130 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

Problems
Section 4.1 4.4 A current leaving a node is defined as positive.
4.1 For the circuit shown in Fig. P4.1, state the numerical a) Sum the currents at each node in the circuit
value of the number of (a) branches, (b) branches shown in Fig. P4.3.
where the current is unknown, (c) essential branches, b) Show that any one of the equations in (a) can be
(d) essential branches where the current is unknown, derived from the remaining three equations.
(e) nodes, (f) essential nodes, and (g) meshes.
4.5 a) How many separate parts does the circuit in
Figure P4.1 Fig. P4.5 have?
5i b) How many nodes?
 c) How many branches are there?
d) Assume that the lower node in each part of the
R1 R2 circuit is joined by a single conductor. Repeat
 v  the calculations in (a)–(c).
R3 R4 R5 Figure P4.5
i 
25 mA R6 R7 2V
18v 
R8 is ib R1 R2

4.2 a) If only the essential nodes and branches are R3

identified in the circuit in Fig. P4.1, how many
simultaneous equations are needed to describe 
the circuit? bib R4 R5

b) How many of these equations can be derived
using Kirchhoff’s current law?
c) How many must be derived using Kirchhoff’s
Section 4.2
voltage law?
d) What two meshes should be avoided in applying 4.6 Use the node-voltage method to find vo in the cir-
the voltage law?
PSPICEcuit in Fig. P4.6.
MULTISIM

Figure P4.6
4.3 Assume the voltage vs in the circuit in Fig. P4.3 is
known. The resistors R1 - R7 are also known. 80 
a) How many unknown currents are there? 
20 
b) How many independent equations can be writ-
vo 25  40 mA
ten using Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)? 
24 V
c) Write an independent set of KCL equations. 

d) How many independent equations can be
derived from Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)? 4.7 a) Find the power developed by the 40 mA current
e) Write a set of independent KVL equations. PSPICE source in the circuit in Fig. P4.6.
MULTISIM
b) Find the power developed by the 24 V voltage
Figure P4.3 source in the circuit in Fig. P4.6.
R1 R4 c) Verify that the total power developed equals the
total power dissipated.
R2 R6
vs
 4.8 A 50 Æ resistor is connected in series with the
 PSPICE 40 mA current source in the circuit in Fig. P4.6.
MULTISIM

R3 R7 a) Find vo.
R5 b) Find the power developed by the 40 mA current
source.
 Problems 131

c) Find the power developed by the 24 V voltage 4.13 Use the node-voltage method to find v1 and v2 in
source. PSPICEthe circuit shown in Fig. P4.13.
MULTISIM
d) Verify that the total power developed equals the
Figure P4.13
total power dissipated.
8
e) What effect will any finite resistance connected
 
in series with the 40 mA current source have on
the value of vo? 6A v1 40  80  v2 120  1A

4.9 Use the node-voltage method to find how much  

PSPICE power the 2 A source extracts from the circuit in
MULTISIM
Fig. P4.9. 4.14 a) Use the node-voltage method to find v1, v2, and
PSPICE v3 in the circuit in Fig. P4.14.
Figure P4.9 MULTISIM
b) How much power does the 40 V voltage source
1 deliver to the circuit?

 Figure P4.14
2A 50  45 V 3 2

4  

40 V v1 40  v2 4 28 A
 v3 
4.10 a) Use the node-voltage method to show that the  
PSPICE output voltage vo in the circuit in Fig. P4.10 is 1 2
MULTISIM
equal to the average value of the source voltages.
b) Find vo if v1 = 100 V, v2 = 80 V, and 4.15 The circuit shown in Fig. P4.15 is a dc model of a
v3 = -60 V. PSPICE residential power distribution circuit.
MULTISIM
a) Use the node-voltage method to find the branch
Figure P4.10 currents i1 - i6.
 b) Test your solution for the branch currents by
R R R R showing that the total power dissipated equals
vo the total power developed.
   
v1 v2 v3 vn
    Figure P4.15

1

4.11 a) Use the node-voltage method to find the i1


PSPICE branch currents ia - ie in the circuit shown in 125 V i4 6
MULTISIM 
Fig. P4.11. 2
b) Find the total power developed in the circuit. i6 24 
i2

