4s 4.23.2 Aplications of Slipring Induction 23 Applications of induction Motors * Tee apptcntions of te oo aferent PES of induction motors have been listed below 23.1 Applications of Squirrel Cag! The squirrel cage TO starting torques and itis rotor resistances for increas ‘These are constant speed motor. motors are preferred for ye Motors ? ors have: small or moderate not possible to use extemal sing the starting toraue So these the following applications : 3. Fansand blowers. 2. Grinders 3, Drilling machines 4. ‘Blowers and Water pumIPS 5 Lathe machines 6 Printing machines. We can connect the extemal rotor resistance to the rotor of slip rng induction motor. So itis possible to obtain a higher starting torque, Hence they are used forthe following applications : 1 Hoist 2. lits 3. Elevators 4, Cranes - 5, Compressors. ‘llthese are actually high starting torque applications, ‘note on : Double cage induction 15, Dec. 18, May 17, 10 Marks) ‘The slip fing motors have following 19 advan low resistance of rotor. ae 1 High efficiency are called as running performance parameters. characteristics such as low starting current. ae It sip ring Motors tan be | — 4n external resistance in the rotor 2 Lowstip done in the squirrel cag hr motors is not accessib is can not be ut this suct pecause coro" OF user: sign its rotor to NE so if we de 4 its. starting cha performance the” affected adverselY: as the squirrel cage OTOP can provide the gach as fow cost, gga ‘and maint the designers are forced 12 find their starting characteristics 4 degrading their excellent running performance: se frequency of rotor current Li f is equal frequency (50 Hz) at the time of starting. sis frequency reduces tof = $f when operation improving starts running: therefore the rotor resistance is high at the starting and decreases as the motor =P due to skin and proximity effects. ‘This variation in Ry is actually a desired Hence the deep bar conductor rotor oF oi rotor are the special types of squirrel cage rot for enhancing the effect of variation in Ra qi In the double cage rotor construction, 2 winding is used with two layers of bars by end rings. ‘The upper bars have a smaller cross s the lower bars. Hence the resistance of upper bars i of the lower bars. a Fig. 424.1 shows the partial constru cage rotor. ‘Upper bars Lower bars, 0:7 Fig. 4.242 : Construction of tis observed that the outer and low reactance. Therefore ae ae a ets confined to the outer cage. ia Y /A starter Ans. } motor takes 3S a torque of voltage is bite starter is current. Starting torque (T) = le | Sage [300] = |= .06 x 150 Te = [go] * 006% = 225Nm Ans, Step 3: Find staring torque and starting current with start delta starter: — When star delta starter is used ips ¢ Te = al X Sey 1 [300], -. Starting torque T,, =3 [= x 0.06 x 150 = 75 Nm Te (1 Starting current Is. = = () xT 7S feu Igo = 1 (4) x 60 = 300A 5.2 Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motors : ~ The expression for the actual speed of a three phase induction motor is given by, N = Neg(1=s) — This shows that the actual speed depends on two factors namely the synchronous speed Ns and slip s. ~ So by changing any one of them or both we can vary the speed of an LM. ~ Another way to change the speed is to change the torque produced by the motor which is given by,jhe motor torque is less than the load torque then the motor speed will decrease and if the motor torque becomes higher than the load torque, then the motor «peed will increase iris possible to control the speed of an induction motor using two methods 1. By controlling the stator parameters. By controlling the rotor parameters. ‘he parameters like supply frequency, supply voltage, umber of poles or external stator resistance can be controlled on the stator side for controlling the speed. Whereas we can control the rotor resistance or use cascade control to achieve the speed control from the rotor speed. speed control techniqu The speed control techniques are classified for the slip ring or squirrel cage motors as follows “Speed contol echniques onioteehniques for “wound rotor Moto e contol {, constant V contol Conve teehnique Tr ‘qual cage motor Sno veliage conto | oor bf constant V contol ‘abicurent, constant f contol *Canling ruber of poles + Slip power recovary 8 (Caseade contro} + Contrling numberof pol gasn) Let us discuss these techniques one by one. 521. Stator Voltage Control : Principle. 'n this type of control, the stator frequency is ‘maintained constant and only the stator voltage is Vatied to vary the speed of induction motor. ‘uation (51.4) indicates that the torque is proportional ‘othe square of rotor induced voltage E> as follows : ks EDR Re (sKy “ct & is the rotor induced emf at stand still which is ~Poportional to the stator supply voltage Vy. le E « Vy ks VER, re Ree = In the stable region of torque-slip characteristics, the value of "s" is low. Hence we can neglect the (s X )” term in the above expression, ks Vi Ro Ste Ry ks Vi R Te Te = But Ry is constant and k is also constant hence, Ta sv = In this type of speed control the stator supply voltage V; is reduced from V, (rated value) to xV, where x < 1. Hence the motor torque is given by, Tx s(x Fig, 5.2.1 shows the typical torque speed characteristics for various values of "x Nomatod smolgrlrguo (e.1 (100% etator votage) +075 (78% of rated satr voltage) 02% 04 08 Noo that Np > Ny (1-188) Fig. 5.2.1 : Torque speed characteristics with variable stator voltage The points of intersection with the load torque line would define the stable operating points ie. the points at which the motor torque is equal to the load torque. ‘As can be seen from Fig. 5.2.1, the speed corresponding to operating point “A" (for 100 % stator voltage) ie. Ny