C

Computer
Science
by
Christopher Andrew Topalian

Copyright 2000-2024
All Rights Reserved
 Dedicated
to
God the Father
Download Visual Studio - Search Google

We Go To: google.com

We Search for: Visual Studio

We Left Click on: Downloads

Or, we can go directly

to the Visual Studio website
as shown on the next page.
Download Visual Studio - Directly from Website
https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/community/

We Go To:
https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/community

We Download: Visual Studio Installer

We Go To our Downloads Folder and:

Double Left Click the Install file to Install it.

After it is installed, we can open VS Studio.

Once open, we can then install the C++ package,
which has in it, the ability to create C apps too.
We Download and Install:
Desktop development with C++

Desktop development with C++

Build modern C++ apps for Windows
using tools of your choice, including
MSVC, Clang, CMake, or MSBuild.

We Put a Checkmark in the box

and then Left Click the
Install while downloading button

This will download and install the ability to use

Visual Studio to create C++ Desktop
Applications, but also, C applications too.
Create a New Project

We Choose: Create a new project

Choices for a New Project

We Left Click: Empty Project

We Left Click: Next Button

Back Next
Project Name - 001

001

D:\_1Code\C\001

We name our first project as: 001

We put a Checkmark in: Place solution and

project in the same directory

We Left Click: Create Button

Creating our main.c file in Source Files Folder

We Right click on: Source Files Folder

We Choose: Add

We Choose: New Item...

Search Solutions Explorer (Ctrl+;)
Solution '001' (1 of 1 project)
001
References
External Dependencies
Header Files
Resource Files
Source Files
main.cpp

New Item… Ctrl+Shift+A Add

Existing Item… Ctrl+Alt+A Class Wizard… Ctrl + Shift + X
New Filter Collapse All Descendants
Module... Scope to This
Class... New Solution Explorer View
Resource... Cut Ctrl + X
New EditorConfig (IntelliCode) Copy Ctrl + C
Paste Ctrl + V
Delete Del
Rename F2
Properties Alt + Enter
We Choose: C++ File (.cpp)

main.c
D:\_1Code\C\001

We Name our File: main.c

We Left Click: Add button

We see our created file: main.c
Search Solutions Explorer (Ctrl+;)
Solution '001' (1 of 1 project)
001
References
External Dependencies
Header Files
Resource Files
Source Files
main.c

main.c is now open

main.c
001

We can now: Type our Code :-)

We make Bigger Font by:

Control + Scroll Wheel Forward

We make Smaller Font by:

Control + Scroll Wheel Backward
main.c Code - Screenshot

Here is a screenshot of: Our C Code

main.c
001

On the next page

we show the same code,
but with better font.
// Outputting Text
// main.c

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
printf("Hi Everyone\n");

return 0;
}
// Building and Running our App
We Left Click on: Local Windows Debugger

Our app opens in the Debug Console Window,

with the message of: Hi Everyone

D:\_1Code\C\001\x64\Debug\001.exe

We make Bigger Console Font by:

Control + Scroll Wheel Forward
We make Smaller Console Font by:
Control + Scroll Wheel Backward
// Outputting Text, Exit by Pressing Enter
// main.c

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
printf("Hi Everyone\n");

printf("Press Enter to Exit\n");

// wait for user to press Enter

getchar();

return 0;
}
// Input from user
// main.c

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
// max name is 100 chars + null terminator
char name[101];

printf("Enter First Name: ");

// read input from user and prevent buffer

overflow
scanf_s("%s", name, (unsigned
int)sizeof(name));

printf("Hi %s\n", name);

printf("\nPress Enter to Exit\n");

// remove newline char left in input buffer

getchar();

// wait for user to press Enter

 getchar();

return 0;
}
// Custom Function - askName
// main.c

#include <stdio.h>

void askName(char* name)

{
printf("Enter First Name: ");

// read input from user and prevent buffer

overflow
scanf_s("%s", name, (unsigned
int)sizeof(name));
}

int main()
{
// max name is 100 chars + null terminator
char userName[101];

askName(userName);
printf("Hi %s\n", userName);

printf("\nPress Enter to Exit\n");

 // remove newline char left in input buffer by
scanf_s
getchar();

// wait for user to press Enter

getchar();

return 0;
}
// Custom Function - consoleLog
// main.c

#include <stdio.h>

void consoleLog(const char *message)

{
printf("%s\n", message);
}

int main()
{
consoleLog("Hi Everyone");

printf("Press Enter to Exit\n");

// wait for user to press Enter

getchar();

return 0;
}
Header File - We define our function in a header
file for easy use

Instead of pasting this useful function in every

script in our application, we will instead type it
once in a header file and put it in the Header
Files Folder.