Figure P4.11 125 V i5 12 

5 4 10  1

ia ic ie i3
 
128 V ib 60  i d 80  320 V
 
4.16 Use the node-voltage method to find the total power
PSPICEdissipated in the circuit in Fig. P4.16.
MULTISIM

4.12 Use the node-voltage method to find v1 and v2 in Figure P4.16

the circuit in Fig. P4.12.
PSPICE 5A
MULTISIM

Figure P4.12
4 80  12  20 
 
 
144 V v1 10  v2 3A 5 40 V 25  40  7.5 A
 
  40 
132 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

Section 4.3 Figure P4.21

5 10  4
4.17 a) Use the node-voltage method to find vo in the
PSPICE circuit in Fig. P4.17.   
MULTISIM 5
b) Find the power absorbed by the dependent source. 
5 io v1 20  v2 40  v3  96 V
c) Find the total power developed by the independ- 
 11.5 i o
ent sources. io
  

Figure P4.17
20  Section 4.4
 4.22 a) Use the node-voltage method to find vo and
i
10  PSPICE the power delivered by the 2 A current source
MULTISIM
 in the circuit in Fig. P4.22. Use node a as the
3A vo 200  80 V
  reference node.
5 i
 b) Repeat part (a), but use node b as the refer-
 ence node.
c) Compare the choice of reference node in (a)
and (b). Which is better, and why?
4.18 Use the node-voltage method to calculate the
PSPICE power delivered by the dependent voltage source in Figure P4.22
MULTISIM
the circuit in Fig. P4.18.
25 V
b 20 
Figure P4.18 
10  30  
2A vo 50  150  55 
  
160 V i 100  150 i
  a
20 
4.23 Use the node-voltage method to find the value of vo
4.19 a) Use the node-voltage method to find the total PSPICEin the circuit in Fig. P4.23.
MULTISIM
PSPICE power developed in the circuit in Fig. P4.19.
MULTISIM Figure P4.23
b) Check your answer by finding the total power
800 
absorbed in the circuit.
 vo 
Figure P4.19
1250  200  80  40 
i
 
20 mA 1 k 4 k 2 k 2500 i 50 V 50  750 mA 200 
 

4.20 a) Use the node voltage method to find vo for the 4.24 Use the node-voltage method to find io in the cir-
circuit in Fig. P4.20. PSPICEcuit in Fig. P4.24.
MULTISIM
b) Find the total power supplied in the circuit.
Figure P4.24
Figure P4.20 2 k 5 k
500  2 k
 5 k
  20 V

 v
50 V v 1 k vo 200 
io
 750 30 k 1 k
 

4.25 a) Use the node-voltage method to find the power

4.21 a) Find the node voltages v1, v2, and v3 in the cir- dissipated in the 2 Æ resistor in the circuit in
PSPICE cuit in Fig. P4.21. Fig. P4.25.
MULTISIM
b) Find the total power dissipated in the circuit. b) Find the power supplied by the 230 V source.
 Problems 133

Figure P4.25 4.29 Assume you are a project engineer and one of
1 your staff is assigned to analyze the circuit shown
in Fig. P4.29. The reference node and node num-
1 5 bers given on the figure were assigned by the ana-
1 lyst. Her solution gives the values of v1 and v2 as
105 V and 85 V, respectively.

230 V 1 2
 1 a) What values did the analyst use for the left-most
and right-most node voltages when writing KCL
1 5 equations at nodes 1 and 2?
1
b) Use the values supplied by the analyst to cal-
culate the total power developed in the circuit
4.26 Use the node-voltage method to find vo in the cir- and the total power dissipated in the circuit.
cuit in Fig. P4.26.
PSPICE
MULTISIM c) Do you agree with the solution submitted by the
Figure P4.26 analyst?
5 v
10  Figure P4.29
 
  1250if

15 V 33  v 2  20  vo 40   

 
1 k 1 500  2 500 
4.27 a) Use the node-voltage method to find the  v 
PSPICE branch currents i1, i2, and i3 in the circuit in 12 x 103v if
MULTISIM 
Fig. P4.27. 2.5 k 4.25 k 75 V

b) Check your solution for i1, i2, and i3 by showing
that the power dissipated in the circuit equals
the power developed.

