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Chapter 13 Part A

This document discusses optimization techniques for functions of multiple variables, including finding critical points and using the second derivative test. It provides examples of finding the critical points and relative extrema of multivariate functions. It also gives an example of using these techniques to determine the profit-maximizing prices for a company producing two products.

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thirith Tek
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45 views8 pages

Chapter 13 Part A

This document discusses optimization techniques for functions of multiple variables, including finding critical points and using the second derivative test. It provides examples of finding the critical points and relative extrema of multivariate functions. It also gives an example of using these techniques to determine the profit-maximizing prices for a company producing two products.

Uploaded by

thirith Tek
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 13

13.1,13.2, 13.3 Multivariate unconstrained Optimization, necessary


versus sufficient condition
Later we will cover concepts from 13.4,13.5,13.6,13.7
Maxima and Minima for Functions
of Two Variables and Constrained Optimization
• Relative maximum at the point (a, b) is shown as

f a, b   f x, y 
RULE 1
Find relative maximum or minimum fx x, y   0

Necessary Condition: First order condition fy x, y   0
RULE 2 Sufficient condition: Second-Derivative Test for Functions of
Two Variables
Dx, y   fxx x, y fyy x, y   fxy x, y  .
2
Let D be the function defined by
1. If D(a, b) > 0 and fxx(a, b) < 0, relative maximum at (a, b);
2. If D(a, b) > 0 and fxx(a, b) > 0, relative minimum at (a, b);
3. If D(a, b) < 0, then f has a saddle point at (a, b);
4. If D(a, b) = 0, no conclusion.
Finding Critical Points

Find the critical points of the following functions.


a. f x, y   2x 2  y 2  2xy  5x  3y  1
Solution:
Since
fx x, y   4 x  2y  5  0 and fy x, y   2x  2y  3  0,
 x  1

y  2
1

we solve the system and get


c. f x, y, z   2x 2  xy  y 2  100  zx  y  100
Since fx x, y , z   4 x  y  z  0
fy x, y , z   x  2y  z  0
fz x, y , z    x  y  100  0
Example 3 – Applying the Second-Derivative Test

Examine f(x,y) = x3 + y3 − xy for relative maxima or


minima by using the second derivative test.
Solution: We find critical points,
fx x, y   3 x 2  y  0 and fy x, y   3y 2  x  0
Now,

Thus, fxx x, y   6 x fyy x, y   6y fxy x, y   1


fxx>0 relative minimum at
Example 5 – Finding Relative Extrema

Examine f(x, y) = x4 + (x − y)4 for relative extrema.


Solution: We find critical points at (0,0) through
fx x, y   4 x 3  4x  y   0 fy x, y   4x  y   0
3 3

fxx x, y   12 x 2  12x  y   0 fyy x, y   12x  y  fxy x, y   0


2 2

f has a relative (and absolute) minimum


Profit Maximization

A candy company produces two types of candy, A and


B, for which the average costs of production are
constant at $2 and $3 per pound, respectively. The
quantities qA, qB (in pounds) of A and B that can be
sold each week are given by the joint-demand
functions
q A  400 pB  pA 
qB  400 9  pA  2 pB 
where pA and pB are the selling prices (in dollars per
pound) of A and B, respectively. Determine the selling
prices that will maximize the company’s profit P.
Solution:
The total profit is given by

The profits per pound are pA − 2 and pB − 3,

P  pA  2q A  pB  3 qB


P P
 2 pA  2 pB  1  0 and  2 pA  4 pB  13  0
pA pB
The solution is pA = 5.5 and pB = 6.
 2P  2P  2P
 800  1600  800
pA2 pB2 pB pA

Since ∂2P/∂p2A< 0, we indeed have a maximum.

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