Integration of SIW Directional Coupler and E-Plane

Tee for Wideband Antenna using Hybrid of

Rectangular and Ring Slots for X-Band Applications
Assem H. Elfeky Ahmed F. Miligy
Communication and Electronic Department, ADC Communication and Electronic Department, ADC
Alexandria University Alexandria University
Alexandria, Egypt Alexandria, Egypt
asem.hussein@alexu.edu.eg Ahmed_miligy73@yahoo.com

Hassan Nadir Kheirallah Mohamed R. M. Rizk

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Alexandria University Alexandria University
Alexandria, Egypt Alexandria, Egypt
engyk@dataxprs.com.eg Mohamed.rizk@alexu.edu.eg

Abstract—Advances in microwave technology and rectangular waveguide and overcome the disadvantages of
telecommunications have led to compact circuits, reduction of microstrip the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)
costs, masses and losses. The integration between microwave technologies which can be fabricated using dielectric substrate
devices and components are considered a trend for microwave materials has been used [1-4]. The SIW can be described as a
applications. The substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) metal filled via-hole array in substrate and grounded planes
technology has a great agreement with this trend in these which can be easily integrated with other elements on a single
applications. In this paper an integration of -3dB SIW directional substrate for systems connection. It can be miniaturized into
coupler operating from 8.31 to 9.67 GHz with 90 degree phase
small package of compact size and less cost which is useful in
shift at output ports and two series (E-plane) tee junctions
the design of millimeter-wave and microwave devices
operating from 8.8 to 12 GHz with 180 degree phase shift at
output ports have been designed to feed 4-array of wideband
applications due to its loss transmission characteristic, small
hybrid slots including rectangular and ring shape slots with size, low cost, quality factor and flexibility in the realization of
phase shifted signals. The wideband arrays consist of 64 rings microwave circuits [1] and [5-10]. Microwave components
and 16 rectangular slots distributed equally for the four arrays. such as transmission lines, dividers, combiners, circulators
The proposed integrated system has been designed and phase shifters, directional couplers, E- plane, H- plane, magic
implemented using Roggers 4350 of 𝛆𝐫 = 𝟑. 𝟔, 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 and tee, slot antennas and other devices and components can be
thickness 𝐡𝐑 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐦𝐦. The proposed integrated system has designed and implemented using SIW technology making them
been simulated using HFSS simulator. The SIW system has an simpler to build, lighter, and less expensive than a waveguide
agreement between simulated and measured results. The SIW alternative. To achieve a desired microwave signal
system introduces 𝐒𝟏𝟏 = −𝟓𝟏 𝐝𝐁 , gain of 7.5 dB, radiation transmission, SIW microwave hybrid circuits can be used
efficiency of 81.1 % and fractional bandwidth of 15.7% for through several microwave SIW devices connected in some
airborne insight, observation and surveillance (AISR) way [1] and [11-16]. The microwave SIW junction is the
applications. interconnection of two or more SIW devices including H-plane
tee, E-plane tee, hybrid ring, magic tee, circulators and
Keywords—Microwave Hybrid Circuits; Substrate Integrated directional couplers which are vital passive devices in
Waveguide; SIW Directional Coupler; SIW E-Plane; SIW Slot microwave applications. Wideband multiband, lower price,
Antennas; Wideband Antennas ease of fabrication and small size antenna using SIW
