MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY 2) Broadcast Media

2ND QUARTER REVIEWER - Media produced by television

networks and radio station; transmits
information to widest possible
MEDIA
audience.

MEDIA 3) New Media

● It also refers to any physical object used to - Media produced and content
communicate messages distributed on digital platforms
● It also an umbrella term for the different kinds
of mediums that enrich us with knowledge
and vital information PRINT MEDIA
● It runs through the society in the form of
visual, print, and audio mediums ● Media produced in paper publication;
● we need to develop the ability to access, traditionally physically based media; digital
analyze, evaluate, and create media in versions
various genre, modes, forms and formats. ● Also known as the press, this type of media
This is what we refer to as media literacy. refers to materials that are written and are
physically distributed
MEDIA LITERACY ● Media consisting of paper and ink,
● It is an effective and engaging way to apply reproduced that is traditionally Mechanical.
critical thinking skills which aid them to better
understand complex media messages. FORMS OF PRINT MEDIA
● It helps us to: ❖ Book
- develop critical thinking skills - It is a reading material that can either
- understand how media messages be fictional or non fictional.
shape our culture and society - It may also refer to the reference
- name the techniques or persuasion materials such as:
used ➔ Atlas - a collection of maps
- recognize bias, spin, misinformation, showing geographic features,
and lies boundaries, and statistics of
- create and distribute our own media areas.
messages ➔ Dictionary - used to find word
definitions, etymologies and
pronunciation.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF MEDIA
➔ Almanac - provides detailed
❖ Press information, facts, and figures
❖ Cinema about a topic on interest
❖ Radio ➔ Thesaurus - an alphabetical
❖ Television list of words containing
❖ Video Games meanings based on synonyms
❖ Internet / WWW and antonyms

TYPES OF MEDIA ❖ Newspaper

- It is published daily or weekly,
Media is categorized into three types:
containing news, and other
information on current issues,
1) Print Media
editorials and opinion.
- Media produced in paper publication;
➔ Broadsheet - a type of
traditionally physically based media;
newspaper that contains
digital versions
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 formal news and in-depth ➔ G (General Patronage)
analysis of issues. ➔ SPG (Strict Parental
➔ Tabloid - a type of newspaper Guidance)
that contains condensed news 2) Radio
and entertainment articles that - It is an electronic device invented in
use informal language 1895 by Italian Guglielmo Marconi,
who transmitted Morse code through
❖ Magazine - It provides detailed articles on signal waves with the instrument he
various topics like food, fashion, sports, made.
finance, lifestyle and so on. ➔ AM: Amplitude Modulation
➔ FM: Frequency Modulation
❖ Newsletter - It is a company-based or 3) Film
organizational publication for special - It is also known as movie or motion
purposes. picture. It is a series of still images
captured and projected on screen
❖ Gazette - It is the official publication of a - MRTCB Film Rating
government organization, intended for public ➔ G (no age restriction)
notices or listing of appointments ➔ PG (viewers below 13 y/o
should be accompanied by a
❖ Pamphlet - It contains detailed, yet easy to parent or supervising adult)
understand text with images, released to ➔ R-13 (13 y/o and above can
inform the public regarding special topics or only be admitted)
issues. ➔ R-18 (18 y/o and above can
only be admitted)
❖ Brochure - It is a small book or magazine
containing pictures and information about
NEW MEDIA
products and services offered by a company.

❖ Leaflet / Flyer - It is a printed sheet of paper ● Internet Technology has paved the way.
which contains information about a product or ● Content organized and distributed on digital
service, for advertising purposes platforms
● Internet is made it possible to contact others
worldwide, fuel business, access free
BROADCAST MEDIA information
● Able to access a new domain when it comes
● Media produced by television networks and to getting down what we want and need
radio station; transmits information to widest within minutes.
possible audience
● One of its distinctive characteristics is their FORMS OF NEW MEDIA
ubiquity 1) Web page - It is a space that contains
● Known as household media information on a person or organization,
made available online.
FORMS OF BROADCAST MEDIA
1) Television 2) Instant Messaging - It is an application that
- It is an electronic device capable of allows real-time interaction online.
sending images and sounds via wire
or space. 3) E-mail - through this, an online user can send
- TV Content Rating System messages or information, even with
(provided by MTRCB) attachments.
➔ PG (Parental Guidance)

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 4) Hypertext - this internet feature allows users ● Custom publishing
to get information from one online document ● Movement from print to
to another through clicking on highlighted television (vice versa)
words. ● advertorial

Film ● Concept movies

5) Distance Education - this internet feature ● Sequels, remakes, and
includes lessons or courses that are offered franchise
online in any part of the world.
Radio ● Digital radio
● Internet-based radio and
6) E-Book - It is a digital or electronic version of podcasting
a printed book. ● Radio on television (vice
versa)

