[DISPLAY SYSTEM FOR AMOUNT OF SEATS AVAILABLE FREE IN LIBRARY] February 1, 2016

Acknowledgement
We express our heartfelt gratitude to our adviser Dr ArmuthRT for his guidance and
consultancy in this project. Secondly, the school of electrical and computer engineering played
vital role in organizing schedules for us.

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 [DISPLAY SYSTEM FOR AMOUNT OF SEATS AVAILABLE FREE IN LIBRARY] February 1, 2016

Abstract
In new era the whole world is changing very fast and the use of electronics in everyday life
became necessary. Many electronic and electrical devices are used to make easy life style. The
visitor counter is a one of those instruments which help to count the exact number of visitors at
occasion where ever it is necessary. In this project we have used simple circuit, which consists of
IR pair at input section and LCD at output section. With the help of this system we can count the
visitors, at Banks, shops, temples, molls’ etc but for library in our case for counting students. We
require 5v DC power supply. IR pair is the input section of this circuit. As soon as the student
enters the door, a high to low pulse goes to receiver of IR pair. Then this output of receiver fed to
the arduino microcontroller. It does the job of counting and provides output to the input of LCD
for displaying and finally we get the display of total seat available free for students on LCD.In
this way the circuit of visit counter can works on such simple principle

List of figure

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 [DISPLAY SYSTEM FOR AMOUNT OF SEATS AVAILABLE FREE IN LIBRARY] February 1, 2016

Fig 3.6 Flowchart………...………………………………………………………………………12

Table of contents

Acknowledgement............................................................................................................................I
Abstract...........................................................................................................................................II
List of figure..................................................................................................................................III
Table of contents...........................................................................................................................IV
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
1.1Introduction.............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Objectives...............................................................................................................................1

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 [DISPLAY SYSTEM FOR AMOUNT OF SEATS AVAILABLE FREE IN LIBRARY] February 1, 2016

1.2.1 General objective.............................................................................................................1

1.2.2 Specific objectives...........................................................................................................1
1.3 Statement of problem.............................................................................................................1
1.4 Proposed solution...................................................................................................................1
1.5 Significance of a project........................................................................................................2
1.6 Limitation of project..............................................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................3
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................3
2.1 Background of project............................................................................................................3
CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................................4
METHODOLOGY AND CIRCUIT DESIGN................................................................................4
3.1 Block diagram of system........................................................................................................4
3.1.2 Block diagram description...............................................................................................4
3.2 Methodology..........................................................................................................................5
3.3 Materials required for project................................................................................................5
3.3.1 IR Pair..............................................................................................................................5
3.3.2 Arduino Microcontroller.................................................................................................7
3.5.1 IR link............................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................12
RESULT AND DISCUSSION......................................................................................................12
4.1 Result of simulation.............................................................................................................12
4.2 Discussion............................................................................................................................12
4.2.1 Infrared interfacing with microcontroller......................................................................12
4.2.2 LCD interfacing with microcontroller...........................................................................13
CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................15
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION............................................................................15
5.1Conclusion............................................................................................................................15
5.2 Recommendation.................................................................................................................16
References......................................................................................................................................17
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………….…...19

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.1Introduction
Many electronic and electrical devices are used to make easy life style. There are many changes
in human life due to the use of electronics, the tedious job become simple, the time required is
also get shorted and many more advantages are observed. The visit counter is a one of those
instruments which help to count the exact number of visitors at occasion where ever it is
necessary. If we count the numbers, some time manual errors are introduced in it and we are
unable to get correct information.But this can overcome with the use of the small circuit of visit
counter. Once we get the exact number of visitors then it is easy to provide them further facilities
or data information.

1.2 Objectives
1.2.1 General objective: to design the bidirectional counter to display total number of seats
available free for students entering library.

1.2.2 Specific objectives

To know how infrared sensors detect person entering and leaving a library.
To know how to interface infrared sensors with arduino microcontroller.
To design counting system up to our design.

1.3 Statement of problem

Many of libraries in our country have limited amount of seats used for students. Students go to
library unconscious of how many seats available free. Some students go to library early while
others join study being late. Early students get free seats while those who are late search for a
seat for a long period of time and may or may not get the seat. This is tiresome and time
consuming which makes students’ schedule disordered and lose their time management system.
Therefore there must be the counting system to count students entering and leaving the gate and
display number of seats available free on the gate of library.

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1.4 Proposed solution
To solve the above stated problem there may exist manual counting. This system is done by man
power which is difficult and not accurate. To avoid these we designed other system to count
student entering and leaving, and display the total number of seats left free in library. The system
uses infrared sensors to detect each students entering and leaving placed at both entrance and exit
gate of library. Infrared sensors are interfaced with arduino microcontroller to display number of
seats free on LCD display unit by subtracting total number of students leaved from those
entering library since there are students who leave library due to situation in library such as air
condition and being unwilling to study in library for that specific day.

