BIDIRECTIONAL VISITOR COUNTER

A Project Report

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor in Science (Hons.) in Physics

Under the scheme

Integrated B.Sc. (Hons.)-M.Sc. in Physics

By

ABHAY SINGH (0140420)

ANIKET PANDEY (0440420)
&
ANSHU HANSA (0640420)

Under supervision of:

Dr. ASHIMA

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCES

CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU, SAMBA-181143, INDIA.

MAY 2023

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 UNDERTAKING

We declare that the work reported in this project titled “BIDIRECTIONAL

VISITOR COUNTER”, has entirely been done by us under the supervision of
Dr. Ashima, Department of Physics and Astronomical Sciences, Central
university of Jammu, Samba-181143, India, for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor in Science (Hons.) in Physics under scheme Integrated B.Sc. (Hons.)-
M.Sc. in Physics.

To the best of our knowledge, no part of this work has been plagiarized or
submitted either in part or full for the award of a degree in any other University
or Institution. In case this undertaking is found incorrect, I accept that my degree
may be unconditionally withdrawn.

MAY 2023, JAMMU

(ABHAY SINGH)

(ANIKET PANDEY)

(ANSHU HANSA)

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to Certify that the work contained in the project titled

“BIDIRECTIONAL VISITOR COUNTER” has been submitted By ABHAY
SINGH, ANSHU HANSA & ANIKET PANDEY, students of B.Sc. Physics in
the session 2022-2023 at Department of Physics and Astronomical Sciences,
Central University of Jammu, Samba, J&K as the part of 6th semester towards the
fulfillment of the partial requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Sciences (Hons.) inPhysics, under the scheme Integrated B.Sc. (Hons.)-M.Sc.
in Physics. They have completed their project entirely on their own, under my
supervision. To the best of our knowledge and belief, the project embodies the
work of the candidates themselves.

Dr. Suram Singh Dr. Ashima (Supervisor)

Head, Dept. of Physics and
Dept. of Physics and Astronomical Sciences,
Astronomical Sciences, Central University of Jammu,
Central University of Jammu, Bagla Suchani, J&K, 181143
Bagla Suchani, J&K, 181143

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 Preface

The advancement of technology has enabled us to automate and streamline many tasks that
were once manual and time-consuming. The visitor counting system is one such area where
technology has brought significant improvements. In public spaces such as conference halls,
seminar rooms, shopping malls, and museums, monitoring visitor traffic is crucial for ensuring
safety and comfort while optimizing space utilization.

The purpose of this project is to develop an automated bidirectional visitor counting system
using Arduino that can accurately and reliably count the number of visitors entering and leaving
a room or space. The system utilizes two infrared sensors to detect the passage of individuals
in both directions and a microcontroller to process the signals and display the count on a 16x2
alphanumeric LCD placed outside the room.

This project provides a cost-effective and efficient solution for managing visitor traffic in public
spaces. The system can be customized to suit different settings and is easy to install and use. It
reduces the risk of errors associated with manual counting and provides real-time data on visitor
traffic, which can be used for management and planning purposes.

The project aims to address the challenges of accurately and efficiently counting visitors in
public spaces, ensuring the safety and comfort of visitors while optimizing space utilization.
The system can be scaled up to different settings and integrated with other smart systems to
enhance overall visitor management.

This project report provides a detailed description of the system design, implementation, and
testing process. The report aims to serve as a guide for anyone interested in developing a similar
system or learning more about visitor counting systems. The report includes circuit diagrams,
source code, and a detailed explanation of the system components and their functions.

We hope that this project report will provide useful insights and inspire further research in the
area of visitor counting systems. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our project
guide and all those who supported and encouraged us throughout the project.

We'd like to thank Dr. ASHIMA for her feedback and suggestions, which ultimately led us
how to use of renewable energy sources in our locality.

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 Acknowledgements
We express our profound gratitude to our guide and mentor Dr. ASHIMA whose
able guidance and seamless encouragement helped us in studying and successfully
completing this work.

ABHAY SINGH

ANSHU HANSA

&

ANIKET PANDEY

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Contents

Serial No. Topic Page No.

