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PH402 - 2024 - T1 Tutorial Iit Guwahati

1. This document provides 10 problems related to complex analysis and the complex plane for a Mathematical Physics II assignment. The problems cover topics like De Moivre's theorem, roots of polynomials, logarithms, distances on the complex plane and Riemann sphere. 2. Problem 10 discusses defining distances on the complex plane and Riemann sphere. It presents formulas for the geodesic and chordal distances between two points z1 and z2 on the Riemann sphere in terms of their complex representations. 3. The distance of any point z from the point at infinity is given by the geodesic distance formula γ(z,∞)=cos−1(|z|^2-1)/(|

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33 views2 pages

PH402 - 2024 - T1 Tutorial Iit Guwahati

1. This document provides 10 problems related to complex analysis and the complex plane for a Mathematical Physics II assignment. The problems cover topics like De Moivre's theorem, roots of polynomials, logarithms, distances on the complex plane and Riemann sphere. 2. Problem 10 discusses defining distances on the complex plane and Riemann sphere. It presents formulas for the geodesic and chordal distances between two points z1 and z2 on the Riemann sphere in terms of their complex representations. 3. The distance of any point z from the point at infinity is given by the geodesic distance formula γ(z,∞)=cos−1(|z|^2-1)/(|

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Mathematical Physics II Department of Physics

Assignment 1 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati


PH402 22/01/2024

1. Prove de Moivre’s theorem: (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ, where n is any positive integer.

2. Find all values of z for which z 5 = −32, and locate these values in the complex plane.

3. Prove that the sum and product of all the roots of a0 z n + a1 z n−1 + · · · + an = 0 are −a1 /a0
and (−1)n an /a0 , where a0 ̸= 0.

4. Let ω 5 = z and suppose that corresponding to the particular value z = z1 , we have ω = ω1 .


(a) If we start at the point z1 in the z plane and make one complete circuit counterclockwise
around the origin, show that the value of ω on returning to z1 is ω1 e2πi/5 .
(b) What are the values of ω after returning to z1 , after 2, 3, · · · complete circuits around the
origin.
(c) Discuss your answer if the paths do not enclose the origin.
(d) In the preceding parts explain why we can consider ω as a collection of five single valued
functions of z.
(e) Explain geometrically the relationship between these single valued functions.
(f) Show geometrically, how we can restrict ourselves to a particular single valued function.

5. If z = eω where z = r(cos θ + i sin θ) and ω = u + iv, show that u = ln r and vθ + 2kπ,


k = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · so that ω = ln z = ln r + i(θ + 2kπ). Determine the values of ln(1 − i). What
is the principal value?

6. Draw the sets representing the following relations:

• z ∈ C such that |z − 1| = 2
• z ∈ C such that |z − i| = |z + 1|.

7. If |z − 3 + 2i| = 4, then find the greatest value of |z|.

8. Find all the complex numbers z such that ez = −i.

9. Show that each value of 2 log i is a value of log i2 but not conversely. More concretely log i2 ̸=
2 log i.

10. The usual notion of a distance on the complex plane is what you would expect from the
elementary Euclidean geometry in a plane: given two points z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 ,
the distance between them is |z1 − z2 | = [(x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2 ]1/2 . It is zero iff z1 and z2
coincide. Moreover, this distance function satisfies the triangle inequality

|z1 − z3 | ≤ |z1 − z2 | + |z2 − z3 |

for any three points z1 , z2 and z3 . The problem with this definition is that it is not very
useful when we have to deal with the point at infinity. As you might expect, this difficulty
is circumvented by using the idea of Riemann sphere as the representation of the extended
Mathematical Physics II PH402 - Page 2 of 2 22/01/2024

complex plane. Let the points z1 and z2 in the complex plane corresponds to the points P and
Q on the Riemann sphere (S), with coordinates ξ = (ξ1 , ξ2 , ξ3 ) and ζ = (ζ1 , ζ2 , ζ3 ) respectively.
A natural definition of distance between these two points on S would be the geodesic distance
between them: namely, the length of the arc of the great circle on S that passes through P
and Q. This is the shortest path between P and Q that lies entirely on the sphere. Since the
radius of the sphere is unity, this arc length is numerically equal to the angle γ (say) between
the two vectors joining the points P and Q with the origin. But cos γ = ξ · ζ, because both ξ
and ζ are unit vectors.
(a) Show that, the geodesic distance γ = cos−1 (ξ · ζ) can then be expressed in terms of z1 and
z2 and their complex conjugates as

2|z1 − z2 |2
 
γ(z1 , z2 ) = cos−1 1 −
(|z1 |2 + 1)(|z2 |2 + 1)

(b) Then show that the distance of any point z from the point at infinity is just
 2 
|z| − 1
γ(z, ∞) = cos−1 =θ
|z|2 + 1

(c) As a measure of the distance, the arc length γ is somewhat cumbersome. A more con-
venient way is the chordal distance between P and Q. This is the length of a chord
drawn from P to Q (treating the sphere as a hollow surface in three dimensional Eu-
clidean space), rather than that of the great circle arc between these points. Show that
this quantity expressed in terms of z1 , z2 and their complex conjugates should be:

2|z1 − z2 |
d(z1 , z2 ) = p .
(|z1 | + 1)(|z2 |2 + 1)
2

2
and then show that d(z, ∞) = √ .
|z|2 +1

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