ENERGY

METABOLISM
NR-NUR 125 SY 2020-2021
 ENERGY
METABOLISM

Energy
• The capacity to do work.
• Chemical energy locked in foodstuffs
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METABOLISM

Metabolism

• “metabolismos”

• the chemical process of

transforming foods into
complex tissue elements and
of transforming complex body
substances into simple ones.
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METABOLISM

Metabolism
• All types of changes that occur in
food nutrients after they have been
absorbed from GIT and to the cellular
activity involved in utilizing these
nutrients.
• The total chemical and biological
processes that takes place in the
body.
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METABOLISM

Calorie
• from the Latin word “calor”
• the standard unit in measuring
heat.
• by-products when
carbohydrates, protein and fats
are oxidized in the body.
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METABOLISM

Calorie
The amount of heat
required to raise the
temperature of 1kg of
water to 1oC or in
common measure, it is
approximately the
amount of heat
required to raise the
temp. of 4 lbs of water
to 1oF
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METABOLISM

Energy from Foods

KILOCALORIE (Kcal) or
LARGE CALORIE
• from the French word “chilioi”
meaning thousand and “calor”
meaning heat
• Food energy is measured in
kilocalories.
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METABOLISM

Measurement of
Energy of Foods
CALORIE
• Calor (latin): heat
• A measure of heat
KILOCALORIE
• Chilioi (french): thousand
• Calor (latin): heat
• Measure of energy in the
metabolism of food
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METABOLISM

Measurement of Food
Calories
BOMB CALORIMETER
• Device used for measuring
calories
• The apparatus is insulated
thoroughly against loss of heat
and the amount of heat
produced is measured by the
change in temperature of a
measured amount of water.
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METABOLISM

ATWATER or Physiologic
Fuel (Calorie) Values of
Food
4 cal/ gm of CHO = 17J
9 cal/ gm of Fat = 38J
4 cal/ gm of CHON = 17J

*** 1 cal = 4.184 Joules

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METABOLISM

Examp
le:
A slice of cake which contains 3 gm
CHON, 1 gm fat and 15gm CHO will
provide the following Kcal:

3gm CHON x 4 cal = 12 cal

1gm fat x 9 cal = 9 cal
15gm CHO x 4 cal = 60 cal

Total : 81 cal
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METABOLISM

Examp
le:
To get the percentage of Kcal from the
nutrient:

12 cal from CHON/ 81 cal =

14.8%
9 cal from fat/81 cal =
11.1%
60 cal from CHO/ 81 cal =
74.0%
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TOTAL ENERGY
EXPENDITURE (TEE)
• the energy expended by an
individual in 24 hours
• REE or basal metabolism = largest
portion (60% to 65%)
• Thermic effect of food (TEF) =
smallest component (10%)
• physical activity (PA) = most variable
component
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METABOLISM

Measuring Human
Energy Expenditure
DIRECT CALORIMETRY
• monitors the amount of heat
produced by a person placed
inside a structure called
whole-room calorimeters.
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METABOLISM
Measuring Human Energy Expenditure
DIRECT CALORIMETRY
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Measuring Human
Energy Expenditure
DIRECT CALORIMETRY
-measures the amount of oxygen
taken in and the carbon dioxide
given off by means of a
respirometer, the amount used is
correlated with body heat
production
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METABOLISM

Components of Total
Energy Expenditure
• Basal Metabolic Rate
• Physical Activity
• Thermic Effect of Food
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METABOLISM

BASAL METABOLISM
• The amount of energy required
to carry on vital body processes
when the body is at rest
• Also called ENERGY
EXPENDITURE FOR
INVOLUNTARY ACTIVITIES or
RESTING ENERGY
EXPENDITURE (REE)
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METABOLISM

BASAL METABOLISM
• expression of the number of
calories used hourly in
relation to the surface of the
body
• approximately 1 kcal per kg
of body weight per hour (1
kcal/kg DBW/hr) for an
adult.
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METABOLISM

BASAL METABOLIC
RATE (BMR)
-the rate at which the body spends
energy for the maintenance od
physiological activities.

i.e. metabolic activities of cells

& tissues to maintain
homeostasis of sys body systems
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METABOLISM

