Mechanics & Industry 23, 4 (2022)

© Z. Zhu et al., Published by EDP Sciences 2022 Mechanics

https://doi.org/10.1051/meca/2022004 &Industry
Available online at:
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REGULAR ARTICLE

Shear buckling of ship plates with different holes

Zhaoyi Zhu1,2, Xiaowen Li1,2,*, Qinglin Chen1,2, and Yingqiang Cai1,2
1
School of Marine Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
2
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Xiamen 361021, China

Received: 2 July 2021 / Accepted: 14 January 2022

Abstract. Based on the first-order shear deformation theory, numerical methods and mechanical experiments,
the shear buckling characteristics of hull plates with different holes are investigated. Through eigenvalue
buckling analysis, the critical buckling stress of square plate with hole under uniform shear load on four edges
was calculated. The relationship between the critical shear stress and the hole type, hole size and plate thickness
was obtained by parameterization. The reduction coefficient (ki) was defined to characterize the effect of the hole
on the plate, and the reduction effect of circular hole, square hole and fillet square hole was simplified by graph
and fitting polynomial. The results show that the critical buckling shear stress obtained from numerical
simulation is in good agreement with the experimental value. For different types of holes, the critical buckling
shear stress of the square plate has the same trend with the plate thickness. Both plate thickness and hole size
have great influence on the shear stability of the perforated square plate. When the hole size is constant, the
critical shear stress increases with the increase of plate thickness. The smaller the hole size is, the greater the
influence of plate thickness. The critical shear stress decreases with the increase of hole size, and there is a similar
linear relationship. The smaller the plate thickness, the more obvious the linear relationship. In addition, based
on the reduction coefficient curve or fitting polynomial proposed in this paper, the influence rules of the three
different holes on the shear stability of hull plates can be obtained quickly and effectively, thus providing a useful
reference for the design optimization and mechanical property evaluation of ship structures with holes.
Keywords: shear buckling / stability / reduction factor / hole / hull structure

1 Introduction longitudinal bending of the hull occurs, the deck panels,

side panels and the bottom plate of the ship are subject to
In order to meet the needs of economic efficiency, structural longitudinal forces, and there is a possibility of instability.
efficiency, function and aesthetics, perforated plates are Especially for the plates under greater pressure and shear
widely used in various engineering structures such as ships, force, stability problem must be considered. Side plate is
aviation and civil engineering. Especially for large passen- the main component of shear resistance and must meet the
ger ships, luxury cruise, etc., with multi-layer continuous requirements of shear stability. With the increasing of the
superstructure, thin wall panels, side panels and longitu- ship’s volume and the scale of superstructure, the number
dinal bulkheads are provided with different forms of holes. and size of the holes in the side structure increase
There are a large number of holes in these hull. However, correspondingly. The stability and safety of side plate
due to the existence of holes, the stability and carrying with holes for large ships are becoming more and more
capacity of the plates are affected, and the safety of the prominent.
whole ship structure is greatly threatened. Therefore, it is The stability of thin-walled structures has always been
very important to study the influence of holes on the a hot issue at home and abroad [4–6]. Previous studies
stability of the ship plates [1]. focused on the buckling and post-buckling of stiffened
For a long time, the stability of the plate plays a very plates without holes. In terms of the stability of perforated
important role in the design and strength check of the ship thin plates, Eccher et al. [7] used the finite-strip method to
structure [2,3]. A large number of marine accidents show study the elastic buckling of perforated plates and folded
that the damage of ship structure is usually caused by the plates. Based on finite element software, Moen et al. [8]
loss of stability rather than the lack of strength. When the studied the elastic buckling problem of rectangular
perforated plates under unidirectional compression and
bending loads, and proposed some simplified expressions.
* e-mail: lixw2016@jmu.edu.cn In the literature [9], a semi-analytical method for solving

