GRADE 11

CHEMISTRY
Matter, Trends, and
Chemical Bonding
Class 3

Polarity
• Polar refers to an
unequal distribution of
electrons
• A polar molecule is
called a dipole
• In a covalent bond, the
greater the ΔEN, the
more polar the bond

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• Molecules with polar bonds are not always polar
• Also depends on the orientation of the polar bonds
on the molecule
• If bonds of equal polarity are arranged
symmetrically, their dipoles cancel out and the
molecule is non-polar

• If either the molecule contains bonds of different

polarity or its bonds are not symmetrically
arranged, then there is a net dipole moment

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Lewis Structures
• Lewis structures show all the valence
electrons in a covalently bonded
species
Ex: Draw the Lewis structure of CH2O
1) Place the least electronegative
element in the middle and position
the other atoms around this central
atom attached by a single bond

2) Determine the total number of valence electrons

in the molecule or ion
• Subtract valence electrons for cations
• Add valence electrons for anions

VE: 4 + 2(1) + 6 = 12

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3) Determine the total number of electrons needed
for each atom to achieve a noble gas
configuration for elements before period 3
• Skip this step for elements after period 3 because they
do not follow the octet rule.

Total: 8 + 2(2) + 8 = 20

4) Subtract the valence electrons from the total

number of electrons to find the number of shared
electrons
5) Divide the number of shared electrons by two to
find the number of covalent bonds
Total: 8 + 2(2) + 8 = 20
VE: 4 + 2(1) + 6 = 12

20 - 12 = 8
8/2 = 4 bonds

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6) Determine the number of non-bonding electrons
by subtracting the number of shared electrons
from the total number of valence electrons.

VE – bonding electrons
12 – 8 = 4 lone electrons

Exceptions to Octet Rule:

• Elements in Group 2 do not
need a complete octet;
stable with two bonds
• Elements in Group 3 do not
need a complete octet;
stable with three bonds
• Elements past period 3 can
have expanded octets

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 Checkpoint

Draw the Lewis structures of the following molecules:

a) HCN
b) PCl3
c) BeF2
d) NO3-

VSEPR Theory
• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
predicts that lone pair-lone pair (LP-LP) has greater
repulsion than bonding pair-bonding pair (BP-BP)
• Increasing repulsion:
BP-BP < BP-LP < LP-LP

• Will revisit in G12 Chemistry

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 Checkpoint

Draw the Lewis structure and deduce if the

following molecules are polar or non-polar:
a) CO2
b) HCN
c) NH3
d) BF3
e) CH3OH

Structure of Water
• The O-H bond in water
has a ΔEN of 1.24 (polar
covalent)
• Due to the lone pair
electrons on oxygen, the
water molecule is polar
and has a bent geometry

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 • Polarity of water accounts
for many physical
properties of water:
• Water as a universal solvent
• Surface tension
• Ice floating on water
• High heat capacity of water

Metallic Bonding
• Metallic bonds are the forces
of attraction between
delocalized electrons and
positive ions
• Strength of metallic bond
depends on:
• Number of delocalized electrons
• Charge on the cation
• Radius of the cation

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Physical Properties of Metals
• High melting points and boiling points
• Low volatility/Non-volatile
• Conduct electricity as a solid
• Conduct heat as a solid
• Malleable
• Ductile
• Lustrous

Ionic Covalent Metallic

Electrostatic interaction Electrostatic interaction
Electrostatic interaction
between shared between lattice of
Description between cations and
bonding electrons and cations and delocalized
anions
positive nucleus electrons
Bond Metal to nonmetal Nonmetal to nonmetal Metal to metal
Melting
High Low High
Point/Boiling Point
Volatility Low/None High Low/None
Dissolves in water and Dissolves best in Generally do not
Solubility
polar solvents nonpolar solvents dissolve
Conduct electricity
No No Yes
as solid
Conduct electricity
in molten or Yes No Yes
aqueous form
Exist as solids, liquids, Malleable
Brittle
Other or gases at room Ductile
Hard
temperature Lustrous

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Development of the Periodic Table
1864, Newlands 1913, Moseley
noticed the Law discovered the
of Octaves atomic number
of each element

1789, Lavoisier 1869, Mendeleev

grouped the grouped elements
elements into
gases, non- based on physical
metals, metals, and chemical
and earths properties; left
blanks for unknown
elements

Mendeleev’s first published periodic table

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Periodic Law
• Periodic Law states
that the chemical and
physical properties of
the elements repeat in
a regular, periodic
pattern when they are
arranged according to
their atomic number

• Groups are the columns, also known as families

• 1-18 is the current number system
• I to VIII is the older system and separates the periodic
table into two categories A and B
• A group are the main group elements or representative
elements)
• B group are the transition elements
• The rare earth metals fit between Group 3 and Group 4
• Periods are the rows in the periodic table
• The period number indicates the number of energy
levels an element has for representative elements

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 Checkpoint

Identify the element that is described by the

following information:
a) Group 14 metalloid in the third period
b) Halogen with four energy levels
c) An element similar to phosphorus in chemical
properties
d) Most reactive element in Group 1
e) Most reactive element in Group 17

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Effective Nuclear Charge
• Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff) is the
nuclear charge felt by an electron
when both the actual charge (Z) and
the repulsive effects (shielding) of the
other electrons are taken into account
• Core electrons shield valence
electrons more than valence
electrons shield one another
Zeff = effective nuclear charge

Zeff = Z - σ Z = actual nuclear charge

σ = shielding constant

3p+ 4p+ 5p+

Across: Zeff increases

• Nuclear charge (Z) increases
• Shielding stays constant
11p+

Down: Zeff increases

• Nuclear charge (Z) increases
• Shielding increases

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Atomic Radius
• Atomic radius is one-half the distance
between two nuclei in two adjacent
metal atoms or in a diatomic molecule
Atomic radius of metals

Atomic radius of
diatomic molecules

Across: Atomic radius

decreases
• Zeff increases
• Valence electrons are
pulled closer to nucleus

Down: Atomic radius

increases
• More energy levels
• Valence electrons are
farther from nucleus

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 Checkpoint

Rank the atoms in each set by increasing atomic

radius:

a) F, C, N, Li

b) Na, Mg, Rb, K

c) Si, S, Ge, Te

Ionic Radius
• Ionic radius is the radius of a cation or an anion
• Formation of anion – radius increases
• The nuclear charge remains the same
• Addition of electron(s) enlarges the repulsion
in the electron cloud
• Proton to electron ratio decreases
• Formation of cation – radius decreases
• The nuclear charge remains the same
• Removal of electron(s) reduces the repulsion
in the electron cloud
• Proton to electron ratio increases

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Steps to rank ionic radius:
1) Find the isoelectronic noble gas of the anion or
cation
• Isoelectronic refers to ions and atoms that have the
same number of electrons
Ex: Na+ is isoelectronic with Ne because both have 10
electrons
2) Rank the noble gases based on size
3) Within the isoelectronic ions, rank by charge
+3 < +2 < +1 < -1 < -2 < -3

Checkpoint

Rank the following in order from smallest to largest

ionic radius:

a) K+, P3– , S2–, Cl–, Mg2+

b) K+ , Al3+, Na+, O2–, Mg2+

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