions of Males listed Management as their major6/29=0.206896552%)
6) (the same proportions of Males listed Other as their major4/29=0.137931034%)
7) (the same proportions of Males listed Retailing/Marketing as their
major5/29=0.172413793%)
8) (the same proportions of Males listed Undecided as their major3/29=0.103448276%)

1.3.2 Find the conditional probability of different majors among the female students of CMSU.

Solution:
1)(the same proportions of Females listed CIS as their major 3/33=0.090909091%)
2)(the same proportions of Females listed Accounting as their major 3/33=0.090909091%)
3)(the same proportions of Females listed Economics/Finance as their major
7/33=0.212121212%)
4)(the same proportions of Females listed International Business as their major
4/33=0.121212121 %)
5)(the same proportions of Females listed Management as their major 4/33=0.121212121%)
6)(the same proportions of Females listed Retailing/Marketing as their major
9/33=0.272727273%)
7)(the same proportions of Females listed Other as their major 3/33=0.090909091%)
8)(the same proportions of Females listed Undecided as their major 0/33=0%)

1.4. Assume that the sample is a representative of the population of CMSU. Based on the
data, answer the following question:
1.4.1. Find the probability That a randomly chosen student is a male and intends to graduate.

1.4.2 Find the probability that a randomly selected student is a female and does NOT have a
laptop.

The number of Females and does NOT have a laptop 4. The total number of studentsis 62.
Hence the probability that a Females and does NOT have a laptop 62
P (Females and does NOT have a laptop) =04/62=0.06451
1.5. Assume that the sample is representative of the population of CMSU. Based on the
data, answer the following question:
1.5.1. Find the probability that a randomly chosen student is a male or has full-time
employment?
The probability that a randomly chosen student is either a male or has full-time employment
51.61290322580645
1.5.2. Find the conditional probability that given a female student is randomly chosen, she
is majoring in international business or management.
Probability that given a female student is randomly chosen, she is majoring in international
business or management 24.24%
Total number of Student is a Female, she is majoring in international business or
management is 8 (4 + 4), and total number of Student is 62. Hence, the probability that a
randomly chosen player is a forward or a winger is;
P (international business or management) = (4+4)/33 = 0.2424

1.6. Construct a contingency table of Gender and Intent to Graduate at 2 levels (Yes/No).
The Undecided students are not considered now and the table is a 2x2 table. Do you
think the graduate intention and being female are independent events?

The probability that a randomly selected Student is Female 50.0The probability that a
randomly selected student is female and intends to graduate 55.00000000000001 %They
are not independent events
1.7. Note that there are four numerical (continuous) variables in the data set, GPA, Salary,
Spending, and Text Messages.
1.7.1. If a student is chosen randomly, what is the probability that his/her GPA is less than 3?
The probability that his/her GPA is less than 3 is 27.419354838709676 %
1.7.2. Find the conditional probability that a randomly selected male earns 50 or more.
Find the conditional probability that a randomly selected female earns 50 or more.

1.8. Note that there are four numerical (continuous) variables in the data set, GPA, Salary,
Spending, and Text Messages. For each of them comment whether they follow a normal
distribution. Write a note summarizing your conclusions
skew value of GPA is -0.3146000894506981skew value of Salary is
0.5347008436225946skew value of Spending is 1.5859147414045331skew value of Text
Message is 1.2958079731054333

Problem 2

An important quality characteristic used by the manufacturers of ABC asphalt shingles is the
amount of moisture the shingles contain when they are packaged. Customers may feel that they have
purchased a product lacking in quality if they find moisture and wet shingles inside the
packaging. In some cases, excessive moisture can cause the granules attached to the
shingles for texture and coloring purposes to fall off the shingles resulting in appearance
problems. To monitor the amount of moisture present, the company conducts moisture tests. A shingle
is weighed and then dried. The shingle is then reweighed, and based on the amount of
moisture taken out of the product, the pounds of moisture per 100 square feet is calculated. T
The file (A & B shingles.csv) includes 36 measurements (in pounds per 100 square feet) for A
shingles and 31 for B shingles. he company would like to show that the mean moisture content is less
than 0.35 pounds per 100 square feet. The file (A & B shingles.csv) includes 36
measurements (in pounds per 100 square feet) for A shingles and 31 for B shingles.

2.1 Do you think there is evidence that means moisture contents in both types of shingles
are within the permissible limits? State your conclusions clearly showing all steps.
2.1 Do you think there is evidence that means moisture contents in both types of shingles
are within the permissible limits? State your conclusions clearly showing all steps.
Define Null and alternate hypothesis for sample A.
step 1: Testing whether the moisture content is less the permissible limit.
The null hypothesis states that the moisture content of sample A is greater or than equal to the
permissible limit, µ≥ 0.35.
The alternative hypothesis states that the moisture content of sample A is less than
permissible limit, µ < 0.35
H0: µ ≥ 0.35
HA: µ < 0.35
Step 2: Decide the significance level
Here we select α = 0.05 as given in the question.
Step 3: Identify the test statistic
We have two samples (A and B) and we do not know the population standard deviation.
Sample sizes for both samples are not the same. The sample size is, n > 30. So we use the t
distribution and the tSTAT test statistic for one sample test for A sample.
One tail test for sample A
Step 4: Calculate the p - value and test statistic
tstat -1.4735046253382782
P Value 0.07477633144907513
Step 5: Decide to reject or accept null hypothesis
one-sample t-test p-value= 0.07477633144907513
We do not have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis in favour of alternative
hypothesis
We conclude that the moisture content is greater than permissible limit in sample A.
Define Null and alternate hypothesis for sample B
step 1:
Testing whether the moisture content is less the permissible limit
The null hypothesis states that the moisture content of sample B is greater or than equal to
the permissible limit, µ≥ 0.35
The alternative hypothesis states that the moisture content of sample B is less than
permissible limit, µ < 0.35
H0 : µ ≥ 0.35
HA : µ < 0.35
Step 2: Decide the significance level
Here we select α = 0.05 as given in the question.
Step 3: Identify the test statistic
We have two samples (A and B) and we do not know the population standard deviation.
Sample sizes for both samples are not the same. The sample size is , n > 30. So we use the t
distribution and the tSTAT test statistic for one sample test for B sample.
one tail test for Sample B
Step 4: Calculate the p - value and test statistic
tstat -3.1003313069986995
P Value 0.0020904774003191826
Step 5: Decide to reject or accept null hypothesis