Using a header file is easier, because we place

the header files in the Header Files folder and
then include that header file with a reference in
our main.c and other files.

In our header file, we type the terms

#ifndef
and
#define
to designate that it will be used in other files.
Header File - Add - New Item

We right click on: Header Files folder

Search Solutions Explorer (Ctrl+;)
Solution '001' (1 of 1 project)
001
References
External Dependencies
Header Files
Resource Files
Source Files
main.c

New Item… Ctrl+Shift+A Add

Existing Item… Ctrl+Alt+A Class Wizard… Ctrl + Shift + X
New Filter Collapse All Descendants
Module... Scope to This
Class... New Solution Explorer View
Resource... Cut Ctrl + X
New EditorConfig (IntelliCode) Copy Ctrl + C
Paste Ctrl + V
Delete Del
Rename F2
We choose: Add Properties Alt + Enter

We choose: New Item

We choose: Header File .h

CONSOLELOG.h
D:\_1Code\C\001

We name it: CONSOLELOG.h

We Left Click: Add button

// CONSOLELOG.h header file
// CONSOLELOG.h

#ifndef CONSOLELOG
#define CONSOLELOG
#include <stdio.h> // printf

void consoleLog(const char *message)

{
printf("%s\n", message);
}

#endif
// Our main.c uses CONSOLELOG.h header file
// main.c

#include "CONSOLELOG.h"
#include <stdio.h> // printf

int main()
{
consoleLog("Hi Everyone");

printf("Press Enter to Exit\n");

// wait for user to press Enter

getchar();

return 0;
}
// PROMPT.h header file
// PROMPT.h

#ifndef PROMPT
#define PROMPT
#include <stdio.h> // scanf_s
#include <string.h> // strlen

void prompt(char* userInput)

{
// read input from user and prevent buffer
overflow
scanf_s("%s", userInput, 101);

// wait for user to press Enter

getchar();
}

#endif
// main.c uses CONSOLELOG.h and PROMPT.h
// main.c

#include "PROMPT.h"
#include "CONSOLELOG.h"
#include <stdio.h> // printf, scanf

int main()
{
// max input is 100 chars + null terminator
char input[101];

consoleLog("Enter First Name");

prompt(input);

printf("Hi %s\n", input);

consoleLog("Press Enter to Exit\n");

// wait for user to press Enter

getchar();

return 0;
}
File Structure of the previous Examples

main.c

We have 2 Header Files:

CONSOLELOG.h
and
PROMPT.h

We have 1 main.c file:

main.c uses CONSOLELOG.h and PROMPT.h
header files
// Array of Objects
// main.c

#include <stdio.h> // printf

// define a structure to represent a person

struct Person
{
char name[50];
int age;
};

int main()
{
// create an array of Person structs
struct Person people[] =
{
{ "John", 25 },
{ "Jane", 30 },
{ "Fiona", 28 }
};

// calculate number of elements in array

int numPeople = sizeof(people) /
sizeof(people[0]);
 // iterate over each person in the array
for (int i = 0; i < numPeople; i++)
{
printf("Name: %s, Age: %d\n",
people[i].name, people[i].age);
}

printf("\nPress Enter to Exit");

// wait for user to press Enter

getchar();

return 0;
}
 // for loop diagram

Start number
FALSE

Exit test

TRUE
body

increment++
// for loop
// main.c

#include <stdio.h> // printf

int main()
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++)
{
printf("%d ", i);
printf("\n");
}

printf("\nPress Enter to Exit");