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0),
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2 Z. Zhu et al.: Mechanics & Industry 23, 4 (2022)

the stability of the plate with a hole was proposed. Abaqus 2 Theoretical method
software was used to calculate the ultimate strength of hull
plate under axial pressure in the literature [10]. The literature 2.1 Basic equation
[11] analyzed the elastic buckling and post-buckling 2.1.1 Displacement field
behaviors of unstiffened plates under complex stress states,
and compared them with empirical formulas and ABS In Mindlin’s first-order shear deformed plate theory, it is
specifications. Peridynamics was applied to the analysis of assumed that the normal strain of the plate along the
axial compression stability of metal plates in the literature thickness direction is zero, and that the normal line
[12]. Galerkin method was used to solve the elastic-plastic perpendicular to the middle plane is still a straight line
buckling problem of rectangular plates under shear stress in after deformation, but it does not remain a normal line. In
literature [13]. The buckling problem of anisotropic this case, the displacement of plate element can be
rectangular plates under shear stress was analyzed by expressed as
differential quadrature method in literature [14]. The
differential equation of lateral displacement function of w ¼ wðx; yÞ
rectangular thin plate under shear buckling was established u ¼ ux z ð1Þ
in literature [15], and the analytical solution of the critical v ¼ uy z
buckling load of rectangular thin plate was obtained. Paik
[16] studied the ultimate strength of perforated steel plate where w, u and v are displacements in x, y and z directions;
under edge shear load, and obtained an empirical formula to Z is the distance from any point of the plate to the neutral
predict the maximum tensile strength of perforated plate. plane along the thickness direction. ux, uy are the rotation
Pham [17] used the finite strip method to study the shear angles of the middle plane of the plate around the y and x
buckling of the plate with a hole, and proposed an axes. It is assumed that there is no internal displacement in
approximate formula for the shear buckling coefficient of a the midplane, for the shear-deformed plate, there is
square plate with a central circular hole and a square hole.
∂w
Local rectangular thin-wall plates subjected to shear ux ¼  g xz
force are widely used in engineering structures such as ships ∂x ð2Þ
∂w
and buildings. The buckling instability of local plates has uy ¼  g yz
become one of the main forms of structural failure. Previous ∂y
studies on the stability of perforated plates were mostly
focused on a single perforated type, and the loading where g xz and g yz are angular strains caused by transverse
conditions were mainly tensile, compression and bending. shear deformation.
For the buckling instability of local rectangular plate under
shear stress, analytical method and finite element method 2.1.2 Physical equation
are mainly used. The calculation of the analytical method is 2 3 2 3
cumbersome, and the finite element simulation can avoid sx ex
the tedious calculation program of the buckling analysis, 6 sy 7 6 ey 7
6 7 6 7
but the calculation accuracy is limited to the design s¼6
6 s xy
7 ¼ D e ¼ D6 g xy 7
7 6 7
accuracy of the model and boundary conditions [18,19]. 4 s yz 5 4 g yz 5
In the actual design process, compared with analytical s xz g xz
derivation and finite element simulation, empirical formu- 2 3
las or graphs are more practical and more efficient. E Ev
6 1  v2 1  v2 _ 0 0 0 72 3
Therefore, this paper focuses on the buckling character- 6 Ev E 7 ex
6 76
istics of ship’s plates with different holes under in-plane 6 0 0 0 7 6 ey 77
shear loading by means of the first-order shear deformation 6 1  v2 1  v2 76
¼6 E 76 g xy 7
7 ð3Þ
6 0 0 7
theory, mechanical experiments and numerical simulation. 6 0
2ð 1 þ v Þ
0 74 g yz 5
In the numerical simulation, eigenvalue analysis method 6 7
was used to study the buckling behavior of the perforated
4 0 0 0 G 0 5 g xz
plates. In order to verify the effectiveness of the numerical 0 0 0 0 G
method, the picture frame fixture was used to conduct the
shear test on the perforated plates. In addition, the where s x, s y and s xy are the in-plane normal stress and
response rules of the hole type, hole size and plate thickness shear stress, respectively; s yz and s xz are transverse shear
to the buckling characteristics of hull plates are obtained. stress; D is the stiffness matrix; ex, ey and g xy are the in-
The reduction factor of perforated plates is defined and plane linear strain and angular strain, respectively; E is the
analyzed. The empirical graph and the fitting polynomial elastic modulus; G is the shear elasticity modulus; n is
are established to characterize the reduction effect of the Poisson’s ratio.
hole of the plate, which can quickly obtain the buckling The displacement function of the first-order shear
critical shear stress of the square plate with a round hole, deformation theory is easy to meet the rigid body
square hole and fillet square hole. These will provide a displacement conditions, constant strain conditions and
useful reference for the shear stability analysis and design continuity requirements, and it is easy to approximate
optimization of the ship structure with holes. curved edges and curved surfaces with small geometric
 Z. Zhu et al.: Mechanics & Industry 23, 4 (2022) 3

Fig. 1. Dimensional parameters of the perforated plate on the side.