Figure P4.27
1 k 4.30 Use the node-voltage method to find the power
PSPICE developed by the 20 V source in the circuit in
MULTISIM
10 mA Fig. P4.30.
5 k

i1 Figure P4.30
 
30 V i2 500  4 k i 3 80 V 35 if
 
 

2 1 4
4.28 Use the node-voltage method to find the value of vo
 v 
PSPICE in the circuit in Fig. P4.28.
MULTISIM 
20  20 V if 40  80  3.125 v
Figure P4.28 
2
 vx 

4.31 Show that when Eqs. 4.16, 4.17, and 4.19 are solved
for iB, the result is identical to Eq. 2.25.
1
7A 
 4.32 a) Use the mesh-current method to find the branch
4V vo 3 2vx
 PSPICE currents ia, ib, and ic in the circuit in Fig. P4.32.
MULTISIM
 b) Repeat (a) if the polarity of the 140 V source is
reversed.
134 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

Figure P4.32 Figure P4.40

75  150  5

ia ic
  
80 V ib 200  140 V 660 V 15 
  
125  250  10 
25 

20 if if 50 
Section 4.5 
4.33 Solve Problem 4.11 using the mesh-current method.
4.34 Solve Problem 4.15 using the mesh-current method.
4.41 a) Use the mesh-current method to find vo in the
4.35 Solve Problem 4.24 using the mesh-current method. PSPICE circuit in Fig. P4.41.
MULTISIM
4.36 a) Use the mesh-current method to find the total b) Find the power delivered by the dependent source.
PSPICE power developed in the circuit in Fig. P4.36.
MULTISIM
b) Check your answer by showing that the total Figure P4.41
power developed equals the total power
125  75  50 
dissipated.

Figure P4.36  
40 V 300  i 25  500i vo 200 
20   


10  4
4.42 Use the mesh-current method to find the power
5
PSPICE developed in the dependent voltage source in the
MULTISIM
  circuit in Fig. P4.42.
40 V 196 V
  
90 V Figure P4.42

53 i
30  2  

4.37 Solve Problem 4.25 using the mesh-current method. 3 5

i
Section 4.6  
30 V 20  30 V
 
4.38 Solve Problem 4.18 using the mesh-current method. 7 2
4.39 Use the mesh-current method to find the power dis-
PSPICE sipated in the 15 Æ resistor in the circuit in
MULTISIM
Fig. P4.39. Section 4.7
4.43 a) Use the mesh-current method to solve for i¢ in
Figure P4.39 PSPICE the circuit in Fig. P4.43.
MULTISIM
4 8 b) Find the power delivered by the independent
 v  current source.
c) Find the power delivered by the dependent volt-
  age source.
65 V 5 3 v
 
Figure P4.43
6 15 
10 k 1 k

4.40 Use the mesh-current method to find the power i 

5 mA 5.4 k 150 i
PSPICE delivered by the dependent voltage source in the 
MULTISIM
2.7 k
circuit seen in Fig. P4.40.
 Problems 135

Figure P4.49
4.44 Solve Problem 4.13 using the mesh-current method.
6 20 
4.45 Solve Problem 4.21 using the mesh-current method.
 