1.5 Significance of a project

Infrared sensor technology accurately counts students moving in and out of a library or
general area
Battery powered and completely takes less wire
Small and light weight design allows installation on virtually any surface
Very affordable i.e. low cost
Display counters equipped with screens showing count values
Valuable tool to manage students time
Makes keeping track of daily,weekly,monthly or yearly counting extremely simple

1.6 Limitation of project

It is used only when one single person cuts the rays of the sensor hence it cannot be
used when two person cross simultaneously.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Background bidirectional counter

In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the
number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal.
In practice, there are two types of counters: Up counters, which increase (increment) in value
and Down counters, which decrease (decrement) in value. Bidirectional counters, also known as
Up/Down counters, are capable of counting in either direction through any given count sequence
and they can be reversed at any point within their count sequence by using an additional control
input as shown below.[1]The fear of theft and burglary always annoys many people. When lock
and keys become less safe, one can seek the help of electronic security systems. Such a portable
security system is described here. This electronic setup auto activated whenever the intruder
enters to the unauthorized no entry area. It auto activate the landline number and redial the last
dialed number from the conventional telephone. All we need is to do minor changes to activate
this telephone as it works as to become auto dialer circuit. Thus whenever the intruder enters to
the area, it activates the sensor circuit of either sound activation or infrared light beam
obstruction circuit, the redial circuit become active and gives a ring tone to the receiving end. It
may be a mobile phone or any landline phone or even police control room. In today’s world,
there is a continuous need for automatic appliances. With the increase in standard of living, there
is a sense of urgency for developing circuits that would ease the complexity of life. Also if at all
one wants to know the number of people present in room soaps not to have congestion, this
circuit proves to be helpful. This project "automatic room light controller with visitor counter
using microcontroller" is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of persons/visitor in the room
very accurately. When somebody enters into the room will be switched ON and when any one.
The light in room will be only switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. [4]

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY AND CIRCUIT DESIGN

3.1 Block diagram of system

Ardu
ENTRANCE COMPARA no
IR SENSOR TOR 1 micr
ocon
trolle
r
LCD
EXIT IR COMPARA display
SENSOR TOR 2

Fig 3.1 Block diagram of system

3.1.2 Block diagram description

Entrance and Exit Circuits:-This is one of the main parts of our project. The main intention of
this block is to sense the person. For sensing the person and light we are using infrared sensor.
By using this sensor and its related circuit diagram we can count the persons.

Microcontroller:-It is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with8KB of

Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured
using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the MCS-
51TMinstruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be

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reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bitCPU with Flash on a monolithic hip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful.

LCD: We are going to use 16x2 alphanumeric Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) which means it
can display alphabets along with numbers on 2 lines each containing 16 characters.LCD is
interfaced to the port 1 of microcontroller. LCD is having 8 bit data lines & 3 control signals
R/S, R/W & E.RS: The RS pin is used for their selection as follows. IF RS=0, the instruction
command code register is selected and if RS=1 the data register is selected.

R/W: The R/W input allows the user to write Information to the LCD or read information from
it. R/W=1when reading; R/W=0 when writing.

E: the enable pin is used by the LCD to latch Information presented to its data pins .When data
is supplied to data pins, an H to L pulse must be applied to this pin.

3.2 Methodology
As shown on block diagram above first the total amount of seats in library is stored in memory of
microcontroller. When students enter into library consequently the infrared sensor detects them
and the counter incremented by one at each instant of entrance. The microcontroller checks the
interruption of infrared sensor at exit gate to detect student leaving the library and do the job of
decrementing the counter value by one.Finaly, the total amount of seats available free are
displayed on LCD from output of arduino microcontroller

3.3 Materials required for project

3.3.1 IR Pair

Infrared sensor is an electronics device which is used to detect heat and objects. It works with the
detection of infra radiations and change in heat in its surrounding. infrared sensor have many
applications from the domestic to industrial use such as object, motion ,smoke, gas detection and
object counter. Infrared sensors are the most often used sensor by visitor counter. Infra red
sensors are in the form of diodes with 2 terminals. Here onwards, we will use Tx to refer to a
transmitter and Rx to refer to a receiver diode. Upon careful observation, you will notice that
amongst the two legs, one has a much wider base within the diode. That is normally the cathode

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(negative) whereas the leg having a smaller base would be the anode (positive terminal). [1]

Fig 3.2 Infrared sensor

Operation:

When the Tx is forward biased, it begins emitting infrared signal. Since it’s not in visible
spectrum, you will not be able to see it through naked eyes but you will be able to view it
through an ordinary cell phone camera. When emitted signal is interrupted by some obstacle it
will be received by Rx receiver.

