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Maxwell Equations and Wave Propagation

Maxwell's equations describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields and show how changing electric and magnetic fields propagate as electromagnetic waves. The equations relate the electric and magnetic fields and show that a time-varying magnetic field produces an electric field. Time-harmonic fields that vary sinusoidally with time can be expressed using phasors containing amplitude and phase. Plane waves have the electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

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Karan Singh 21BEE1163
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42 views9 pages

Maxwell Equations and Wave Propagation

Maxwell's equations describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields and show how changing electric and magnetic fields propagate as electromagnetic waves. The equations relate the electric and magnetic fields and show that a time-varying magnetic field produces an electric field. Time-harmonic fields that vary sinusoidally with time can be expressed using phasors containing amplitude and phase. Plane waves have the electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Uploaded by

Karan Singh 21BEE1163
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS FOR TIME-VARYING FIELDS:

 Maxwell brought together the four basic laws governing electric and magnetic
fields into one set of four equations, which completely describe the behavior of
any electromagnetic field.

 The total electric displacement through any closed surface enclosing a volume
is equal to the total charge within the volume
 This implies that the divergence of electric flux density is the charge density.

 The surface integral of the magnetic flux density over a closed surface is
always zero.
 The net magnetic flux emerging through any closed surface is zero. In other
words, the magnetic flux lines do not originate and end anywhere, but are
continuous
 the number of magnetic flux lines of force entering any region must be equal
to the number of lines of force coming out of that region

 This equation inter-r+elates the magnetic and electric fields and shows that a
time-varying magnetic field can produce an electric field
 The electromotive force around a closed path is equal to the time derivative
of the magnetic displacement

 The total magnetomotive force(mmf) around any closed path is equal to the
surface integral of the conduction and displacement current densities over
the entire surface bounded by the same dosed path
 Conduction current as well as a changing electric field produces a magnetic
field.

Note: 1. For Static Field: B and D are constant.


2. For free space -(charge free region): I=0, J=0 and 𝝆𝒗 = 𝟎

Time-Harmonic Fields (Sinusoidal Variations of Fields):


 Time-harmonic fields are those fields that vary sinusoidally with time. They
are easily expressed in phasors
 A phasor is a complex number that contains the amplitude and the phase of
a sinusoidal oscillation.
Maxwell’s Equations for Time-Harmonic Fields
 To transform the instantaneous Maxwell’s equations into time-harmonic
forms, we replace all sources and field quantities by their phasor equivalents
and replace all time-derivatives of quantities with 𝑗𝑤 times the phasor
equivalent
 Permeability (m): Permeability (m) is the degree of magnetisation of a material that
responds linearly to an applied magnetic field.
 Magnetic Susceptibility (cm):The magnetic susceptibility cm of a magnetic material is a
measure of the degree of magnetisation of a material in response to an applied magnetic
field. It is a dimensionless quantity.
EM Wave Characteristics
 Waves are means of transporting energy or information.


 Conductivity= 𝜎
 angular frequency of the wave = 𝜔
 Permittivity = 𝜀
 Permeability =𝜇
 lossy dielectrics, is the most general case

 Derivation of Wave Equation


Assumptions:
1. We consider the medium to be a linear, homogeneous (i.e.,
quantities 𝜎, 𝜀, 𝜇 are constant throughout the medium) and isotropic
(i.e., e is a scalar constant so that D and E have everywhere the
same direction).
2. We consider a source-free region of the medium.
Plane Waves
A wave is said to be a plane wave, if:
1. The electric field E and magnetic field H lie in a plane perpendicular to the
direction of wave propagation.
2. The fields E and H are perpendicular to each other.

Uniform Plane Waves


 A plane wave is said to be uniform plane wave if in addition to condition (1)
and (2) above,

 E and H are uniform in the plane perpendicular to the direction of


propagation (i.e. E and H vary only in the direction of propagation).
Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Wave:
 An electromagnetic wave which has no electric or magnetic field components in
the direction of propagation (all components of E and H are perpendicular to the
direction of propagation) is called a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave.
All plane waves are TEM waves.

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