7) Online Shopping - It refers to the buying and Television ● Video cassette recorders
selling that takes place on the internet. (VCR)
● Digital video disc (DVD)
● Digital video recorder (DVR)
8) Video Games - video games continue to ● Digital television or
grow popular to both young and old because high-definition television
of their increased interactivity and ● Internet-based television
interconnectivity, "from game consoles to ● Video on the internet
● Interactive television
personal computers to the Internet to cell ● Phone-over-cable
phones (Baran, 2010)." ● Mobile video
● Television recording

MEDIA CONVERGENCE Internet and ● Functionalities of the

the World traditional media moving to
Wide Web the Web platform
● This online feature implies interconnection of (WWW) ● Internet technology
information with communication technologies, incorporated to mobile
computer networks and media content. technology (e.g., smart
phones and tablets)
● The co-existence of print media, broadcast ● Internet connected,
media (radio and television), the internet, Wi-Fi-capable television
mobile phones, as well as others, allowing monitor
media content to flow across various
platforms.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES
● Convergence is a trend that cannot be done
away with because the audiences are getting
more fragmented. ● Information sources are outlets to get
● Media organizations would like to reach as different information that is used by an
many as they can by diversifying the delivery individual or an organization;
of their message. Also, audiences are no ● Media is the communication tool used to
longer biased over one form of media to deliver and store information.
access content. ● Through the years, information sources
evolved. Some of the information we have
are as follows:
MEDIA CONVERGENCE
TYPE/FORM ○ Indigenous Media
○ Library
Book ● E-books ○ Internet
● Print on demand (POD) ○ Alternative Media
Newspaper ● Online versions
● Mobile application version

Magazine ● Online publishing

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 INDIGENOUS MEDIA ALTERNATIVE MEDIA

● local knowledge ● It refers to contemporary sources of

● unique to a given culture/society information such as social media, blog, and
● exist naturally in a particular vlog.
region/environment ● This is considered as a faster way to
● passed down from generation to generation distribute information
through oral tradition and gathering or rituals ● It provides a greater freedom and power to
ordinary individual.
FORMS OF INDIGENOUS MEDIA ● However, content of alternative media may
❖ gatherings/ social organizations encounter issue on reliability and validity of
❖ direct observation information.
❖ Records
❖ oral instruction (epic, folktale, legend, myth) SELECTION CRITERIA
When choosing the appropriate information sources,
you must consider the following:
LIBRARY
● place where different materials are located ❖ Reliability
- An information is considered reliable if
TYPES OF LIBRARY it's verified and validated; looks on the
1. Academic Library - for colleges and trustworthiness of the source
universities ❖ Accuracy
2. Public Library - cities/towns of all types - An information is considered accurate
3. School Library - for K-12 students if the it's close with the actual data
4. Special Library - for specialized ❖ Value of Information
environments - Information is said to be of value if it
aids the user in making or improving
Take note:
decisions; it also depends on the
- these libraries can be digital or physical in form
needs of the user
❖ Authority
INTERNET - An information source should have
established expertise with the subject
● considered as the main source of information or topic to hold authority in the
today information
● there is variety of form and content ❖ Timeliness
- Reliability, accuracy, and value of
ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET AS INFORMATION information may vary based on the
SOURCE time it was produced or acquired.
➔ Full-text
➔ access to world-wide information MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGE
➔ 24-hour access
LANGUAGE
DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNET AS
INFORMATION SOURCE ● Pertains to the technical and symbolic
➔ no central directory ingredients or codes and conventions that
➔ no censorship or editing procedures media and information professionals may
➔ not validated select and use in an effort to communicate
➔ needs computer and ICT skills ideas, information, and knowledge.
➔ can be slow depending on network

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 ● “Language is the source of misunderstanding Newspaper Film
(Antoine de Saint-Exupery)”
● Media is prone to misuse - New reports - Horror
● Media is composed of: - Feature Article - Sci- fi
- Editorials - Action
➔ Producers: - Review - Drama
- Authors - Romance
- Journalist - Historical
- Musical
- Editors
- Directors Literary Pieces Blogs
- Talents
- Performers - Poetry - Fashion
- Fiction - Food
- Prose - Travel
➔ Audience: - Non-fiction - Lifestyle
- Readers - drama
- TV viewers
- Moviegoers
- Internet Users CODES AND CONVENTIONS