A typical transmitter circuit

Fig 3.3 Transmitter circuit

The resistance R1 in the above circuit can vary. It should not be a very high value (~ 1Kohm) as
then the current flowing through the diode would be very less and hence the intensity of emitted
IR would be lesser. By increasing the current flowing in the circuit, you can increase the

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effective distance of your IR sensor. However, there are drawbacks of reducing the resistance.
Firstly, it would increase the current consumption of your circuit and hence drain the battery
(one of the few precious resources for any embedded system)faster. Secondly, increasing
the current might destroy the Tx. So, the final choice should be a calculated trade-off between
these various factors. You can also modulate the IR to achieve better distance and immunity.
The receiver diode has a very high resistance, typically of the order of mega Ohms when IR is
not incident upon it. However, when IR is incident upon it, the resistance decreases sharply to
the order of a few kilo Ohms or even lesser. This feature forms the basis of using IR as a sensor.

LCD initialization

The steps that have to be done for initializing the LCD display is given below and these
steps are common for almost all applications. This shows how LCD and microcontroller
communicate internally

Send 38H to the 8 bit data line for initialization

Send 0FH for making LCD ON, cursor ON and cursor blinking ON.
Send 06H for incrementing cursor position.
Send 01H for clearing the display and return the cursor. Sending data to the LCD.

The steps for sending data to the LCD module are given below. The LCD module has pins
namely RS, R/W and E. It is the logic state of these pins that make the module to determine
whether a given data input is a command or data to be displayed.

Make R/W low.

Make RS=0 if data byte is a command and make RS=1 if the data byte is a data to be
displayed.
Place data byte on the data register.
Pulse E from high to low and repeat above steps for sending another data.

3.3.2 Arduino Microcontroller

The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful single board computer that has
gained considerable traction in the hobby and professional market. The Arduino is open-source,
which means hardware is reasonably priced and development software is free. This guide is for

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students in ME 2011, or students anywhere who are confronting the Arduino for the first time.
The Arduino project was started in Italy to develop low cost hardware for interaction design. The
Arduino hardware comes in several flavors. In the United States, Spark fun (www.sparkfun.com)
is a good source for Arduino hardware. This guide covers the Arduino Uno board (Sparkfun
DEV-09950, $29.95), a good choice for students and educators. With the Arduino board, you can
write programs and create interface circuits to read switches and other sensors, and to control
motors and lights with very little effort. Many of the pictures and drawings in this guide were
taken from the documentation on the Arduino site, the place to turn if you need more
information. The Arduino programming language is a simplified version of C/C++. If you know
C, programming the Arduino will be familiar. If you do not know C, no need to worry as only a
few commands are needed to perform useful functions. An important feature of the Arduino is
that you can create a control program on the host PC, download it to the Arduino and it will run
automatically. Remove the USB cable connection to the PC, and the program will still run from
the top each time you push the reset button. Remove the battery and put the Arduino board in a
closet for six months. When you reconnect the battery, the last program you stored will run. This
means that you connect the board to the host PC to develop and debug your program, but once
that is done, you no longer need the PC to run the program.

Features:-

An Atmel ATmega328 microcontroller operating at 5 V with 2 Kb of RAM, 32 Kb of

flash memory for storing programs and 1 Kb of EEPROM for storing parameters.
The clock speed is 16 MHz, which translates to about executing about 300,000 lines of C
source code per second.
The board has 14 digital I/O pins and 6 analog input pins.
There is a USB connector for talking to the host computer and a DC power jack for
connecting an external 6-20 V power source, for example a 9 V battery, when running a
program while not connected to the host computer.
Headers are provided for interfacing to the I/O pins using 22 g solid wire or header
connectors.

3.4 Flow chart of system

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If the sensor 1 is interrupted first then the microcontroller will look for the sensor 2. And if it is
interrupted then the microcontroller will increment the count and display seat number decreasing
by one.
If the sensor 2 is interrupted first then the microcontroller will look for the sensor 1. And if it is
interrupted then the microcontroller will decrement the count.

Start

Infrared
transmission
signal

Interrupted from sensor2 Interrupted from sensor1

Count++ Count--

Number of seats
displayed

End

Fig 3.4 Flow chart of system

3.5 Circuit design

When IR link is interfaced with arduino microcontroller, the LCD displays total seats available
free. When IR link at entrance (pin13) detects student entering a library account will increase by

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one and total seat will decrease by one. When IR link at exit gate detects a student leaving a
library the counter will decrease by one and the total seat will increase by one. The comparator
compares infrared signal with reference signal.

The circuit shown below has IR link, comparator, arduino microcontroller and LCD.