// wait for user to press Enter

getchar();

return 0;
}
 // while loop diagram

start
FALSE

Exit test

TRUE

body
// while loop
// main.c

#include <stdio.h> // printf

int main()
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++)
{
printf("%d ", i);
printf("\n");
}

printf("\nPress Enter to Exit");

// wait for user to press Enter

getchar();

return 0;
}
// if else - strcmp, without null terminating the
string
// main.c

#include <stdio.h> // printf, scanf_s

#include <string.h> // strcmp

int main()
{
char name[101]; // buffer to store the name

printf("Enter your name: ");

// read input from user and prevent buffer

overflow
scanf_s("%s", name, (unsigned
int)sizeof(name));

// remove newline char left in input buffer

getchar();

if (strcmp(name, "Chris") == 0)
{
printf("Hi Chris.\nIt is good that you are
visiting Earth.\n");
 }
else
{
printf("Howdy %s. Tell Chris to Sign in
later.\n", name);
}

printf("\nPress Enter to Exit");

// wait for user to press Enter

getchar();

return 0;
}
// if else - strcmp, null terminating the string
// main.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main()
{
char name[101]; // buffer to store the name

printf("Enter your name: ");

// read input from user and prevent buffer

overflow
scanf_s("%100s", name, (unsigned
int)sizeof(name) - 1);

// explicitly null terminate the string

name[sizeof(name) - 1] = '\0';

// remove newline char left in input buffer

getchar();

if (strcmp(name, "Chris") == 0)
{
 printf("Hi Chris.\nIt is good that you are
visiting Earth.\n");
}
else
{
printf("Howdy %s. Tell Chris to Sign in
later.\n", name);
}

printf("\nPress Enter to Exit");

// wait for user to press Enter

getchar();

return 0;
}

// This version makes sure that we first null

terminate the string before comparison.
// Open Browser to a URL
// main.c

#include <windows.h>

int main()
{
ShellExecuteA(NULL, "open",
"https://www.google.com", NULL, NULL,
SW_SHOWNORMAL);

return 0;
}
// Open Browser to a URL using char url
// main.c

#include <windows.h>

int main()
{
// URL to open
const char* url = "https://www.google.com";

// open web browser to specified URL

ShellExecuteA(NULL, "open", url, NULL,
NULL, SW_SHOWNORMAL);

return 0;
}
// Custom Function - Open Browser to a URL
// main.c

#include <windows.h>

void openURL(const char *url)

{
ShellExecuteA(NULL, "open", url, NULL,
NULL, SW_SHOWNORMAL);
}

int main()
{
const char *url = "https://www.google.com";

openURL(url);

return 0;
}
// Create Text File with Data
// main.c

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
// declare FILE pointer
FILE* outputFile;

// open file for writing

if (fopen_s(&outputFile, "ourTextFile.txt",
"w") == 0)
{
// write data to file using fprintf_s
if (fprintf_s(outputFile, "Hi Everyone\n") >
0)
{
// close file
fclose(outputFile);

printf("Data written successfully.\n");

}
else
{
 printf("Error writing data to file.\n");
// close file if an error occurs
fclose(outputFile);
}
}
else
{
printf("Failed to open file.\n");
}

return 0;
}
// Custom Function - Create Text File with Data
// main.c

#include <stdio.h>

void writeToFile(const char* fileName, const

char* content)
{
// declare FILE pointer
FILE* outputFile;

// open file for writing

if (fopen_s(&outputFile, fileName, "w") == 0)
{
// check if file opened successfully
if (outputFile != NULL)
{
// write data to file
fprintf(outputFile, "%s\n", content);

// close file
fclose(outputFile);

printf("Data written to %s successfully.\

n", fileName);
 }
else
{
printf("Failed to open file %s.\n",
fileName);
}
}
else
{
printf("Failed to open file %s.\n",
fileName);
}
}

int main()
{
const char* fileName = "ourTextFile.txt";
const char* content = "Hi Everyone";

writeToFile(fileName, content);

return 0;
}
// Read a Text File
// main.c

#include <stdio.h>

void displayFileContents(const char* fileName)

{
// declare FILE pointer
FILE* inputFile;

// open file for reading

if (fopen_s(&inputFile, fileName, "r") == 0)
{
// check if file opened successfully
if (inputFile != NULL)
{
// max line length is 255 chars + 1 null
terminator
char line[256];

printf("Contents of %s:\n", fileName);