CODES
MEDIA LANGUAGES
● Systems of signs that create meanings
● There are three types of codes:
● Codes, conventions, format, symbols and - Technical Codes
narrative structures that indicate the meaning - Symbolic Codes
of media messages to an audience. - Written Codes
● building blocks of media (Young, 2017)
CONVENTIONS
GENRE ● are the generally accepted ways of doing
something
● In the media context, refers to a standard or
● French word for “type” or “kind”
norm that acts as a rule governing behavior.
● a category of artistic, musical, or literary
composition characterized by a particular
style, form, or content CODES
● Genre helps audiences—readers and
viewers—to understand the text by merely TECHNICAL CODES
looking at those signs that you can recognize ● ways in which equipment is used to tell the
and interpret story (camera techniques, framing, depth of
● can be recognized by its common set of fields, lighting and exposure, etc.)
distinguishing features (codes and ● all the ways in which equipment is used to tell
conventions) the story in a media text
a. Camera angles
There are factors that may influence how b. Sound
messages may be understood: c. Lighting
a. one’s role in the society
b. group purposes CAMERA SHOT TYPES
c. professional and organizational preferences ● also referred to as viewing distance.
and prerequisites ● They describe the distance between the
d. cultural constraints camera and the subject.
● There are different types of camera shots.
- Extreme Wide Shot
- Wide Shot
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 - Medium Shot CAMERA ANGLES
- Medium Close-up ● also referred to as viewing perspective.
- Close-up ● They describe the angle of the camera in
- Extreme Close-up relation to the subject

❖ Close-up - An object or an actor’s head takes

up most of the screen. It is used to reveal
emotion through facial expression.

❖ Extreme Close-up - this is a very close shot

and may be only a small part of an object or
person. It is used to raw our focus to show a
specific detail.

❖ Mid Shot - an actor is seen from the waist up

(this is the most common type of shot). It
shows emotion through facial expression as
well as body language.

❖ Long Shot - an actor’s entire body is seen as

well as some of the setting. It shows a
character's emotion through posture and
gesture.

❖ Extreme Long Shot - this shows the

landscape of the film with a barely visible
character in the distance. It is used to show
setting or make a person look small or
vulnerable in their surroundings.

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 CONVENTIONS

SYMBOLIC CODES
● show what is beneath the surface of what we MESSAGES
see (objects, setting, body language, clothing, ● The information sent from a source to a
color, etc. ) receiver
● codes that can be decoded mainly on
connotation level; drawn from our experience AUDIENCES
and understanding ● The group of consumers for whom a media
a. Mise-en-Scene (set design, props, message was constructed as well as anyone
costume) else who is exposed to the message.
b. Setting (shows time and place)
c. Color (suggests a mood) PRODUCERS
d. Acting (facial expression, body ● People engaged in the process of creating
language, emotion and movement) and putting together media content to make a
finished media product
● Other stakeholders: Libraries, archives,
museums, internet, and other relevant
information providers

TROPE
● motifs or recurrent themes; storytelling
devices, conventions
● seen in television genres
○ Ex. friends to lovers trope

WRITTEN CODES
● use of language style and textual layout
(headlines, captions, speech bubbles,
language style, etc. )

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 ● specific sign associated with a particular
LEGAL, ETHICAL AND SOCIETAL ISSUES IN
MEDIA AND INFORMATION brand of goods and services
● used by companies to distinguish their
products from other similar and available
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
products in market
● World Intellectual Property Organization
○ Signs:
(WIPO): creation of the mind, such as
- Words
inventions, literary and artistic works, designs
- Designs
and symbols, names, and images used in
- Letters
commerce
- Numerals
● output of a person's intellectual pursuit
- The shape of goods or their
packaging
WHAT IS IT FOR?
- Slogans
- With the protection we give with our IP, It
- Colours
enables us to earn:
- Sounds
➢ Recognition
- Smells
➢ financial benefit from what we invent
- Gestures
or create
- Taste

TRADEMARK VS. PATENT

How to distinguish?

❖ Geographical Indication
- Sign used on goods that have a
specific geographical origin and
possess qualities, a reputation or
characteristics that are essentially
attributable to that place of origin
- Products that are protected by this:
agricultural products, food stuffs, wine
and spirit drinks, handicrafts, and
industrial products
PATENT
● exclusive right granted to an invention ❖ Industrial Design
- Constitutes the ornamental or
INVENTION aesthetic aspect of an article/object
● A product or a process that provides, in
general, a new way of doing something, or Why Protect?
offers a new technical solution to a problem ➔ A design is what makes a product attractive
(WIPO,n.d). and appealing
● This protects the owner from the other people ➔ contributes to commercial value and
who deliberately or unintentionally copy his marketability promotes
invention ➔ fair competition and honest trade practices
○ Requirements: helps economic
1. Novelty ➔ development, by encouraging creativity
2. Inventive Step
3. Industrial Applicability

TRADEMARK

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COPYRIGHT
● exclusive rights for use and distribution of the
materials
● a legal device that gives the creator the sole
right to publish and sell that work
● An author may grant or sell those rights to
others, including publishers or recording
companies
● Infringement - violation of a copyright is
called