I. INTRODUCTION technology are main objectives for these applications due to
their advantages [1] and [12-18]. In this paper an integration of
The rectangular waveguide devices manufacturing, SIW; directional coupler, E-plane tee and slot antenna array
transitions and integration with other components are more has been obtained for different X-Band applications. Military
difficult, expensive and sophisticated but still has the applications like missile guidance, marine radar systems, air-
advantages of operating in the high frequency with minimum borne tracking and government applications like remote
loss [1-2]. However Microstrip technologies which have the detecting, versatile systems administration, and AISR which
disadvantages of radiation loss and low power handling can also be implemented on government and business satellite
capability are, easy and less expensive compared with frameworks [1] and [19-20]. Simulation results of the proposed
waveguide technologies. To achieve the advantages of
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structures have been obtained using HFSS simulator based on The basic SIW, tapering transition and RWG dimensions
the finite element method (FEM). are illustrated in figure 1 and their dimensions are tabulated in
tables I, II and III respectively.
II. THE REALIZATION OF BASIC SIW WITH TAPERING
TRANSITION STRUCTURES
The SIW technology is considered as a new and important
technology for integrated microwave circuit applications due to
its advantages such as minimal radiation loss for high
frequency, compact size and easy integration with planar
structures. The SIW is a quasi traditional dielectric filled (a)
rectangular waveguide (RWG) as it is a dielectric filled
structure with low conducting of via rows instead of metallic
walls with diameter d and pitch p between each via where d
𝜆
must be less than p, ( 𝑑 < 𝑃 ) as 𝑝 < 4𝑑 and 𝑝 < 0 √𝜀𝑟
2
[1] and [6-7].The physical dimensions of SIW structure
determine the propagating 𝑇𝐸𝑛,0 mode, n=1, 2,…The (b) (c)
dominant 𝑇𝐸10 has maximum handling power with vertical Fig. 1. The RWG and Basic SIW Without/With Tapering Transition (a) The
electric current density on via rows. The TM modes cannot be SIW Without Tapering (b)The SIW With Tapering (c) The RWG
TABLE I. THE SIW DIMENSIONS [MM] AND PARAMETERS
supported in SIW structures because of the strong radiation of
longitudinal surface current due to gaps separation between via 𝜺𝒓 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜹 𝒉𝑹 𝝀𝒈𝒔 𝑾𝑺 𝑳𝑺 = 𝟐𝝀𝒈𝒔 𝒂𝑺 p d
rows. The physical dimensions of RWG with dimensions a and 3.6 0.004 1.5 28 13.5 56 12.5 1.2 0.8
b determine the cutoff frequency of the propagating mode
where the operating frequency must be greater than the cutoff TABLE II. THE RWG DIMENSIONS [MM] AND PARAMETERS
frequency of the propagating mode to be transmitted with 𝜺𝒓 𝝀𝑾𝑮 𝒂𝑾𝑮 𝒃𝑾𝑮 𝑳𝑾𝑮 = 𝟐𝝀𝑾𝑮
minimum attenuation [10]. The SIW structures without and
1 65.5 22.86 10.16 131
with tapering transition have been designed and implemented
using Roggers 4350 with 𝜀𝑟 = 3.6 , tan 𝛿 = 0.004 and TABLE III. THE TAPERING TRANSITION DIMENSIONS [MM]
𝝀𝒈𝑻
thickness ℎ𝑅 = 1.5 𝑚𝑚. The SIW structure without tapering 𝝀𝒈𝑻 𝑾𝑻𝟏 𝑾𝑻𝟐 𝑳𝑻𝟏 𝑳𝑻𝟐 =
𝟒
transition dimensions and guided wavelength can be calculated
using equations (1) and (2) depending on the desired cutoff 20 4.8 3.2 10 10
frequency, where 𝑎𝑑 (𝑎𝑊𝐺 ) is the width of dielectric filled The scattering matrix of RWG and SIW structures
waveguide and 𝑎𝑠 is the width of SIW structure [1] and [5-9]. expressed in (4) at the minimum magnitude of reflection
coefficient indicates a good performance of the structure as the
transmission coefficient reaches about one magnitude all over
d2 the frequency band.
as = ad + (1)
0.95P

