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Energy

The document discusses energy input and output in the human body. It explains that carbohydrates, proteins and fats provide energy and must be converted to ATP for use by the body. It outlines the components of energy expenditure including basal metabolic rate, physical activity, diet induced thermogenesis and other processes. Factors influencing basal metabolic rate are also described.

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18 views21 pages

Energy

The document discusses energy input and output in the human body. It explains that carbohydrates, proteins and fats provide energy and must be converted to ATP for use by the body. It outlines the components of energy expenditure including basal metabolic rate, physical activity, diet induced thermogenesis and other processes. Factors influencing basal metabolic rate are also described.

Uploaded by

fanty pastry
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Energy

Clara Cheng
APD
Contents

- Energy Input – Where does energy come from

- Energy Output – Where does energy go


Advanced Certificate in Nutrition

Nutrients and energy


We need energy

Three nutrient classes – carbohydrate, protein and fat are energy sources

In nutrition, the potential energy in food, or the body’s use of energy, in units of
heat called
• Kilocalories (1000 cal)
To power its needs,
Body must convert
ATP: the body’s energy currency Energy in food to a
Readily usable form –
ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate
Energy Balance
Energy Input

Energy
How to calculate the energy available from food?
Assume an egg mayonnaise sandwich provides

39g CHO 39g x 4kcal/g = 156kcal


10g protein 10g x 4kcal/g = 40kcal
16g fat 16g x 9kcal/g = 144kcal

Total: 340kcal
Calculating the percentage of kilocalories from nutrients
Egg mayonnaise sandwich

CHO provides: 156 / 340 = 46%


Protein provides: 40 / 340 = 12%
Fat provides: 144 / 340 = 42%

Of total energy
Energy output

Energy expenditure over a whole day is often divided into different components
which can be individually determined.

Advanced Certificate of Nutrition


Components of Energy Expenditure

Other Thermogenic Process

Diet Induced Thermogensis

Physical Activity

Basal Metabolic Rate


Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
The largest component of 24 hour energy expenditure

The cost of maintaining the metabolic integrity of the body,


nerve and muscle tone, respiration and circulation.
• This state is sufficient only for functioning of vital organs,
e.g. heart, lungs, brain and nervous system, liver, kidneys,
sex organs, muscles and skin.
Factors influencing BMR
Body size ~
• Major determinant of energy expenditure
• Difference in 10kg would account for 500kJ/d in BMR

Body composition ~
• Another important determinant
• Adipose tissue ~ lower metabolic rate
•  FFM (Fat Free Mass) BMR
Factors influencing BMR
Age effects
•  BMR in young infant
maintain body temp
•  BMR in children
for growth
• Decline in adults

Sex
• M>F
Factors influencing BMR

Diet
• Overfeeding:  5 – 10% of BMR
• Underfeeding:  5 – 10% of BMR
Why fad diet cant give permanent weight loss effect
Climate
• For maintaining body temp.
•  when
> 30 C for sweating
< 25 C for cold induced thermogensis
Factors influencing BMR
Genetic difference
• Varies between individuals of same age, sex, weight, and FFM

Hormonal state
• E.g. hypo- or hyper- thyroidism

Psychological state
• Anxiety stimulates epinephrine secretion which BMR
Factors influencing BMR
Pharmacological agents
• Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines ~ BMR
• Beta blocker (anti-hypertensive agent) ~ BMR

Disease Processes
• Fever, tumours, burns, lung disease  BMR
Physical Activity
Other Thermogenic
Accounts for 20 – 40% of total daily expenditure Process
Diet Induced
Thermogensis
Physical
Wide variation among individuals Activity

Basal
Metabolic Rate
Depends on type and time of exercise
Diet Induced Thermogenesis (DIT)
Also known as postprandial thermogenesis (PPT), specific
dynamic action (SDA)
Smaller components of energy expenditure
Ingestion of food causes an increase in energy expenditure over
several hours
• Secretion of enzymes, active transport from gut, and gut
motility)
Usually assumed to be ~ 10% of total energy expenditure
Other thermogenic process

Thermogenic process during exercise

Thermogenic process when cold ~ shivering


Estimation of Basal Energy Expenditure

Harris Benedict Equation

Schofield Equation
Harris Benedict’s Equation
For men, the B.E.E. =
66.5 + (13.75 x kg) + (5.003 x cm) - (6.775 x age)

For women, the B.E.E. =


655.1 + (9.563 x kg) + (1.850 x cm) - (4.676 x age)

◼HarrisJ, Benedict F. A biometric study of basal metabolism in man.


Washington D.C. Carnegie Institute of Washington. 1919.

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