What is Protected
○ Literary works such as novels, poems, plays,
reference works, newspaper articles
○ Computer programs, databases FAIR USE
○ Films, musical compositions, and - copying a copyrighted material, with the
choreographies purpose of using it for review, commentary,
○ Artistic works such as paintings, drawings, critic, parody, without the need to ask
photographs, and sculptures permission form the copyright owner
○ Architecture
○ Advertisements, maps, and RA 8293: “The fair use of a copyrighted work for
○ technical drawings criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching
including multiple copies for classroom use,
It is grounded in RA 8293 scholarship, research, and similar purposes is not an
● “Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines” infringement of copyright.”
● covers rights on copyright, trademarks,
patent, geographical indications, industrial Some instances include:
designs, layout design - Screenshot photo from a movie and turned
into a meme
ECONOMIC AND MORAL RIGHTS - Using a graph or image for nonprofit
educational purpose
- The original items from an article was used
for a song
- Few lines from a song as introductory
statement in a book review

CREATIVE COMMONS
- Creative Commons is a nonprofit licensing
organization that enables the legal sharing
and use of works.
- Creative Commons has opened opportunities
for universal access through “a free, public,
and standardized infrastructure” of sharing
content and information within the bounds of
free flow of information and protection of
copyright.

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 COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
- an act or instance of using creative work
without authorization or compensation

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THOSE

TWO?
- School enforces plagiarism Court enforces
copyright infringement

Information is a valuable intellectual commodity;

thus, you are expected to consume information
as responsibly as possible.

FLAMER
- defined as someone who knowingly attacks
other netizens, or expresses in aggressive
PLAGIARISM manner his opinion on controversial issues
- an act or instance of using or closely imitating - Flaming is a form of verbal hostility directed
the language and thoughts of another author at a person. It is common in hot button topics
without authorization like celebrity, current news, politics, and
religion

TITLE TATTLER
- These are the people who form angry
comments based on nothing more than an
article's title alone.

SPAMMER CRAMMER
- They are usually easy to spot: copy-pasted
message, posted on all related and
non-related articles, commented on every
single page possible

MEME MASTER
- You can see these people taking seemingly
innocent photos they find online, and
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 imprinting hateful, foul, and usually baseless - Repeatedly sending cruel, vicious and/or
accusations onto the image. threatening messages

WORD WARRIOR Nation

There are two subspecies of these kind of trolls: - breaking into someone’s online account and
sending messages that will cause
The first are the bandwagon riders: These are the embarrassment or damage to the person’s
people who see a comment that is to their liking and reputation and relationship to others.
must, vehemently and with every fiber of their being,
agree. The second are the caps lock typers: Outing and Trickery
Whatever one camp posts, the other camp must turn - Engaging someone in instant messaging,
their sentiment around and type it back at them all in tricking him or her into revealing sensitive
capital letters. information, and forwarding that information
to others
CURSE CASTER
- The phrase "use your words" means little to Cyberstalking
them beyond curses typed out without any - Repeated, intense harassment and
explanation as to their anger or irritation. denigration that includes threats or creates
significant fear
PROFILE PRETENDER
- These types of trolls set up multiple fake VIRTUAL SELF
accounts for the purpose of commenting and - digital identity in the virtual world
backing up their own comments - human persona within an avatar

NETIQUETTE ● Look in the mirror

● the use of good manners in online ● Master your password ❖ Ditch Touch ID
communication ● Avoid cookies
● NO YELLING, PLEASE ● Browse Safely
● Sarcasm can (and will) backfire ● Brevity rules
● Attempt to find your own answer ● Know thy settings
● Stop... grammar-time! ● Go Virtual
● Don't get cute with text colors Brevity rules
● Read first Don't overshare Internet Addiction
● Be kind - the excessive use of Internet and computers
to the extent that it interferes with daily life
CYBERBULLYING - This excessive use may for example interfere
- bullying that takes place online, or using with work or sleep, result in problems with
electronic technology - Worst kind of flaming social interaction, or affect mood,
activity relationships, and thought processes.

TYPES OF CYBERBULLYING: Cybersex Addiction

- Compulsive use of online pornography, adult
Exclusion websites, sexual fantasy/adult chat rooms
- Intentionally excluding someone from an which affects real-world sexual, romantic, or
online group intimate relationships
Gossip
- Sending or posting gossip or rumors about a Net Compulsions
person to damage his or her reputation or - Compulsive online gambling, trading stocks,
friendships online auctions, and compulsive online
Harassment shopping.
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Cyber Relationship Addiction
- Addiction to social networking, chat room,
texting and messaging to the point that real
life family and friends are neglected

Information Overload
- uncontrollable urge to do web surfing and
database searching, leading to lower work
productivity and less social interaction

Computer Addiction
- Obsessive playing online and off-line
computer games

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