// read, display file contents line by line

while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), inputFile) !
= NULL)
 {
printf("%s", line);
}

// close the file

fclose(inputFile);
}
else
{
printf("Error opening file: %s\n",
fileName);
}
}
else
{
printf("Error opening file: %s\n",
fileName);
}
}

int main()
{
const char* fileName = "ourTextFile.txt";

displayFileContents(fileName);
 printf("\nPress Enter to Exit");

// wait for user to press Enter

getchar();

return 0;
}
// Count Number of Lines in a Text File
// main.c

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
// declare FILE pointer
FILE* inputFile;

// open text file for reading

if (fopen_s(&inputFile, "ourTextFile.txt", "r")
== 0)
{
// check if the file opened successfully
if (inputFile == NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, "File won't open.\n");
return 1; // return an error code
}

// variable to store the count of lines

int lineCount = 0;
 // temporary buffer to store each line read
from file
// max line length is 255 chars + 1 null
terminator
char line[256];

// read file line by line and count lines

while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), inputFile) !=
NULL)
{
lineCount++;
}

// close the file

fclose(inputFile);

// display the total number of lines

printf("Number of lines in the file: %d\n",
lineCount);
}
else
{
fprintf(stderr, "File won't open.\n");
return 1; // return an error code
}
 return 0;
}
// Calculate Hard Drive Memory Statistics

#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>

int main()
{
ULARGE_INTEGER freeBytesAvailable;
ULARGE_INTEGER totalBytes;
ULARGE_INTEGER totalFreeBytes;

if (GetDiskFreeSpaceEx(NULL,
&freeBytesAvailable, &totalBytes,
&totalFreeBytes))
{
printf("Total space: %llu bytes\n",
totalBytes.QuadPart);

printf("Free space: %llu bytes\n",

totalFreeBytes.QuadPart);

printf("Available space: %llu bytes\n",

freeBytesAvailable.QuadPart);
}
else
{
 perror("Error getting disk space
information");
return 1; // return an error code
}

printf("\nPress Enter to Exit");

// wait for user to press Enter

getchar();

return 0;
}
// How to Find Our Application .exe File
Search Solutions Explorer (Ctrl+;)
We put mouse arrow on: Solution '001' (1 of 1 project)
001
Solution '001' (1 of 1 project) References
External Dependencies
Header Files
Resource Files
Source Files
main.c

Open Folder in File Explorer

We Choose: Open Folder in File Explorer

 We see that our Project Folder has opened:

This PC > New Volume (D:) > _1Code > C > 001

We Open: x64 Folder to find the Debug Folder

_1Code > C > 001 > x64

We Open: Debug Folder to find 001.exe

_1Code > C > 001 > x64 > Debug

We Double Left Click: 001.exe

Our application should activate.

Happy Programming :-)

True Artificial Intelligence System
16-Gon
Tautology
MI 1111 CI
1101 1011
AND XNOR
0001 1001
LP RP
0011 0101

OR NOR
0111 1000

RC LC
1010 1100

XOR NAND
0110 1110
CNI MNI
Contra-
0100 0010
-diction
0000
 For More Tutorials:
CollegeOfScripting.weebly.com

CollegeOfScripting.wordpress.com

GitHub.com/ChristopherTopalian

GitHub.com/ChristopherAndrewTopalian

Youtube.com/ScriptingCollege

Twitter.com/CollegeOfScript

Sites.google.com/view/CollegeOfScripting
 Dedicated to God the Father
This book is created by the
College of Scripting Music & Science.
Always remember, that each time you write
a script with a pencil and paper, it becomes
imprinted so deeply in memory that the
material and methods are learned extremely
well. When you Type the scripts, the same is
true.
The more you type and write out the scripts
by keyboard or pencil and paper, the more
you will learn programming!
Write & Type EVERY example that you find.
Keep all of your scripts organized.
Every script that you create increases your
programming abilities.
SEEING CODE, is one thing,
but WRITING CODE is another.
Write it, Type it, Speak it, See it, Dream it.

www.CollegeOfScripting.weebly.com