ELECTRIC MACHINERY

DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY:
Zarar Azeem (2022-MC-6)
Anas Gulzaar (2022-MC-7)
Umair Rana (2022-MC-8)
Muhammad Abu Bakar Khan (2022-MC-10)

SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Tabraiz Shami
_____________________________________
Mechatronics and Control Engineering Department
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
CONTENT:
1. Introduction

An H-bridge is an electronic circuit used to control the direction and speed

of a motor. It consists of four switches, typically transistors or MOSFETs,
arranged in the shape of the letter "H." The switches are connected to the
motor and power supply in a specific configuration. By selectively turning
on and off the switches, the H-bridge can reverse the polarity of the
voltage applied to the motor terminals, enabling the motor to rotate in
either direction. This makes it a versatile and widely used circuit for
controlling the movement of motors in various applications, such as
robotics, electric vehicles, and industrial machinery. The H-bridge's ability
to provide bidirectional control and precise motor speed regulation has
made it an essential component in many electronic systems.
Introduction:
The project is based on construction of DC motor. The motor should have a speed control
system, and should have a characteristic of rotation in clockwise direction. The speed of
motor could be controlled by external features using different equipment’s according to
need.

DC Motor:
Electrical appliances that transform electrical energy into mechanical energy are called
DC (Direct Current) motors
Principle of DC Motor:
The operation is based on electromagnetic induction.

Electromagnetic induction:
a changing magnetic field through a loop of wire induces an electromotive force (EMF)
in the wire. The induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the loop. Mathematically, it's expressed as:
EMF = dɸ\ dt

Lenz Law:
It claims that an induced current, or EMF, will always result in a magnetic field that
opposes the motion that is causing the magnetic field to change.
Negative sign is a result of this Lenz law in electromagnetic induction.
Construction:
Its construction includes two main parts:
Stator: the stationary part of field winding
Rotor: the loop that rotates within the poles of magnet
Commutator: A mechanism connected to the armature ensuring the current flows in
one direction through the coils.
Armature: Often made of carbon, these maintain contact with the Commutator,
enabling the electrical flow to the armature
 Types of DC Motor:
There are following types of dc motor:
 Series DC motor
 Separately excited DC motor
 Shunt DC motor

Fig: Series DC motor Fig: shunt DC motor Fig: separately excited DC motor
Control and Variation:
Different methods can be used to regulate DC motors, including varying the voltage, changing
the strength of the magnetic field, or controlling speed with electronic methods like PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation).

Waveform:
The common wave form of dc motor is:

Construction Methods:
The following are the methods of making a dc motor:
 H bridge: using h bridge mad of bipolar transistors.
 Using 555 timer IC: Utilizing specialized motor driver integrated circuits (ICs) or
microcontrollers with motor control capabilities allows for more precise and
programmable control of DC motors
 Field control: Modulating the field current in a DC motor can also control its speed. By
changing the field winding's resistance or the voltage applied to it, the motor's speed
characteristics can be adjusted.
  Chopper control: Chopper circuits manipulate the average voltage applied to the motor
by rapidly turning the power on and off. This technique is more efficient than simple
resistor-based control methods.

Applications:
Following are the applications of dc motor:
 Automotive system
 Industrial machinery
 Consumer electronics
 Renewable energy system
 Aerospace system
 Robotics and automation
H Bridge:
An H-bridge is an electronic circuit that allows a voltage to be applied across a load in either
direction. It's commonly used in controlling the speed and direction of DC motors. The name "H-
bridge" comes from the arrangement of its components, which typically looks like the letter 'H'
when drawn schematically.

Working Principle:
In order to regulate the direction of current flow via the motor, the H-bridge switches are
arranged in different configurations such that one pair of diagonally opposed switches, top left
and bottom right—must be closed, while the other pair—top right and bottom left—must be
open, in order to cause the motor to spin in a single direction.

Circuit Diagram:
The circuit diagram of a DC motor is given as follows:

Components:
The following components were used in the construction of given circuit:
 MOSFET 2N2222: Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors, or MOSFETs
for short, are semiconductor devices that are used for electrical signal amplification and
switching

Fig:Mosf
et
 IRF9540:
 Push Button: It's designed to make or break an electrical connection when pressed or
released, respectively

Fig: push button

 Resistors: Resistors are fundamental electronic components that impede the flow of
electric current

Fig: resistor

 Motor: a motor is used to check working of the circuit.

Fig: motor
 Proteus Simulation:

Construction:
Following steps are taken to construct the circuits.
 The upper and bottom portions of the letter "H" are formed by two transistors each.
 While the lower transistors are connected to ground (GND),
 the higher transistors are connected to the positive supply (Vcc).
 The two top and two lower transistors are connected to the motor at their connections,
forming a 'H.
  Transistors positioned diagonally opposite one another are turned on and off in a certain
order to regulate the motor's direction.
 This pair of transistors allows current to pass through the motor in the opposite direction
when one of them is turned on.
 Transistors positioned diagonally opposite one another are turned on and off in a certain
order to control the motor's direction.

Hardware Issues:
The following issues were faced on hardware testing:
 Mosfet Overheating: the mosfet were overheating resulting poor performance and
unsatisfactory results. The problem was fixed using heat sinks and cooling mechanism
along with the mosfet.
 Low Current ratings: due to the low current ratings of BJT the overflow of current took
place causing it to burn

References:
The following were the material referred:
 https://www.modularcircuits.com/blog/articles/h-bridge-secrets/h-bridges-the-basics/
 Electric machinery fundamentals by Stephen J Chapman
 Fundamental of electrical circuits by Mathew
 Introduction to electrical circuits by Dorf and Svoboda's

Conclusion:
The circuit was implemented by and was tested for working and was presented.