Technion of GuangDong Exam Paper of Calculus 2
Technion of GuangDong Exam Paper of Calculus 2
FINAL B - SOLUTION
July 15, 2020
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large and not too small).
1
Problem 1 (10 points)
Find an orthogonal (nearest point) projection of the point P = (5, −6, 3) to the plane
defined by points A = (2/3, 0, 0), B = (0, −1, 0), and C = (0, 0, 2).
Answer
First, let’s find the plane’s equation.
−→ 2 −→ 2
AB = − , −1, 0 , AC = − , 0, 2 ,
3 3
−→ −→ 4 2
AB × AC = −2, , − .
3 3
~ = (3, −2, 1). Therefore, the plane’s
Thus, we can take the normal of the plane to be N
equation is of the form:
3x − 2y + z + D = 0,
if we plug C = (0, 0, 2) we get D = −2 and so the plane’s equation is
3x − 2y + z − 2 = 0.
The line perpendicular to the plane which also passes through the point P = (5, −6, 3)
can naturally be parameterized by
~l(t) = (5, −6, 3) + t(3, −2, 1).
Plugging it in the plane’s equation yield a specific value of t which represents the nearest
point to P in the plane. That is,
t = −2.
The nearest point to P in the plane is
2
Problem 2 (15 points)
p
Find the tangent plane of the function f (x, y) = 41 − 4x2 − y 2 at (2, 3) and use it
to approximate f at the point (2.1, 2.9).
Answer
Notice that f is differentiable in a neighborhood of (2, 3) since it is a composition of
elementary functions which are defined over this neighborhood. We can also represent
the graph of f as a level surface of F (x, y, z) as follows:
z
p z }| {
0 = 41 − 4x2 − y 2 − f (x, y) = F (x, y, z).
Since F is differentiable in a neighborhood of (2, 3), we are able to find the normal to the
tangent plane using ∇F~ .
!
~ = −p 4x y
∇F , −p , −1 ,
41 − 4x2 − y 2 41 − 4x2 − y 2
~ (2, 3, f (2, 3)) = ∇F
~ (2, 3, 4) = 8 3
∇F − , − , −1 ,
4 4
~ = (8, 3, 4). The plane’s equation is
which means that we can choose the normal to be N
of the form
8x + 3y + 4z + D = 0.
Plugging the point (2,3,4) yields D = −41, hence, the plane’s equation is
8x + 3y + 4z + −41 = 0 .
3
Problem 3 (15 points)
The function f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 − 2x − 2y has infinitely many local maximum points
and one local minimum point under the constraint (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 ≤ 2. Find the local
maxima and minimum. Explain why there are no other local extremal points, sketch the
graph of the function.
Answer
On one hand,
Constraint
f (x, y) = (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 − 2 ≤ 2 − 2 = 0.
Therefore, 0 is a maximal value of f over the constraint which is obtained exactly where
(x−1)2 +(y −1)2 = 2, but this equation represents exactly the boundary of the constraint.
Thus, the maximal value of f is obtained over the circle (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 2 which
contains infinitely many points.
On the other hand,
Thus, −2 is a minimal value over the given constraint and it is obtained at (1, 1) and
nowhere else.
Conclusion: The maximal value of f over the given constraint is 0 and it is obtained
over the circle (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 2 and the minimal value −2 is obtained at (1,1).
Notice that from the above analysis it stems that there are no other points that can yield
extremal values since if (x0 , y0 ) satisfies 0 < (x0 − 1)2 + (y0 − 1)2 < 2 then
4
Problem 4 (15 points)
1. Find the limit of the function
x2 + y 2 − z 2
f (x, y, z) =
x2 + y 2 + z 2
at the point (0, 0, 0), or show that the limit does not exist. (7 p.)
2. f (x, y) is differentiable at (2,3) and also satisfies ∂f
∂x
(2, 3) = 2, ∂f
∂y
(2, 3) = −3. Find
the limit of
f (2 + t, 3 + t) − f (2, 3)
lim ,
t→0 t
or show that the limit does not exist. (8 p.)
Answer
p
1. Choose the surface z = x2 + y 2 then
x2 + y 2 − (x2 + y 2 )
lim = 0.