Fig 3.5 Circuit design

3.5.1 IR link

IR link used here have both transmitter and receiver circuit internally

IR transmitter circuit

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 Fig 3.6 Transmitter circuit diagram

This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is configured to function as a basic monostable
multivibrator.A monostable multivibrator is a timing circuit that changes state once triggered, but
returns to its original state after a certain time delay. It got its name from the fact that only one of
its output states is stable. It is also known as a one-shot. In this circuit, a negative pulse applied
at pin 2 triggers an internal flip-flop that turns off pin 7's discharge transistor; allowing C1 to
charge up through R1.At the same time, the flip-flop brings the output (pin 3) level to high.
When capacitor C1 as charged up to about 2/3 Vcc, the flip-flop is triggered once again, this time
making the pin 3 output low and turning on pin 7's discharge transistor, which discharges C1 to
ground. This circuit, in effect, produces a pulse at pin 3 whose width is just the product of R1
and C1, i.e., t=R1C1.IR Transmission circuit is used to generate the modulated 36 kHz IR signal.
The IC555 in the transmitter side is to generate 36 kHz square wave. Adjust the preset in the
transmitter to get a 38 kHz signal at the o/p. around 1.4K we get a 38 kHz signal. Then you point
it over the sensor and its o/p will go low when it senses the IR signal of 38 kHz. The frequency
can be calculated from:

Xc=1/2 πcf , f=1/2πcXc, Xc=e−RCt where Xc is capacitor reactance and C is capacitor and
f is frequency of IR.

IR receiver circuit

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 Fig 3.7 IR receiver circuit

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Result of simulation

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 Fig 4.1 Initial seat amount display

4.2 Discussion
4.2.1 Infrared interfacing with microcontroller

Infrared sensors output from comparator are interfaced with arduino microcontroller at its analog
input. The analog input is assigned to output 1 and output 2 as entrance and exit sensor output
respectively.

Output 1=digital Read [pinir1] and output 2=digital Read [pinir2]

As a student get into library the result is high, the counter will increase by 1. The count value
continuously increases until output, goes low. When student leaves the library the result of
output 2 goes high the count value decrements by 1. When many students continued leaving a
library the counter accruements till zero value.

Fig 4.2 Interfacing infrared sensor with microcontroller

4.2.2 LCD interfacing with microcontroller

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When LCD is interfaced with microcontroller it will display what is initialized in arduino
program and the total number of seats in library. It will display seat number with help of
microcontroller by subtracting count value from total sum of seats in library. The counter value
is incremented depending on condition of output1 and output2 of infrared sensors.

Case1: output 1 goes high output 2 goes low, counter increments by 1.

Case2: output 1 goes low and output 2 goes high, counter decrements by 1.

Case3: output 1 goes high and output 2 goes high counter remains as it is.

Case4: output1 goes low and output 2 goes high counter remains as it is.

Fig 4.3 When infrared at entrance is interrupted

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1Conclusion
This paper shows an approach to count student passing through a specific library by using
infrared sensor transmitter, receiver pair and arduino microcontroller and display total number of
seats available free in library. Simplicity and moderate distance detection of infrared sensor
makes the counting system efficient. This student counting system can be easily implemented on
proteus simulation and can able to count the student in real time up to seat number 9999. This
process can be good alternative of the traditional manpower based visitor counting system.
This system consists of several good applications data storing and processing which are the
important tolls of computer vision systems. This student counting system can also be
utilized in several places like shopping mall, departmental store, recreational park, railway
platforms, stations and so many places for counting visitor and gather idea about the
present people in a specific place. Generally when this design is applied, it is effective and
efficient for time management and schedule arrangement for students

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5.2 Recommendation
By using this circuit and proper power supply we can implement various applications
Such as fans, tube lights, etc. to turn on and off light and fans depending on condition of
students in library to save energy.
One can design another circuit to count students by using video camera when two or
more students entering or leaving a library.
This visitor counting system can be easily implemented in Matlab-Simulink
programming tool with a high configuration computer.
One can perform future expansion on sending data displayed on LCD to internet and
other communication media in order the students get information about condition in
library.

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References
[1] Programming in ANSI C: E BALAGURUSAMY
[2]The 8051microcontroller and embedded systems: MUHAMMAD AJANICE GILLISPIE
MAZIDI
[3] The 8051 microcontroller: KENNETH J. AYALA
[4] http://www.buildcircuit.com
[5] http://www.arduino.cc
[6] Microcontroller Interfacing Techniques BiPOM Electronics Inc
[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_counter
[8] Microcontroller-based Bidirectional Visitor Counter,EFY blog post

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Appendix

Arduino code

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Jit school of ECE control stream semester project Page 19