Table 1. Geometric dimensions and material properties of the perforated plate.

Parameter Plate Plate Radius of Square hole Fillet radius Elastic Poisson’s
length b thickness circular hole r length 2a of square hole R modulus E ratio n
T
Value 310 mm 1.0 mm 70 mm 125 mm 16.5 mm 210 GPa 0.3

errors; It can be used for both linear and nonlinear

calculation of plates. This theory can be applied to most
practical situations with higher accuracy.

2.2 Eigenvalue equation

Linear buckling is also called eigenvalue buckling analysis,

and the corresponding buckling load can be determined by
the following linear generalized eigenvalue equation [20].

ð½K 0  þ l½K s Þ{U} ¼ 0 ð4Þ

where [K0] is the linear stiffness matrix of the structure;

[Ks] is the geometric stiffness matrix of the structure; l is
the load scaling factor; {U} is the lateral displacement Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of shear condition of the perforated
plate (taking circular perforated plate as an example).
vector. It can be seen from equation (4) that the linear
stability problem of the structure is the eigenvalue
problem, and the corresponding critical load and instability support elements is much larger than that of plates,
mode can be obtained by solving the eigenvalue and which means that the displacement of support elements
eigenvector. along the direction of plate deformation is very small.
Even if the plate elements fail, the displacement of
3 Physical model support elements is also very small. Generally, in the
study of buckling strength, it is necessary to consider the
3.1 Geometric model influence of torsional constraints of the support elements
on the plate. For this reason, based on the perforated
Under the condition that the lighting area remains plates on the side of the superstructure of a large ship, a
unchanged, Three typical perforated plates are designed, load condition of simply supported on four edges with
as shown in Figure 1. The dimensional parameters and limited torsion and uniformly distributed shear stress is
material properties are shown in Table 1. designed (Fig. 2).

3.2 Load condition

4 Numerical method
Side plates are the main components of shear resistance,
which must meet the requirements of shear stability, Based on the Abaqus, the finite element model of the ship’s
especially the perforated plate on the side. In general, the side perforated plate was established, as shown in Figure 3.
boundary of hull plates is supported by beam members The plane continuous shell element S4R was used to
(such as stiffeners), and the bending stiffness of boundary discretization the model. The S4R is a 4-node first order
4 Z. Zhu et al.: Mechanics & Industry 23, 4 (2022)

Fig. 3. Finite element models of square plates with different

holes. (a) Square plate with circular hole. (b) Square plate with
fillet square hole.
Fig. 5. Shear buckling tests of square plates with different holes.
(a) Square plate with circular hole. (b) Square plate with fillet
square hole.

In order to verify the accuracy of the simulation results,

the shear tests of the above perforated plates were carried
out with the help of WDW100-100C electronic universal
testing machine and the picture frame fixture, as shown in
Figure 5. The specimens are made of ordinary marine steel,
and the material properties are shown in Table 1. During
the test, the maximum load was 100 kN and the continuous
loading rate was 2 mm/min. The specimen was fully
compressed by four sets of bolts, and the frame fixture was
hinged to each other at the top. When the testing machine
was loaded, the tension F was decomposed along the
direction of the fixture, so that the specimen could bear the
shear load.
Fig. 4. Buckling modes of square plates with different holes. Figure 6 indicates the load (F)-displacement (D) curves
(a) Square plate with circular hole. (b) Square plate with fillet and the first order buckling cloud of the plates with
square hole. different hole, and the where D represents the displacement
of point A as shown in Figure 3. As can be seen from the
graph, the position of critical buckling is not obvious.
reduction integral element, which uses linear interpolation
Therefore, a 3D full-field strain measurement and
method, allows finite film strain and large rotation angle,
analysis system was used to determine the critical buckling
considers the influence of shear deformation, and is
point. Based on the full-field displacement cloud,
suitable for geometrical and material nonlinear analysis.
the buckling time of the perforated plates was obtained,
As shown in Figure 3, hinge connection units were used at
that is, ① and ② as shown in Figure 6.
the circular shaft holes at A, B, C and D to simulate the
The critical buckling stresses of the perforated plates
effect of pins. The tie binding constraints were set at the
got by the shear test are 12.53 MPa and 11.88 MPa,
picture frame fixture and the four edges of the specimen to
respectively. For critical buckling stress, the corresponding
simulate bolt connection. Point C was set as the fixed
errors between the numerical simulation and the test
point. Point A was defined as the loading point, and a
results are 3.11% and 3.96% respectively. Therefore, the
vertical upward force F was applied. The force F is
numerical method presented in this paper can effectively
decomposed into Nxy along the direction of the fixture.
predict the critical buckling stress of the perforated plates
The specimen was compressed in the direction of AC and
under the condition of shear instability.
pulled in the direction of BD. Under the action of binding
constraints, the test plate was subjected to shear load. The
eigenvalue buckling analysis was completed by Abaqus. 5 Shear stability analysis of perforated plates
The buckling modes of the square plate with circular hole
and fillet square hole were obtained (shown in Fig. 4), and The holes of hull plates are mostly circular, square and fillet
the critical buckling shear stresses of the two perforated square hole. The eigenvalue buckling analysis of the
square plates were calculated to be 12.14 MPa and perforated plates with different variable parameters was
11.41 MPa, respectively. carried out based on the finite element analysis software
 Z. Zhu et al.: Mechanics & Industry 23, 4 (2022) 5