is higher than the speed corresponding to the operating point B for 75 % of the rated stator voltage) ie. Nz- — In this way by varying the stator voltage it is possible to vary the motor speed. With increase in stator voltage the motor speed will increase, Reduction In torque and air gap flux : 7 = In any magnetic circuit the induced voltage is proportional to flux and frequer air gap flux can be expressed as, "jon Motors (Part-2 Electrical AC Machines - | (Sem. 4/ Electrical /MU) 5-12 ) XV; = Knod (521) iple : XY; — We know that the actual speed N is given by, orfux $= Co 622) Reactant = 120f,/P | Where K,, is constant and depends on the number of | and Ne turns of the stator winding, [+ As the stator voltage x Vis reduced, the air gap flux 6 and the torque both will reduce. This type of control is therefore not suitable for ‘constant torque loads and is applied to applications requiring low starting torque and a narrow range of speed at relatively ow slip. The main drawback of stator voltage control scheme is that the speed control is obtained at the cost reduction in motor torque. Usually motors with a higher slip are used in siatdy voltage schemes The braking may achi cd about by the reversal of the input phase sequence (plugging) but this increases the rotor losses resulting in motor heating. 4 Applications : This type of control is suitable for both, squirrel cage as wel as the slipring induction motors This type of control produces very low starting tafque, and therefore is preferred in the applications such as fans, blowers and centrifugal pumps where the starting torque requirement is not high. The stator voltage control is also used for starting high Power induction motors to limit the stator current at the \ time of starting 5.2.2 Stator Frequency Control or Vif — Control —— TEES EE Iscuss VIF control method of speed control with Speed torque characteristic, (Dec. 14, May 16, 10 Marks) Explain the necessity of controling voltage al long with frequency for speed control of an induction motor for vif control method. ‘acteristic for constant vif ratio at Citferent frequencies, (May 18, Dec. 15, 10 Marks) | az So we can change the actual speed N by changing the synchronous speed. But synchronous speed Ns can be changed by changing the stator supply frequency f, So theoretically we can control the speed by changing only f,. But only change in f, keeping V; constant has an adverse effect on the air gap flux because air gap fluxis given by, bug = Vi / 4) So air gap flux 64, is proportional to the ratio (V; /f). f fis reduced by keeping V, constant then there is a possibilty of core saturation, ~ | Hence the ratio (V, / f,) is kept constant by changing / both the stator voltage simultaneously Vz and frequency f; This is necessary to keep the air gap flux constant. Hence this method is called as constant (V/f) control. Itis also kniown as variable frequency drive (VED). Block diagram : The block diagram of constant ( V / F) control is shown in Fig. 52.2. 6 variable V, variable aie Ys pe ail mE comes pace] Se ccomny eer ele es (A-1619) Fig. 5.2.2 : Constant V/f control for LM. Operation : The AC input of constant voltage and constant frequency is applied to an AC to DC converter which is @ rectifier. At the output of AC to DC converter we get 4 DC voltage. A capacitor bank is used to reduce the ripple contents in the DC voltage. This DC voltage is applied at the input of an inverter The inverter is an electronic circuit which converts the DC voltage into a 3 phase variable voltage variable frequency AC voltage. ¥ TaeAdvantage : ~ This control is simple. Disadvantages : ical AC Machines - | (Sem. 4 / Electrical / MU) As the rheostat is reduced, towards the Run position the stator voltage is increased and the speed also increases. Applications : 5.2.5 Speed Control using External Rotor 2... diagram : 1. Power lost is in the external stator rheostat. 2. Efficiency of this system is low. 3. Starting torque is low due to small stator voltage. 1. For the speed control of blower and fans. 2. Speed control of small motors Resistance : The set up for speed control using external rotor resistance is shown in Fig. 5.25. Foior v-192)Fig. 5.2.5 : Speed control ‘The variable rotor resistarce/is connected to the rotor ‘through the sliprings and brbshes. ‘0 this type of control is yseful only forthe slipring type We have already discussed the effect of change in the rotor resistance R, on the torque slip characteristics. The value of critic! slip s,, corresponding to the ‘speed changes from N, to Nz where Ny is « Thus the speed decreases with increase in 5-14 Three Phase Induction Motors (Part-2 "Torque A increased ‘As Ri increases decreases. a7 N=o = ‘speed decreases : (y-193 Fig. 52:6: Torque-slip characteristics Disadvantages : \ \ 1. A lot of power 1% wasted in the external rotor resistance. | 2. This type of control is\possible only for the slipring induction motors and net suitable for the squirfel cage motors, 3._Large speed changes arent possible to obtain. 4, It is not possible to obtain speeds above the base speed. A 5. Low efficiency due to large power loss taking place in the external rotor resistance. The size of rotor rheostat is large system bulky. What are the different methods of speed ‘S-phase induction motor ? State advantages of rotor resistance Write @ short note on auto-transfor three-phase induction motor. Write a short note on speed induction motors. Write a short note on rotor three-phase induction motor. Write short note on star-delta starter. Discuss the need of a starter for a 3-phase induction motor. Write the names of various starters used fo" ‘a 3-phase induction motor. State the need of speed control. ich makes the of three-phase starter for