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Precal Conics

The document provides information about conic sections - circles, parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas. It defines each conic section, discusses their key properties like foci, vertices, axes, and provides their standard equations. Examples are given of graphing each conic section based on their standard equations.

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25 views78 pages

Precal Conics

The document provides information about conic sections - circles, parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas. It defines each conic section, discusses their key properties like foci, vertices, axes, and provides their standard equations. Examples are given of graphing each conic section based on their standard equations.

Uploaded by

Iyah Xyza Ventura
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Precalculus:

CONIC SECTIONS
Recall 101
▪ EQUATION OF A LINE
▪ SLOPE
▪ DISTANCE
▪ MIDPOINT
▪ EQUATION OF A LINE

➢ General Form: 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎
➢ Standard Form:𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 = 𝑪
➢ Slope-intercept Form: 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
▪ SLOPE
➢ The steepness of a line
𝒚 𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒎=
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
▪ DISTANCE
➢ The distance between two
points in a plane

𝒅= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟐
▪ MIDPOINT
➢ The coordinates of the exact
middle point between two
points on the plane
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒙= 𝒚=
𝟐 𝟐
Precalculus:
CONIC SECTIONS
▪ CONIC SECTION
➢ a curve formed from the intersection of a
plane and a cone.
▪ CIRCLE
➢ a conic section formed
when a plane
intersects a cone
horizontally.
➢ a set of points
equidistant from a
fixed point called
the center

➢ The distance from


the center to any
point on the circle is
called the radius.
Standard equation of a circle

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙−𝒉 + 𝒚−𝒌 =𝒓
Where:
h = x coordinate of the center
k = y coordinate of the center
r = radius
When the center is at the origin (0,0)

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒚 =𝒓
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒚 =𝟗
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙−𝒉 + 𝒚−𝒌 =𝒓

When the center is at ( h, k )


Sketch the graph of each standard equation

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟑𝟔

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙+𝟐 + 𝒚−𝟏 =𝟗

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙−𝟒 + 𝒚+𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒚+𝟐 =𝟒

𝟐 𝟐
𝟒(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝟒 𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟒𝟗
▪ PARABOLA
➢ a conic section formed
when a plane
intersecting the cone
is tilted forming an
unbounded curve
➢ a locus of points that moves
such that it is equidistant from
a fixed point called the focus
and a fixed line called the
directrix

➢ is the set of all points P(x, y)


in the plane whose distance to
the focus equals to its distance
to the directrix.
o vertex
the minimum or
maximum point of
the graph when
the parabola
opens upward or
downward
o focus
a point that is c
units away from
the vertex
o axis of
symmetry
the line that divides
the parabola into
two equal parts.
o directrix
the line perpendicular
to the axis of
symmetry that is c
units from the vertex
o Latus rectum
the line segment that
passes through the
focus and is parallel to
the directrix; its length
is equal to | 4c | whose
endpoints lie on the
parabola
Standard Equation of a Parabola
Vertex is at the origin (0,0)

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟒𝒄𝒚 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒄𝒙

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 = −𝟒𝒄𝒚 𝒚 = −𝟒𝒄𝒙
▪ ELLIPSE
➢ a conic section formed
when a plane
intersecting the cone
is tilted forming a
bounded curve
➢ The collection of all points in
the plane, the sum of whose
distances from two fixed
points, called the foci, is a
constant.
➢ Let F1 and F2 be distinct points. The set of
all points P, whose distances from F1 and
from F2 add up to a certain constant, is
called ellipse. The points F1 and F2 are
called the foci of the ellipse
▪ FOCI
➢ Two fixed points on
the interior of an
ellipse
▪ CENTER
➢ The point midway the
foci
▪ VERTICES
➢ The intersections of
the major axis and
the ellipse
▪ COVERTICES
➢ The intersections of
the minor axis and
the ellipse
▪ MINOR AXIS
➢ The segment through the
center, perpendicular to
the major axis
▪ MAJOR AXIS
➢ The segment that
connects the vertices
of an ellipse
▪ MAJOR AXIS
➢ The segment that
connects the vertices
of an ellipse
Standard Equation of an Ellipse
Center is at the origin (0,0)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚
+ = 𝟏 𝟐
+ 𝟐
= 𝟏
𝒂 𝟐 𝒃 𝟐 𝒃 𝒂
a>b

a: distance of each vertex from the center


b: distance of each covertex from the center
Determine the values of a and b, and the orientation of the
defined ellipse
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏 + =𝟏
𝟑𝟔 𝟐𝟓 𝟒 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚 𝟐
𝒚
+ =𝟏 𝒙 + =𝟏
𝟖𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟒
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝟐
𝒚 𝟐 𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏 + =𝟏
𝟐𝟎 𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟖
Graphing an Ellipse
a: distance of each vertex from the center
b: distance of each covertex from the center
c: distance of each focus to the center

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐
+ 𝟐=𝟏 𝟐
+ 𝟐=𝟏
𝒂 𝒃 𝒃 𝒂

𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐
𝒄 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏
𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟎
HYPERBOLA
✓ Define hyperbola
✓ Determine the standard equation of hyperbola
✓ Graph hyperbola on the rectangular coordinate
system
▪ Hyperbola
➢ a conic section formed
when a plane
intersects both cone to
form to unbounded
curves
➢ The set of all points P, whose distances
from F1 and from F2 differ by a certain
constant.
▪ CENTER
➢ The intersection of the two axes
▪ FOCI
➢ The point c units away from the center
▪ VERTICES
➢ The points on the hyperbola, collinear
with the center and the foci.
▪ CO-VERTICES
➢ The endpoints of the conjugate axis
▪ ASYMPTOTES
➢ The passing through the center which
serves as a guide in graphing the
hyperbola
▪ CONJUGATE AXIS
➢ The line segment that connects the
co-vertices. It has a length equal to
2b
▪ TRANSVERSE AXIS
➢ The line segment that connects the
vertices. It has a length equal to 2a
Standard Equation of Hyperbola

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚 𝒚 𝒙
𝟐
− 𝟐
= 𝟏 𝟐
− 𝟐
= 𝟏
𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃
Standard Equation of Hyperbola
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒉) (𝒚 − 𝒌)
𝟐
− 𝟐
= 𝟏
𝒂 𝒃

𝟐 𝟐
(𝒚 − 𝒌) (𝒙 − 𝒉)
𝟐
− 𝟐
= 𝟏
𝒂 𝒃

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