Fig. 8. Buckling of square plates with square holes.

Fig. 6. Force versus displacement of plates with different hole.

Fig. 9. The influence of hole’s shape on critical stress

(t = 2.5 mm).

Fig. 7. Buckling of square plates with circular holes.

Figure 8 shows the relationship between the plate
Abaqus. And the relationship between critical buckling critical stress t cr and thickness t, the size of the hole a under
stress and geometrical parameters of the perforated plates the condition of shear buckling. Analyzing the curves in
under uniform shear force on four edges is obtained. Figure 8, it is found that although the type and size of the
circular hole and square hole are different, the curves of
5.1 Critical shear stress critical shear stress are consistent with the plate thickness
and square hole size. However, different holes and plate
Figure 7 shows the buckling characteristics of square plate thicknesses have different effects on the critical buckling
with circular hole. The horizontal axis is the ratio of the shear stress. As shown in Figure 9, under a certain plate
circular hole radius r to the plate length b, and the thickness, the degree of influence of hole size on tcr is that
longitudinal axis is the ratio of the critical buckling shear circular hole > fillet square hole > square hole. When
stress t cr to the shear yield stress ty. In this figure, the r/b = a/b = 0.2, the t cr of the plate with circular hole is 18%
relationship between the critical buckling shear stress tcr larger than that with square hole and 15% larger than that
and the hole radius r and the plate thickness t is presented with fillet square hole. As shown in Figure 10, when the
in the dimensionless form. Corresponding to different thickness and side length of the plate are constant, the t cr of
(t/b)2 , the tcr decreases with the increase of the hole the three types of perforated plates decreases with the
relative size r/b. The bigger the hole size is, the greater the increase of the hole’s area (A). Corresponding to the same
influence of plate thickness t on tcr. When the relative scale area of the hole, the influence of the hole’s type on the tcr is
r/b of the circular hole is constant, the critical buckling similar, and the influence of the circular hole is slightly
shear stress tcr increases with the increase of (t/b)2, and the larger, followed by the fillet square hole, and the square
degree of this increase is more obvious with the increasing hole has the least influence. Therefore, under the same
of plate thickness. However, it is not economical to improve working condition, circular hole is more suitable for shear
the stability of plates by increasing the plate thickness. condition. As shown in Figure 11, when the size of the hole
6 Z. Zhu et al.: Mechanics & Industry 23, 4 (2022)

Fig. 12. The linear relation curves of square plates with circular
Fig. 10. The influence of the hole’s area on critical stress holes.
(t = 2.5 mm, b = 300 mm).

Fig. 11. The influence of plate thickness on critical stress.