(a) (b)
2π
λgs = Fig. 2. The RWG and Basic SIW With Tapering Transition Simulation
2 2 (2) Results (a) The RWG Electric Field Distribution [V/m] (b) The SIW
√(2πf) . εr − ( π ) With Tapering Electric Field Distribution [V/m]
c aS
[SSIW ] = [0.000656 0.9964 0.000076 0.998
] and [𝑆𝑅𝑊 ] = [ ]
To match the quasi-TEM mode of Microstrip line with 0.9964 0.000634 0.998 0.0000776 (4)
𝑇𝐸10 of SIW structure transition between printed transmission
lines and SIW tapering transitions must be used [1] and [8-11]. TABLE IV. COMPARISION BETWEEN SIW AND RWG STRUCTURES
The objective is to maintain the reflection coefficients in Parameters
Size/
Cost Connection Power
minimal value without any mechanical assembly for integrated Integration
Difficult
planar circuit on the same substrate. Dimensions WT1 ,WT2 , Large/
𝜆𝑔𝑠 λgT RWG Expensive using High
difficult
𝐿 𝑇1 = and 𝐿 𝑇2 = of the proposed Microstrip flanges
3 4
Compact/ Less Easy using
transmission line feeding and transition can be calculated using SIW
Easy expensive tapering
Low
[10] based on SIW wave impedance 𝑍𝑇𝐸 and ohmic resistance
𝑍𝑃 for 50 ohm impedance in (3) [1] and [8-9]. Parame- 𝑺𝟏𝟏 𝑺𝟏𝟐
Fabrication Losses
ters [𝑴𝒂𝒈. ] [𝑴𝒂𝒈. ]
Conductor High
μ λgS π2 hR RWG Difficult Dielectric Low 0.00076 0.998
ZTE = √ × and ZP = ZTE (3) Radiation Low
ε λ 8aS
Conductor Low
SIW Easy Dielectric High 0.00065 0.99
Radiation Low
 Figure 2 and table IV present a compression between the
SIW and RWG structures which indicates a good performance
for each with the advantages of SIW over RWG such as ease of
fabrication and integration with other systems. The selection of
using SIW technology has been chosen due to its easy for
integration, low cost and easy for fabrication and other
advantages of SIW over RWG [1-4].
III. THE -3 DECIBEL SIW DIRECTIONL COUPLER
Routing, combining and dividing signals are needed in the
SIW microwave system applications using SIW couplers. The
(b)
SIW directional coupler is a passive microwave device which
has different types such as two-hole directional coupler, four-
hole directional coupler, reverse-coupling directional coupler
(Schwinger coupler), Bethe-hole directional couplers and the
-3 dB SIW directional coupler [1] and [21-23]. The –3dB SIW
coupler has equaled and out of phase transmission power with
properties requirements such as operational bandwidth, (c)
frequencies, and size. Wideband coupler is used to isolate the Fig. 4. The -3 dB SIW Directional Coupler Simulation Results (a) The S-
receiver port from the transmitters in communication system Parameters [dB] (b) The Phase shift difference [deg.] (c) The Electric
[1] and [21-25]. This section presents four port SIW directional Field Distribution [V/m].
coupler of equal coupling coefficient and insertion loss as it
divides the input power equally at output ports with a 90 0.06 0.63 0.64 0.1
0.63 0.11 0.04 0.84
degree phase shift [1] and [12] for antenna applications as [S] = [ ] (5)
shown in figure 3 and the main dimensions are tabulated in 0.64 0.04 0.11 0.63
table V. Simulation results of the proposed structure are shown 0.1 0.64 0.63 0.05
in figure 4 and the S-matrix in (5). Parameters of the proposed SIW coupler such as insertion
loss (IL), isolation (I), coupling coefficient (C) and directivity
Matched (D) where, I=C+D which represent the performance of the
Port 4 Port 2
device are calculated using [10] and tabulated in table VI.

