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Bord and Pillar Mining

The document provides an overview of underground mining methods, focusing on bord and pillar mining. It describes bord and pillar mining as involving the driving of narrow headings parallel to each other connected by cross headings, forming a series of pillars. The document outlines the development and depillaring stages and notes the "whole followed by broken" method is most efficient. It discusses design parameters like panel size, barrier width, pillar size, and bord height/width. Finally, it presents formulas for calculating the load and stress on pillars based on factors like depth, widths, and extraction ratio.

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Nikhil Pandey
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108 views14 pages

Bord and Pillar Mining

The document provides an overview of underground mining methods, focusing on bord and pillar mining. It describes bord and pillar mining as involving the driving of narrow headings parallel to each other connected by cross headings, forming a series of pillars. The document outlines the development and depillaring stages and notes the "whole followed by broken" method is most efficient. It discusses design parameters like panel size, barrier width, pillar size, and bord height/width. Finally, it presents formulas for calculating the load and stress on pillars based on factors like depth, widths, and extraction ratio.

Uploaded by

Nikhil Pandey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A COMPREHENSIVE MINING SOLUTION

FROM
INITIATION TO REALIZATION

AN OVER VIEW ON

“MINING METHODS”

PRESENTED BY:-
NIKHIL PANDEY (ENGINEER MINING)
TMC MINERAL RESOURCES PRIVATE LIMITED.
LET’S GET STARTED!
WHAT IS UNDERGROUND MINING!?

• Underground Mining is the process of extracting useful materials/mineral


resources of economical consideration from the earth without disturbing
the in-situ rock mass/overburden above it as far as practicable.
• This type of mining is preferred when the Break Even Stripping Ratio
increases more than optimal limit.
• There are various underground mining methods for consideration but our
prime concern is in one of the methods:-
- Bord & Pillar Mining Method
BORD & PILLAR MINING METHOD
• The method involves the driving of a series of narrow
headings(galleries) in seam parallel to each other which are
further connected by cross headings which ultimately results in
formation of pillars.
• The method of mining is suited to work nearly flat coal seams of
average thickness and at shallow depths.
• Seams with bad roof and with high make of gas are unsuitable for
this method which limits it’s working to Degree-I gassy seams unless
exempted in special cases
• Also seams highly prone to spontaneous heating should not be
worked by this method.
SYSTEM OF EXTRACTION IN BORD & PILLAR
The mining method comprises of two stages, i.e.
◆ Development
◆ Depillaring

The bord and pillar system of mining can be done in three


ways :-
- Entire area developed into pillars and extracting from boundary.
- Panel System of Mining.
- Whole followed by Broken method.*
Out of this (*) is best suited and efficient COAL mining method in
modern day practice.
“WHOLE" FOLLOWED BY "BROKEN" WORKING
The method consists of driving as few No. of headings as possible up to mine lease
hold area along the dip-rise direction and retreat backward with creating suitable
size panels and extracting them.
This system is superior over other in following context :-
• Ventilation Efficiency
• Coal Dust Treatment
• OMS High
• Cascading Pillar Failure Negligible
• Pillar Spalling is localized and working becomes safer
• Haulage is Simpler
• Control of Fire is comparatively easy
PROS & CONS OF BORD & PILLAR METHOD
Bord and pillar method of coal mining offers many advantages :-
• Since the area to be immediately worked is proved, and so initial planning may be modified
to deal with faults and intrusions without serious loss of output.
• All roadways in the seam are supported by solid coal for as long as they are required,
resulting in better and less costly supports.
• As the roadways seldom need subsequent enlargement, resulting in minimum unproductive labour, a high OMS
(output per manshift) is achieved.
The main disadvantages of bord and pillar method are :-
• Percentage extraction is less as compared to Longwall mining method.
• There is always need for flitting/marching the complete setup once the face advances to a particular limit.
• Subsidance can’t be controlled in surface for low depths of parting.
• Strata Control isn't easy.
• Ventilation is poor (large no. of headings and ventilation stoping creating leakage).
• Spontaneous Heating risk is more.
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF BORD & PILLAR
Important factors which govern the method of working are :-
• The size of the panel;
• The size of barriers;
• The size of pillars; and
• The width and height of galleries.
The design should be selected on critical techno-economic analysis so as to give
maximum operational efficiency and safety.
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF BORD & PILLAR
SIZE OF PANEL :- Total In-situ Coal extracted within incubation period/Single pillar tonnage
• Coal seams liable to spontaneous heating are developed in panels and the size of panel is majorly governed
by incubation period.{Indian Coal 3-10months}
• Panels in general long(along strike ‘levels’) & short(along dip-rise) direction.
SIZE OF BARRIER :-
• The width of the barrier depends on the load which it has to carry and its strength.
• Greater the depth of working, wider the barrier and also softer the coal, the more, the width of the barrier.
SIZE OF PILLAR :-
• Depth from the surface & percentage extraction in the first working.
• Strength of coal.
• The nature of roof and floor.
• Time dependent strain.
• Geological considerations.
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF BORD & PILLAR
HIGHT & WIDTH OF BORD(GALLERIES) :-
• Maximum Bord width as per stipulation in Coal Mine Regulations 2017 is 4.8m (with a
minimum pillar dimension of 48m (Centre-to-Centre).
• Special permission is granted in special cases by the Chief Inspector for some mines
depending upon geo-mining conditions and due concern to FoS.

FBD of Pillar
PILLAR DESIGN FACTORS
LOAD ON PILLAR
In order to compute the Pressure(P) acting on the pillar the following
assumptions are made :
• Initial ground pressure (Pzz)
Pzz = Wd
where, W unit weight of rock(kN/m3) & d is depth of cover/mining horizon(m).
• Widths of the pillar (Wp)
• Widths of the bord (Wo)
• ExtractionRatio (R)
The load is vertical only and is uniformly distributed over the cross-sectional area of
the pillar. Each pillar supports the volume of the rock over an area which is the sum of the
cross-sectional area of the pillar plus a portion of the bord area, the latter being
equally shared by all the pillars.
PILLAR DESIGN

Based On Previous Assumptions :-

AvgAxial Pillar Stress(P) = Pzz [(Wo + Wp)^2 / Wp^2]

In-situ/PreMining Stress (Pzz) = Wd

Extraction Ratio(R) = 1-[ Wp^2 / (Wo + Wp)^2 ]


PILLAR DESIGN

After computation and analysis


of data, we get a graph showing

(P)/(Pzz)
“Variation of Pillar Stress
Concentration factor
with reference to
Area Extraction Ratio”
Extraction Ratio(R)
Thanks &Regards !

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