Fig. 13. The linear relation curves of square plates with square
is small, the hole type has little effect on tcr, regardless of holes.
the circular hole or the square hole, the tcr increases linearly
with the increase of (t/b)2 . However, when the size of the
hole is large, the linear relationship between tcr and (t/b)2 is critical buckling shear stress tcr and shear yield stress t y
still keep, but the influence of the circular holes on t cr is can be obtained directly by reading these figures, which is
greater than that of square holes. When r/b = a/b = 0.03, simple and quick, and has a certain universality.
the tcr of the plate with circular hole is 18% larger than that
with square hole; when r/b = a/b = 0.4 and (103t/b)2 = 225, 5.2 Hole reduction coefficient
the tcr of the plate with circular hole is 31% larger than that
with square hole. For a rectangular plate simply supported on four edges and
In order to further verify the consistency and validity of with limited torsion, when the four edges are subjected to
numerical results, two groups of linear relation curves of uniform shear forces, the critical buckling shear stress can
square perforated plate are obtained by dimensionless be obtained by the following equation [21]:
geometric variables in Figures 12 and 13. As shown in the
two figures, when the hole size is constant, no matter the Ep2 t2
tcr ¼ k0 ð5Þ
hole size is circular or square, the critical buckling shear 12ð1  v2 Þb2
stress of the plate has a linear relationship with the
geometric parameter (t/b)2, which is consistent with where k0 is the shear buckling coefficient and is a function of
the empirical formula [21]. It can be seen that the results the length-width ratio of the rectangular plate. When the
in the figures are valid and corresponding to different length and width of the plate are equal, k0=15; t is the plate
(t/b)2, and the proportional relationship between the thickness; b is the width of the plate.
 Z. Zhu et al.: Mechanics & Industry 23, 4 (2022) 7

Fig. 15. Reduction coefficient k2 of square plate with square hole.

Fig. 14. Reduction coefficient k1 of square plate with circular
hole.

Considering the influence of different hole types and

sizes, the elastic buckling shear stress formula of the
perforated plate under the shear condition as shown in
Figure 2 can be expressed as the following

Ep2 t2
tcr ¼ k0 ki ði ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ ð6Þ
12ð1  v2 Þb2

where ki is the hole reduction coefficient. And i =1

represents the circular hole; i = 2 represents the square
hole; i = 3 represents the fillet square hole.
It can be seen from equation (6) that how to determine Fig. 16. The fitting reduction coefficient k1 of the square plate
the hole reduction coefficient ki is the key to obtain the with circular hole.
critical buckling shear stress of perforated plates. There-
fore, based on the numerical analysis results in Section 4.1,
the hole reduction coefficient curves are drawn according to
the type and size of the hole, as shown in Figures 14 and 15. with the increase of the power exponent of the polynomial,
As can be seen from the figures, whether the hole is circular the accuracy of the fitting curve is continuously improved.
or square, the variation trend of ki (i = 1, 2) is consistent When y is a sixth degree polynomial, the fitting curve
with the dimensionless geometric parameters (r/b or a/b). almost coincides with k1 curve. Figure 16 shows the
That is, the hole reduction coefficient ki decreases with the closeness between the fitting polynomial with different
increases of the hole size, and the larger the hole size, the power exponents (y3-6)and the reduction coefficient k1 for
more gentle the decreasing trend. different hole sizes. Figure 17 shows the errors of the
In order to effectively get the reduction coefficient reduction coefficient with the power exponent of the fitting
values of perforated plates with different holes, the polynomial at different hole sizes. It can be seen that the
reduction coefficient curves in Figures 14 and 15 were order of fitting accuracy of the polynomial of the reduction
fitted by the least square method, and the fitting coefficient k1 is y6＞y5＞y4＞y3.
polynomial was obtained. Let x = a/b and y = k1, then In the same way, let x = a/b and y = k2, then the
the reduction coefficient k1 of square plate with circular reduction coefficient k2 of the square plate with square hole
hole can be fitted by the following polynomials (7)–(10). can be fitted into the following polynomial form:

y6 ¼ 753:28x6 þ 1240:4x5  817:46x4 þ 269:13x3 y6 ¼ 1336:3x6 þ 2169:2x5  1377:7x4 þ 421:8x3

 40:631x2  0:4902x þ 0:9992 ð7Þ  56:598x2  0:6326x þ 0:9971 ð11Þ

y5 ¼ 188:84x5  266:93x4 þ 136:16x3  26:082x2 y5 ¼ 303:77x5  401:04x4 þ 185:91x3  30:789x2

 1:0737x þ 1:0029 ð8Þ  1:6677x þ 1:0036 ð12Þ

y4 ¼ 46:493x4 þ 45:863x3  10:891x2  1:9808x y4 ¼ 46:443x4 þ 40:668x3  6:3525x2  3:1269x

