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Interpolation

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24 views22 pages

Interpolation

Uploaded by

ishmakrahat02
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




INTERPOLATION



  
Protima Dash, Senior Lecturer @ DIU



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

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




Meaning of Interpolation:
In our daily life we are sometimes confronted with the problem where we become
interested in finding some unknown values with help of a given set of observations.
For example, if we are find out the population of Bangladesh in 1978 when we know
the population of Bangladesh in the year 1971, 1975, 1979, 1984, 1988, 1992 and so
on. i,e. the figure of population are available for 1971, 1975, 1979, 1984, 1988, 1992
etc, then the process of finding the population of 1978 is known as interpolation.

Definition of Interpolation:
In the mathematical field of numerical analysis, interpolation is a method of
constructing new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points.

Mathematically, let the observations of a function be


for respectively.
Then the method of finding for where lies in the range and is
known as interpolation and if the value of lies outside this range it is called
extrapolation.

For example, let as suppose we are given the following data.


0 3 6 9 12 15
1 2 7 12 17 22

Then the method of finding or with help of the given data will be called
interpolation and that for or will be known as extrapolation.

1
2
If the difference of Interpolation/Extrapolatio If the difference of is
is equal then it n equal or not for both
applicable. condition it applicable.

Newton’s Interpolation formula Lagrange’s Interpolation formula

Newton Forward Newton Backward


Interpolation Interpolation
formula formula

3
Newton’s Formula For Interpolation:

Newton’s Forward Difference:


If the given data is,
x x0 x1 x2 x3 ………. xn
y y0 y1 y2 y3 ………. yn

Then the Newton’s forward interpolation formula will be,

u(u 1) 2 u(u 1)(u  2) 3 u(u 1)(u  2) ......... (u  n 1) n


y(x)  y0 uy   y 
0
 y .............. 
0
 y
0
0
2! 3! n!

x  x0
Where, u ; h = difference of which is always equal interval.
h

Newton’s Backward Difference:


If the given data is,
x x0 x1 x2 x3 ………. xn
y y0 y1 y2 y3 ………. yn

Then the Newton’s backward interpolation formula will be,


u(u  1)
y(x)  y uy  2 y  u(u 1)(u  2) 3 y ..............  u(u  1)(u  2) ........ (u  n 1) n y
n n n n n
2! 3! n!

x  xn
Where, u ; h = difference of which is always equal interval.
h

4
Problem Solving:

5
6
7
Answer: Try yourself.

8
9
1
For Practice:

1
8.

1
Lagrange’s Interpolation Formula :
Statement:

1
1
Problem Solving:

15
16
17
For Practice:
1

Another Problem:

18
19
For Practice:
Q1

Q2

20
Comparisons Between Lagrange and Newton Interpolation:
The Lagrange and Newton interpolating formulas provide two
different forms for an interpolating polynomial, even though the interpolating
polynomial is unique.

 Lagrange method is numerically unstable but Newton's method is usually


numerically stable and computationally efficient.
 Newton formula is much better for computation than the Lagrange formula.
 Lagrange form is most often used for deriving formulas for approximating
derivatives and integrals

 Lagrange's form is more efficient then the Newton's formula when you have
to interpolate several data sets on the same data points.

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