Port 1 Port 3 TABLE VI. THE SIW DIRECTIONAL COUPLER PARAMETERS

∆f [GHz] Phases [Deg.] IL [dB] I [dB] C [dB] D [dB]

(a) Port 2 Port 3

8.31: 9.67 4 20 4 16
Fig. 3. The -3 dB SIW Directional Coupler Structure 63.4 -26.21
TABLE V. THE SIW DIRECTIONAL COUPLER DIMENSIONS [MM]
IV. THE SIW E-PLANE TEE JUNCTION
𝑳𝒉 𝑾𝑪 𝑳𝑪 𝒂𝑺
18.9 27 30.8 12.5 The SIW E-Plane tee (series tee) is a three ports passive
microwave device in which the collinear arms are symmetric
about the side arm. The waves appearing at port 1 and port 2 of
the collinear arm will be in opposite phase and in the same
magnitude [1] and [26-30]. Figure 5 illustrates dimensions of
the proposed E-plane tee, simulation results are shown in
figure 6 and the corresponding S-matrix in (6).

Port 2
Port 1

(a) Port 3
(a)
Fig. 5. The SIW E-Plane Tee Structure
 (a) (a)

(b)
(b)

(c)
Fig. 6. The SIW E-Plane Tee Simulation Results (a) The S-Parameters [dB] (c)
(b) The Phase shift difference [deg.] (c) The Electric Field [V/m]
Fig. 7. The Integrated SIW Directional Coupler and E-Plane Tee Simulation
Results (a) The S-Parameters [dB] (b) The Phase shift [deg.] (c) The
Electric Field Distribution [V/m]
0.31 0.61 0.6
[𝑆] = [0.61 0.31 0.59] (6) VI. THE SIW SLOT ANTENNAS
0.6 0.59 0.31 The SIW planar resonant slot antenna with shorted port for
radar, satellite and microwave applications is proposed. Slots
Figure 6 shows that the proposed structure operates in the
are located in the peak position of standing wave [1] and [11].
frequency range of 8.8 to 12 GHz as in (a) with 42.1 and -
The shorted port is equivalent to open space. The SIW cavity
138.15 degree phase shifting as in (b) at ports 1 and 2
backed straight and ring slots antenna is presented in this paper
respectively.
for wideband applications in X-Band [1] and [31-45]. The
V. THE INTEGRATED SIW DIRECTIONAL COUPLER AND circular slot in SIW act as radiating elements, the radius and
E-PLANE TEE width of slot holds remarkable effect in the characteristics of
the antenna. Hence both radius and width of the circular slot is
In this section an integration of the -3dB SIW directional parametrically optimized [33]. In this section three varieties of
coupler and E-plane tee has been presented. The proposed SIW slot antennas have been introduced. The structure of the
integrated system operates in the frequency range of 8.9 to 9.68 proposed antenna varieties are shown in figure 8 and the main
GHz with 118.8, 31.7,-60.1and-149.01 degree phase shifting dimensions are tabulated in table VII. Simulation results are
[1] and [12] at ports 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Simulation shown in figures 9, 10 and 11 respectively.
results are shown in figure 7.
 (a)

(a)

(b)
(b) (c)
Fig. 10. The Second Varity of the SIW Slot Antenna Simulation Results (a)
The Surface Current Distribution [A/m] (b) The Antenna Gain [dB]
(c) The 3 D Radiation Pattern [dB]

(c)
Fig. 8. The SIW Slot Antenna Varieties (a)

TABLE VII. DIMENSIONS OF SIW SLOT ANTENNA VARIETIES [MM]

𝑳𝑺𝟏 𝑳𝑺𝑳 𝑳𝑺𝑳𝟏 𝒘𝑺𝟏 𝒘𝒔𝑳 𝑳𝑺𝟐 𝒘𝒔𝑳𝟏

37.5 16.45 16.5 4.8 0.5 23.5 0.3
𝒘𝑺𝟐 𝒘𝑺𝟑 𝒘𝑺𝟒 𝒘𝑺𝟓 𝒘𝑺𝟔 𝒘𝑺𝟕 𝒘𝑺𝟖
3.75 2.1 2 0.825 0.3 0.6 1.15

(b) (c)
Fig. 11. The Third Varity of the SIW Slot Antenna Simulation Results (a)
The Surface Current [A/m] (b) The Antenna Gain [dB] (c) The 3 D
Radiation Pattern [dB] (d) The Input Impedance [Real/Imag.] [Ω]

(a)

(b) (c)
Fig. 9. The First Varity of the SIW Slot Antenna Simulation Results (a) The
Surface Current Distribution [A/m] (b) The Antenna Gain [dB] (c)
(a)
The 3 D Radiation Pattern [dB]
Fig. 12. The Return Loss for the SIW Slot Antenna Varieties [dB]
TABLE VIII. THE SIW ANTENNA PARAMETERS [9.55 GHZ] AND [PIN=1W] Fig. 14. The Full Integrated SIW System With Split Beam Simulation Results
(a) The Gain [dB] (b) The 3D Radiation Pattern [dB]
Rad.
S11 Umax. Pacc. Prad G
Variety Effici-
[dB] [W/Str.] [W] [W] [abs.]
ency [%]
0.25 0.94 0.74 3.3 78
First -12.5
0.343 0.83
Second -14.3 0.96 4.4 86
0.37 0.84 4.9
Third -17.01 0.96 87