þ 1:0116 ð9Þ þ 1:0177 ð13Þ

y3 ¼ 2:5209x3 þ 1:8084x2  3:1911x þ 1:0304 ð10Þ y3 ¼ 2:6274x3 þ 6:3332x2  4:3358x þ 1:0364 ð14Þ
8 Z. Zhu et al.: Mechanics & Industry 23, 4 (2022)

paper, the relationship between the hole reduction coefficient

k3 and geometric parameters in the plate with fillet square
hole is described in the form of graph. As shown in Figure 20,
in order to make this graph applicable to perforated plates of
different materials, the vertical axis is defined as the product
of the reduction factor k3 and the elastic modulus E. In the
figure, square hole and circular hole are the two limit states of
the fillet square hole. When the hole size is constant, k3
increases with the increase of the fillet radius R, but R has
little influence on k3; When the fillet radius is constant, k3
decreases with the increase of the hole size. The relationships
are consistent with that of square plate with circular hole and
Fig. 17. The errors of the reduction coefficient k1 of the square square hole. By referring to this graph, k3E can be obtained
plate with circular hole. directly. Then, based on the simplified formula (6) proposed
in this paper, the critical buckling shear stress of the square
plate with fillet square holes can be quickly obtained.

6 Conclusions
In this paper, the shear buckling characteristics of ship
perforated plates with circular hole, square hole and fillet
square hole are studied by numerical simulation. The
validity of the numerical simulation results of critical
buckling shear stress is verified by theoretical analysis
and mechanical experiment. By changing geometrical
Fig. 18. The fitting reduction coefficient k1 of the square plate
parameters such as hole size, plate thickness and hole
with square hole. type, a series of mechanical response relationships
between critical shear stress and hole type, hole size
and plate thickness were obtained. It is found that the
critical buckling shear stress of the square plate has the
same trend with the plate thickness, for different types of
holes. Both plate thickness and hole size have great
influence on the shear stability of the perforated square
plate. When the hole size is constant, the critical shear
stress increases with the increase of plate thickness. The
smaller the hole size is, the greater the influence of plate
thickness. The critical shear stress decreases with the
increase of hole size, and there is a similar linear
relationship. The smaller the plate thickness, the more
obvious the linear relationship. Under a certain plate
thickness, the degree of influence of hole size on tcr is that
circular hole > fillet square hole > square hole; When the
size of the hole is small, the hole’s type has little effect on
Fig. 19. The errors of the reduction coefficient k2 of the square tcr. However, when the size of the hole is large, the
plate with square hole. influence of the circular hole on tcr is greater than that of
square hole. Corresponding to the same area of the hole,
The fitting condition of reduction factor k2 is similar to the influence of the hole’s type on the tcr is similar, and
that of k1. Figure 18 shows the closeness between y and k1 the influence of the circular hole is slightly larger, followed
for different hole sizes. And Figure 19 shows the errors of by the fillet square hole and the square hole. Therefore,
the reduction coefficient with the power exponent of the under the same working condition, circular hole is more
fitting polynomial at different hole sizes. The order of the suitable for shear condition. In addition, the reduction
fitting accuracy of k2 is also y6＞y5＞y4＞y3. coefficient (ki) was defined to characterize the effect of the
In the practical application of ships, square plates hole on the plate. Based on the reduction coefficient curve
with square hole often require chamfering to reduce stress and fitting polynomial proposed in this paper, the
concentration. However, the relationship between critical influence rules of these three type holes on the shear
buckling shear stress and geometric parameters after stability of hull plates can be obtained quickly and
chamfering is more complex. And it is difficult to obtain a effectively, which provides a useful reference for designers
uniform change rule with the change of hole size and fillet to analyze the shear stability and structural optimization
radius. There are also few previous related studies. In this of open hole plate.
 Z. Zhu et al.: Mechanics & Industry 23, 4 (2022) 9

Fig. 20. The relationship between the reduction coefficient and the geometric parameters of the square plate with fillet square hole
(t = 0.1 mm).

Acknowledgements. This work was financed by the National [8] C.D. Moen, B.W. Schafer, Elastic buckling of thin plates
Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51909103), with holes in compression or bending, Thin-Walled Struct.
the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (Grant 47, 1597–1607 (2009)
No. 2021J01841) and the Project of Fujian Provincial [9] P. Zuxing, Semi-analytical methods for stress and stability
Department of Education of China (Grant No. JAT200290). analyses of perforated plates. Ph.D. Thesis, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, 2014
[10] F. Liang, H. Jingke, S. Hongda et al., Influence factors and
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Cite this article as: Z. Zhu, X. Li, Q. Chen, Y. Cai, Shear buckling of ship plates with different holes, Mechanics & Industry 23, 4
(2022)