BASAL METABOLIC
RATE (BMR)
BASAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE
(BEE) or REE – the measurement
of the basal metabolic rate; usually
expressed as kilocalories per 24
hours (kcal/24 hr).
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FACTORS Influencing
the BMR
1. BODY COMPOSITION
- major single determinant: fat-free
mass (FFM) or lean body mass (LBM)
- athletes with greater muscular
development = 5% higher BMR than
nonathletic individuals
- large proportion of inactive adipose
tissue lowers the BMR
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FACTORS Influencing
the BMR
2. AGE
• highest during periods of rapid
growth = first and second years of
life
• BMR declines during old age
5% decrease per decade (40-58
yrs)
• 10% decrease per decade (60-69 &
70 and above)
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FACTORS Influencing
the BMR
3. BODY SIZE & SURFACE AREA
(HEIGHT)
• Tall, lean man – higher
metabolism
4. SEX
• Women have 5-10% lower BMR
than men
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FACTORS Influencing
the BMR
5. ENDOCRINE GLANDS/HORMONAL
STATUS
• Thyroid gland  Hyperthyroidism 
increase basal energy needs (50-
75%)
• Hypothyroidism  decrease
Thyroxine by 10% during sleep
• Stimulation of the sympathetic
nervous system  release of
epinephrine  glyconeolysis and
increased cellular activity
• increase EE during menstruation
(150Kcal/day)
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FACTORS Influencing
the BMR
6. PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
• BMR is increased by 20-25%
• Increase in EE
• Approx. 15-20 kcal/kg of body
weight per day
7. BODY TEMPERATURE
• Increase body temp = 7% rise
above 98.6oF
= 13% for each degree above
37oC
- decreased temp = BMR increases
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FACTORS Influencing
the BMR
8. STATE OF NUTRITION/BODY
CONDITION
– Low BMR: obesity, starvation,
fasting, hypothyroidism,
undernutrition
– Increased BMR: hyperthyroidism,
cardio-renal diseases
– Acute infection in infants and young
children: inc. caloric req’t by 25-40%
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FACTORS Influencing
the BMR
9. ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
– People living in tropical climates
usually have BMRs that are 5%
to 20% higher than those living
in temperate areas
– Exercise in temperatures >86°F
(30°C)
= 5% increase in BMR  sweat
gland activity.
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FACTORS Influencing
the BMR
10. PHYSICAL or MUSCULAR
ACTIVITY
- increase in EE above basal needs

11. DRUGS
- barbiturates, narcotics, and muscle
relaxants decrease the metabolic
rate

12. SLEEP
- decrease BMR by 10% to 15%
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FACTORS Influencing the BMR
Increase Decrease
• muscle mass • body fat
• Growth, infancy, puberty • Females
• More surface area • Hypothyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism • Less surface area
• Fever • Sleep
• Pregnancy, lactation • Ageing
• Good physical condition • undernutrition
• Extreme env’tal temp.
• Smoking
• Psychological state
• Pharmacological agents
• Disease process
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Calculation of BMR
HARRIS BENEDICT FORMULA

For males:
REE = 66.5 + (13.5 x wt. in kg.) + (5 x
ht. in cm.) – (6.75 x age in yr.)

For females:
REE = 655.1 + (9.56 x wt. in kg.) +
(1.85 x ht. in cm) – (4.68 x age in yr.)
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Calculation of BMR
HARRIS BENEDICT FORMULA

EXAMPLE:
22 year-old female nurse
ht. = 5 ft.
wt. = 88lbs
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Calculation of BMR
HARRIS BENEDICT FORMULA

EXAMPLE:
REE = 655.1 + (9.56 x wt. in kg.) + (1.85 x ht. in cm) – (4.68 x age in yr.)

REE = 655.1 + (9.56 x 40) + (1.85 x 152)

– (4.68 x 22)
= 655.1 + 382.4 + 281.2 - 102.96
= 1215.74 or 1,200 kcal
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Components of Total
Energy Expenditure
Basal Metabolic Rate
Physical Activity
• Thermic Effect of Food
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METABOLISM

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
• most variable and most changeable
component
• Approx. = 10% - bedridden,
= 50% - athlete
• includes voluntary exercise and
involuntary activities
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METABOLISM
THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD (TEF) OR
SPECIFIC DYNAMIC ACTION (SDA)

• The significant elevation

of the metabolic rate
following ingestion of a
meal.

• When food is ingested,

digested, absorbed and
metabolized, basal
metabolism is increased
by 10%.
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ESTIMATING ENERGY
REQUIREMENTS
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ESTIMATING ENERGY
REQUIREMENTS
• Adult male : 2000 – 3000 kcal
• Adult female : 1400 – 3000
kcal
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ESTIMATING ENERGY
REQUIREMENTS
For infants and children:
1. Compute for DBW, then
2. Compute for TER
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ESTIMATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

Infants:
Desirable Body weight
• 1st six months
• DBW (g) = Birthweight (g) + (age in mos. x 600)
• *if birthweight is not known, use 3000 grams

• 7-12 months
• DBW (g) = birthweight (g) + (age in mos. x 500)

• DBW (kg) = (age in months/2) + 3

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ESTIMATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

Infants:
TER
• TER/day (0-6months) = 120 kcal/kg DBW
• TER/day (7-12months) = 110 kcal/kg DBW
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ESTIMATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

Children:
DBW (kg)= (no. of years x 2) + 8

TER/day= 1000 + (100 x age in years)

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ESTIMATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

Example: 7 year old child

DBW (kg) = (7yrs x 2) + 8

= 22 kg

TER = 1000 + (100 x 7)

= 1700 kcal
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 occurs when an
individual’s total caloric
expenditure EQUALS the
individual’s total caloric
intake.
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Thank
you!