[1]. Introduction 07-10

[2]. Objectives 11

[3]. Components Used 12

[4]. Construction 13-14

[5]. Principle Working 15-16

[6]. Phenomenon of IR Sensing 17

[7]. Conclusion 17

[8]. Applications 18-19

[9]. References 20

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[1].Introduction

The project aims to develop an automated bidirectional visitor counting system

using Arduino, which can accurately and reliably count the number of visitors
entering and leaving a room or space. Traditional methods of manual counting can
be tedious, time-consuming, and prone to errors, leading to inaccurate counts and
suboptimal utilization of space. Automated visitor counting systems have been
developed to address these challenges, which rely on sensors to count visitors and
provide real-time data.
The proposed system utilizes two infrared (IR) sensors, which are placed at the
entrance and exit points of the room to detect the passage of individuals in both
directions. The system uses a microcontroller (Arduino UNO) to process the
signals from the IR sensors and display the count on a 16x2 alphanumeric LCD
placed outside the room. The system is easy to install and use, making it a cost-
effective solution for managing visitor traffic.
Visitor counting is a critical aspect of managing public spaces such as conference
halls, seminar rooms, shopping malls, and museums. Monitoring visitor traffic can
help prevent overcrowding, ensure visitor safety, and comfort, and provide
valuable data for management and planning purposes. The automated system
reduces the risk of errors associated with manual counting, provides real-time data
on visitor traffic, and can be customized to suit different settings.
The project addresses the problem of accurately and efficiently counting visitors
in public spaces, which is critical for ensuring the safety and comfort of visitors
and optimizing space utilization. The proposed system can be used to track visitor
traffic in various settings, including conference rooms, seminar halls, shopping
malls, temples, and museums. The system can help monitor the number of visitors
to prevent overcrowding and ensure that visitors can move freely without
inconvenience.
Overall, the project provides a reliable and efficient solution for tracking visitor
traffic in public spaces, ensuring the safety and comfort of visitors while also
providing valuable data for management and planning purposes. The system is
easy to install and use, making it a cost-effective solution for managing visitor
traffic. The project can be scaled up to different settings and integrated with other
smart systems to enhance overall visitor management. With this project, visitors
can enjoy a comfortable and safe experience, and administrators can optimize the
utilization of space while providing real-time data for management and planning
purposes.

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Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno ATmega328P microcontroller

The Arduino Uno is a popular microcontroller board that has become a standard
in the world of DIY electronics. It is based on the ATmega328P microcontroller,
which is a powerful and versatile chip that can be used in a wide range of
applications. The board is affordable and easy to use, making it a favorite among
hobbyists and professionals alike.

The Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins, six analog inputs, and a 16 MHz
quartz crystal. It also has a USB connection, a power jack, and an ICSP header for
programming. These features make it suitable for a wide range of projects, from
simple LED blinking to complex robotics projects.

One of the key advantages of the Arduino Uno is its compatibility with the
Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). This free and open-source
platform makes
it easy to write and upload code to the board. The IDE supports a wide range of
programming languages, including C++, which is widely used in the electronics
industry.

The Arduino Uno has found its way into various applications such as robotics,
home automation, and Internet of Things (IoT) projects. Its versatility,
affordability, and ease
of use make it a popular choice for both hobbyists and professionals. It has
become a go-to board for prototyping and testing new ideas in the world of
electronics.
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 Infrared Sensor (IR Sensor)

An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that detects the presence of objects in its
vicinity by emitting and receiving infrared radiation. IR sensors operate by emitting a
beam of IR light and then measuring the amount of reflected or emitted IR radiation to
determine the presence of an object. They are commonly used in a wide range of
applications, including motion detection, temperature sensing, and distance
measurement.

One of the key advantages of IR sensors is their ability to detect the presence of objects
without physical contact, which makes them ideal for use in situations where physical
contact is not desirable or feasible. They are also relatively low cost, reliable, and can be
easily integrated into electronic systems.

Overall, IR sensors are a versatile and useful technology that are widely used in various
fields, including automation, security, and robotics. Their ability to detect the presence
of objects without physical contact makes them particularly well-suited for use in
situations where hygiene, safety, or accessibility are a concern.

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Why we use Arduino Uno?

Arduino is a popular microcontroller-based development platform that provides

an easy-to-use, open-source software and hardware platform for building a wide
range of electronic projects. In the project mentioned, Arduino is used to control
and monitor the IR sensor and the LCD display.

One of the key advantages of using an Arduino microcontroller is that it simplifies

the process of building and programming electronic circuits. The Arduino
platform provides a wide range of libraries and resources that can be used to
quickly prototype and test new projects. It also features a simple, easy-to-learn
programming language that is similar to C++, making it accessible to both novice
and experienced programmers.

In the project mentioned, the Arduino is used to control the operation of the IR
sensor and the LCD display. The microcontroller continuously monitors the
signals from the IR sensor and updates the LCD display to show the current count
of people entering and leaving the room. By using an Arduino, the project is able
to accurately and reliably count the number of visitors entering and leaving the
room, making it a useful tool for monitoring the occupancy of a conference room,
seminar hall, or other public space.

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[2]. Objectives

1. To develop a reliable and accurate bidirectional visitor counting system that can
count
the number of visitors entering and leaving a room or space.
2. To utilize the Arduino platform and infrared sensors for the detection and
processing of visitor traffic in real-time.
3. To design a user-friendly system that can be easily installed, configured, and
customized to suit different settings.
4. To provide a cost-effective solution for managing visitor traffic in public spaces
and enhancing overall visitor management and planning.