one-sample t-test p-value= 0.0020904774003191826We have enough evidence to reject the

null hypothesis in favour of alternative hypothesis. We conclude that the moisture content
is less than permissible limit in sample B.
2.2 Do you think that the population mean for shingles A and B are equal? Form the
hypothesis and conduct the test of the hypothesis. What assumption do you need to check
before the test for equality of means is performed?
step 1:
Define Null and alternate hypothesis
In testing whether the mean for shingles A and Shingles B are the same, the null hypothesis states that the
mean of shingle A to mean of shingle B are the same.

Step 2: Decide the significance level

Here we select = 0.05 and the population standard deviation is not known.
Step 3: Identify the test statistic
We have two samples and we do not know the population standard deviation. Sample sizes for both
samples are not the same. The sample size is , n > 30. So we use the t distribution and the
tSTAT test statistic for two sample test.
Step 4: Calculate the p - value and test statistic
tstat 1.2896282719661123
P Value 0.2017496571835306
Step 5: Decide to reject or accept null hypothesis
two-sample t-test p-value= 0.2017496571835306We do not have enough evidence to reject
the null hypothesis in favour of alternative hypothesisWe conclude that mean for shingles A
and singles B are not the same

Problem 3A:
Salary is hypothesized to depend on educational qualification and occupation. To
understand the dependency, the salaries of 40 individuals [SalaryData.csv] are collected and
each person’s educational qualification and occupation are noted. Educational qualification
is at three levels, High school graduate, Bachelor's, and Doctorate. Occupation is at four
levels, Administrative and clerical, Sales, Professional or specialty, and Executive or
managerial. A different number of observations are in each level of education – occupation
combination.

1. State the null and the alternate hypothesis for conducting one-way ANOVA for both
Education and Occupation individually
The data has 40 instances with 3 atttributes,1 integertype,2 object type.

No null values in the dataset.

Formulate the Null and alternate hypothesis. The means of Salary with respect to education
is same. The means of Salary with respect to education is not same.one-way ANOVA on
Salary with respect to Education Variable.

Since the P value is less then significance level 0.05,we reject the null hypothesis.

Since the P value is greater then significance level 0.05,we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

2.Perform a one-way ANOVA on Salary with respect to Education. State whether the null
hypothesis is accepted or rejected based on the ANOVA results.
Formulate the Null and alternate hypothesis. The means of Salary with respect to education
is same.
The means of Salary with respect to education is not same.one-way ANOVA on Salary with
respect to Education Variable.
Since the P value is less then significance level 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis.
3.Perform a one-way ANOVA on Salary with respect to Occupation. State whether the null
hypothesis is accepted or rejected based on the ANOVA results.

Since the P value is greater than significance level 0.05,we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
4.Perform a two-way ANOVA based on Salary with respect to both Education and
Occupation (along with their interaction Education*Occupation). State the null and
alternative hypotheses and state your results. How will you interpret this result?

As seen from the above interaction plot, there seems to be interaction between two variable.
We can see the following p-values for each of the factor in the table:
Occupation p-value:4.993238e-03
Education p-value is 1.090908e-11
Occupation: Education p-value is 2.913740e-05
Interpretation model summary first lists the independent variables being tested education
and occupation. Next is the residuals, which is the variance in the dependent variable that is
not explained by the independent variables.
The following columns provide all the information needed to interpret the model:
Df shows the degree of freedom for each variable.
sum sq is the sum of squares (the variation the between group means created by the level
of independent variable and the overall mean.
mean sq shows the mean sum of squares (the sum of squares divided by the degreeof
freedom.
F value is the T statistic from the F-test (The mean square of the variable divided by the
square of each parameter.
PR(>F) is the p-value of the F statistic, and shows how likely it is that the F-value calculated
from the F-test would have occurred if the null hypothesis of no difference was true.
6.Explain the business implications of performing ANOVA for this particular case study.
ANOVA is a tool to compare the means of three or more groups. At appropriate significance
level (generally 0.05), the test statistics is evaluated. If p-value is less than significance level,
it can be interpreted that there is no evidence in support of hypothesis that there is no
difference in group means. Or, there is significant difference among group means. While
Performing Two Annova Treatment we can see the following p-values for each of the factors
of the table:
H0: - The means of Salary with respect to each Education and each Occupation is same.H1: -
The means of Salary with respect to each Education and each Occupation is not same.
Occupation: p-value =4.993238e-03
Education: p-value = 1.090908e-11
Education*Occupation: p-value = 2.913740e-05.