Figure 12 and table VIII introduce a comparison between

the three varieties which shows that the choice for the third
varity gives on optimized SIW slot antenna for the integrated
system.
VII. THE FULL INTEGRATED SIW SYSTEM (a)

This section introduces the full integrated SIW system. An

integration of -3dB SIW directional coupler, two SIW E-plane
tees and 4-array of SIW wideband slot antennas have been
presented. The wideband array consists of 64 rings and 16
rectangular slots distributed equally for the four arrays for
AISR applications at X-Band as shown in figure 13 and the
main dimensions are tabulated in table IX.
(b)

(c)
Fig. 13. The Full Integrated SIW System (c) (d)

TABLE IX. THE FULL INTEGRATED SIW SYSTEM DIMENSIONS [MM]

𝑷𝟏 𝑳𝑺𝟐 𝒘𝒔𝟗 𝒘𝒔𝟏𝟎 𝒘𝒔𝟏𝟏 𝒘𝒔𝟏𝟐 𝒘𝒔𝟏𝟑
1.8 100 14.02 1.277 1.617 18 30

A. The Full Integrated SIW System Simulation Results

The simulation results of the performance of the SIW
system are shown in figures 14 and 15. It is clear that the split
beam [34] due to the symmetry of arrays in figure 14 have
been optimized by moving the short circuit of via added in one
side of the arrays which leads to constructive beam as shown in
figure 15.The full integrated SIW system parameters are
tabulated in table X.
(e)
Fig. 15. The Full Integrated SIW System With Constructive Beam Simulation
Results (a) The Return Loss [dB] (b) The Electric Field [V/m] (c) The
Gain [dB] (d) The 3D Radiation Pattern [dB] (e) The Gain versus
frequency [dB]

TABLE X. PARAMETERS OF THE FULL INTEGRATED SIW SYSTEM

Rad.
S11 Umax. Pacc. Prad G
f [GHz] Effici-
[dB] [W/Str.] [W] [W] [abs.]
ency [%]
0.38 0.902 0.646 5.3 71
8.85 -10.2
(a) (b) 0.46 0.683
8.95 -17.3 0.98 5.4 69.6
 0.44 0.69 5.6 Fig. 16. The Full Integrated SIW System Implementation and simulation
9.55 -21.6 0.85 81.1 results (a) The Implemented System (b) The Measuremnt in Lab.
(c) The Comparision between measured and simulated results.
B. The Full Integrated SIW System Measured Results
VIII. CONCILUSIONS
The full integrated SIW system measured results have been
obtained in laboratory using(R&S ZVB 20 vector network The full integrated SIW system with the advantages of this
analyzer 10 MHz: 20 GHz) showing agreement between technology has been presented for AISR applications. As a
simulated and measured results over the operating frequency conclusion table XI introduces a summary of the SIW system
results showing agreement between simulation and measured
band are shown in figures 16 and 17.
results. A comparison with five previous research models is
show in table XII. It is clear that this work introduces a
compact integrated SIW system with improved return loss,
wide bandwidth and high gain.

TABLE XI. THE FRACTIONAL BANDWIDTH CALCULATIONS [%]

Varity 𝑩𝒇[%]
𝒇𝒉 [GHz] 𝒇𝒍 [GHz] ∆𝒇[GHz] 𝒇𝒄 [GHz
]
First 9.62 9.5 0.12 9.56 1.26
Second 10.31 9.33 0.98 9.82 9.98
Third 10.36 9.3 1.06 9.83 10.78
Full System 10.32 8.85 1.47 9.56 15.38
(Simulated 11.41 10.81 0.6 11.11 5.4
)
(a) Full System 10.3 8.8 1.5 9.55 15.7
(Measured 11.4 10.5 0.9 10.95 8.22
)

TABLE XII. THE COMPARISION WITH RELATED RESEARCH REFERENCES

Ref. 𝑺𝟏𝟏 [𝒅𝑩] BW [GHz] Gain Dimensions [mm]

[dB]
Ref [36] -16.13 1 6.27 30 × 30
Ref [37] -17 0.3 NF 66 × 14
Ref [38] -37 0.2 7 91 × 50
Ref [39] -38.2 0.5 7 83 × 24
Ref [40] -17 0.2 NF 150 × 50
This Paper -51 1.49 7.5 100 × 30 [4- Array]

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