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[3]. Components Used

Arduino UNO Connecting wire Breadboard

Potentiometer IR Sensor LCD Display

LED
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[4].Construction

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[5].Principle and Working

The principle of the bidirectional visitor counting system is based on the use of infrared
(IR) sensors to detect the presence of people entering and leaving a room. The system
utilizes two IR sensors placed at the entrance and exit of the room, respectively. These
sensors emit IR beams that are reflected back when a person passes through the
entrance or exit. The reflected IR beam is then detected by the sensor, which triggers
the Arduino Uno to increment or decrement the count based on the direction of the
movement.

1. The bidirectional visitor counting system utilizes two infrared (IR) sensors,
positioned at the entrance and exit points of a room, to detect the presence of
individuals entering and exiting the space.

2. When an individual enters the room, the IR beam emitted by the entrance
sensor is reflected back to the sensor and triggers an interruption detection.
The interruption detection event is processed by an Arduino Uno
microcontroller,
which increments the count and updates the value on the attached liquid crystal
display (LCD) module.

3. Similarly, when an individual exits the room, the IR beam from the exit sensor
is reflected back, interrupting the sensor and triggering a decrement in the count.
The Arduino Uno processes this event and updates the count on the LCD
module.

4. The Arduino Uno serves as the central processing unit of the system,
continuously monitoring the IR sensors, processing the sensor input, and
updating the LCD display. The system is powered by a 9V battery, ensuring
portability and making it suitable for a range of applications. The use of IR
sensors and the Arduino Uno provides a reliable, efficient, and cost-effective
solution for managing visitor traffic in public spaces.

The principle of operation for the system is based on the detection of IR beam
interruptions by the sensors, which are processed by the Arduino Uno microcontroller
to update the count in real-time. The working of the system is achieved through the
continuous monitoring of the IR sensors by the Arduino Uno, which processes the
sensor input and updates the count on the LCD module.
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[6]. Phenomenon of IR sensing.
How does an IR sensor work?

The phenomena of IR sensing is based on the fact that objects emit or reflect IR
radiation, which can be detected by an IR sensor. IR sensors work by emitting a
beam of IR light and then measuring the amount of reflected or emitted IR
radiation. This process is known as reflection or emission sensing, respectively.
When an object enters the field of view of the IR sensor, it can reflect or emit IR
radiation. The IR sensor detects this radiation and produces an output signal that
is proportional to the amount of radiation detected. The output signal can then be
used to determine the presence or absence of an object in the vicinity of the sensor.
IR sensors can be used in a wide range of applications, including motion detection,
temperature sensing, and distance measurement. They are commonly used in
electronic systems such as home automation, security systems, and robotics.
Overall, the phenomena of IR sensing is a fundamental principle behind the
operation of IR sensors. By detecting the presence of IR radiation, IR sensors can
provide a reliable and accurate method for detecting the presence or absence of
objects in their field of view.

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[7].Conclusions
After studying and developing the model of VISITOR COUNTER we came
to following conclusion:
1. The bidirectional visitor counting system developed in this project offers a
reliable and cost-effective solution for managing visitor traffic in public
spaces.
2. The system utilizes the Arduino platform and infrared sensors to accurately
count the number of visitors entering and leaving a room or space in real-
time.
3. The system has a wide range of applications in various settings such as
museums, exhibitions, hospitality industry, and transportation hubs,
providing an innovative and practical solution to the challenges faced in
managing visitor traffic.

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[8].Applications

Public Spaces: The bidirectional visitor counting system developed in this

project can be used in public spaces such as conference halls, seminar rooms, and
shopping malls to monitor the number of visitors entering and leaving the space.
The system can help manage visitor traffic and ensure the safety and comfort of
visitors.

Museums and Exhibitions: The system can also be used in museums and
exhibitions to monitor the number of visitors who have come to watch a certain
exhibit. This information can be used to optimize space utilization and enhance
overall visitor experience.

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Hospitality Industry: In the hospitality industry, the system can be used in hotels
and resorts to monitor the number of guests entering and leaving the premises.
This information can be used to manage capacity and ensure guest safety and
comfort.
Transportation Hubs: The system can be used in transportation hubs such as
airports and train stations to monitor passenger traffic and optimize space
utilization. This information can also be used for planning and management
purposes.

Overall, the bidirectional visitor counting system developed in this project has a
wide range of applications and can be customized to suit different settings. It can
provide real-time data on visitor traffic, which can be used for management and
planning purposes.

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[9].References

1. Wikimedia Foundation. (2023, April 29). Arduino. Wikipedia. Retrieved

April 30, 2023, from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino
2. PNG images. PNGWing. (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2023, from
https://www.pngwing.com/.
3. Team, T. A. (n.d.). Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) with Arduino. Arduino
Documentation. Retrieved April 30, 2023, from
https://docs.arduino.cc/learn/electronics/lcd-displays.

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