(x,y)→(0,0) 2(x2 + y 2 )
p
On the other hand, if we choose the surface 2(x2 + y 2 ) then
x2 + y 2 − 2(x2 + y 2 ) −(x2 + y 2 ) 1
lim = lim = − .
(x,y)→(0,0) 3(x2 + y 2 ) (x,y)→(0,0) 3(x2 + y 2 ) 3
The above limits show that different paths to (0,0,0) yield different limit results and
therefore the limit does not exist.
2. If f (x, y) is differentiable at (2,3) then (by definition)
f (2 + h, 3 + k) − f (2, 3) − h ∂f
∂x
(2, 3) − k ∂f
∂y
(2, 3)
lim √ = 0.
(h,k)→(0,0) h2 + k 2
Last statement is true for any path passes through (0, 0), in particular, it is valid
for the path h = k = t. Namely,
f (2 + t, 3 + t) − f (2, 3) − t · 2 + t · 3
lim √ =0
t→0 2|t|
1 f (2 + t, 3 + t) − f (2, 3) + t
√ lim =0
2 t→0 |t|
f (2 + t, 3 + t) − f (2, 3) + t
lim = 0.
t→0 |t|
Now we need to check one sided limits for t.
f (2 + t, 3 + t) − f (2, 3) f (2 + t, 3 + t) − f (2, 3)
lim+ + 1 = 0 ⇒ lim+ = −1.
t→0 t t→0 t
f (2 + t, 3 + t) − f (2, 3) f (2 + t, 3 + t) − f (2, 3)
lim− − 1 = 0 ⇒ lim− = −1.
t→0 −t t→0 t
In any case we get
f (2 + t, 3 + t) − f (2, 3)
lim = −1 .
t→0 t
5
Problem 5 (15 points)
Consider the cardioid curve defined by the equation r = 1+cos(θ), in polar coordinates.
Compute:
1. The length of the boundary curve (you may use the identity: sin α sin β+cos α cos β =
cos(α − β)). (8 p.)
2. The area of the region enclosed by the curve. (7 p.)
Answer
1. The question hints us to parameterize the cardioid using polar coordinates. That is
x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ. Since r = 1 + cos θ we get
~l(θ) = ((1 + cos θ) cos θ, (1 + cos θ) sin θ),
= 4((1 − 0) − (0 − 1)) = 8 .
2. Parameterization:
6
Problem 6 (15 points)
Use the Gauss divergence theorem to compute the flux of the vector field F~ (x, y, z) =
(y, x, z 2 ) out from the region bounded by the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 and the plane z = 1.
Answer
ZZ ZZZ ZZZ
F~ · n̂ dS = ~ · F~ dV =
∇ 2z dxdydz =
S V V
ZZ Z1 ZZ
=2 z dz dxdy = 1 − (x2 + y 2 )2 dxdy =
x2 +y 2 ≤1 x2 +y 2 x2 +y 2 ≤1
!
Z 2π Z 1 2 6 1
r r
= (Polar coordinates) = (1 − r4 )r drdθ = 2π − =
0 0 2 6 0
1 1 2π
= 2π − = .
2 6 3
7
Problem 7 (15 points)
Let S be the part of paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 below the plane z = 1 (not including the
upper cap). Verify the statement of Stokes’ theorem for the function F~ (x, y, z) = (y, x, z 2 ).
The boundary curve of z is the level curve of z where z = 1.
Answer
Let’s compute the work done by the field along the given curve (circulation) using line
integral.
Parameterization:
~r(θ) = (cos θ, sin θ, 1), 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
~r 0 (θ) = (− sin θ, cos θ, 0).
I Z 2π
F~ · d~r = (sin θ, cos θ, 1) · (− sin θ, cos θ, 0) dθ =
0
L
Z 2π Z 2π
2 2
= − sin θ + cos θ dθ = cos 2θ dθ = 0 .
0 0
Using Stokes’ theorem:
î ĵ k̂
~ × F~ =
∇ ∂ ∂ ∂
= (0, 0, 0).
∂x ∂y ∂z
2
y x z
I ZZ ZZ
⇒ F~ · d~r = ~ × F~ ) · n̂ dS =
(∇ (0, 0, 0) · n̂ dS = 0 .
L S S