4.46 Use the mesh-current method to find the total power 100 V 4A 25 V
 
PSPICE developed in the circuit in Fig. P4.46. 9 30 
MULTISIM

Figure P4.46
i 4.50 a) Assume the 100 V source in the circuit in
1
Fig. P4.49 is changed to 67.5 V. Find the total
power dissipated in the circuit.
5 4
b) Repeat (a) with the 4 A current source replaced
by a short circuit.
 c) Explain why the answers to (a) and (b) are the
20 A 20  6.5 i
 same.
c) Now assume you wish to change the value of the
25 V source, instead of the 100 V source, in the
4.47 a) Use the mesh-current method to find how much circuit in Fig. P4.49 to get the same power dissi-
power the 5 A current source delivers to the cir- pated by the current source that you found in
cuit in Fig. P4.47. (a) and (b). Use the results in part (c) to calcu-
late the new value of this voltage source.
b) Find the total power delivered to the circuit.
c) Check your calculations by showing that the 4.51 Solve Problem 4.27 using the mesh-current method.
total power developed in the circuit equals the
total power dissipated 4.52 a) Use the mesh-current method to find the branch
PSPICE currents in ia - ie in the circuit in Fig. P4.52.
MULTISIM
Figure P4.47 b) Check your solution by showing that the total
5A power developed in the circuit equals the total
power dissipated.

38  6 Figure P4.52

10  ic
  ia 4.3 id
5V 30  67 V
  25 
100 
id

12  40  200 V ib ie 50 

10 
4.48 a) Use the mesh-current method to determine
PSPICE which sources in the circuit in Fig. P4.48 are gen-
MULTISIM
erating power. 4.53 a) Find the branch currents ia - ie for the circuit
PSPICE shown in Fig. P4.53.
b) Find the total power dissipated in the circuit. MULTISIM
b) Check your answers by showing that the total
power generated equals the total power
Figure P4.48
dissipated.
2 5
 v  Figure P4.53
i
4 4 id ie
  
50 V 20  1.7 v


9 i 5 10 

ib ic
id 
19 A 40  ia 2 ib 240 V

4.49 Use the mesh-current method to find the total
PSPICE power dissipated in the circuit in Fig. P4.49.
MULTISIM
136 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

Section 4.8 Figure P4.57

40 mA
4.54 Assume you have been asked to find the power
PSPICE dissipated in the horizontal 1 kÆ resistor in the
MULTISIM
circuit in Fig. P4.54.
a) Which method of circuit analysis would you rec- 500  750 
ommend? Explain why.
b) Use your recommended method of analysis to 
70 V 250  1 k idc
find the power dissipated in the horizontal 1 kÆ 
resistor. 1250 

c) Would you change your recommendation if the

problem had been to find the power developed 4.58 The variable dc voltage source in the circuit in
by the 10 mA current source? Explain.
PSPICE Fig. P4.58 is adjusted so that io is zero.
MULTISIM
a) Would you use the node-voltage or mesh-current
d) Find the power delivered by the 10 mA cur-
method to find Vdc? Explain your choice.
rent source.
b) Find the value of Vdc, using the method selected
Figure P4.54 in (a).
c) Check your solution by showing the power
2.5 k 2 k developed equals the power dissipated.
1 k
10 mA Figure P4.58
30 
5 k 1 k

5 15 
4.55 A 4 kÆ resistor is placed in parallel with the 10 mA
PSPICE current source in the circuit in Fig. P4.54. Assume 10 
MULTISIM  
you have been asked to calculate the power devel- 23 V Vdc
  
oped by the current source. io 46 V

a) Which method of circuit analysis would you rec-
ommend? Explain why. 20  25 
b) Find the power developed by the current source. Section 4.9
4.56 a) Would you use the node-voltage or mesh-current 4.59 a) Make a series of source transformations to find
PSPICE method to find the power absorbed by the the voltage v0 in the circuit in Fig. P4.59.
MULTISIM
20 V source in the circuit in Fig. P4.56? Explain b) Verify your solution using the mesh-current
your choice. method.
b) Use the method you selected in (a) to find Figure P4.59
the power.
35 V
10 k 15 k
Figure P4.56  
0.003 v 
5 k 8 mA 30 k 25 k v0 1 mA


20 V 200 mA 0.4 va
    4.60 a) Find the current io in the circuit in Fig. P4.60
  PSPICE by making a succession of appropriate source
MULTISIM
100  va 250  v 500  200 
transformations.
  b) Using the result obtained in (a), work back
through the circuit to find the power developed
by the 50 V source.
4.57 The variable dc current source in the circuit in
Figure P4.60
PSPICE Fig. P4.57 is adjusted so that the power developed
MULTISIM
by the 40 mA current source is zero. You want to 10 k 3 k 5 k
find the value of idc.
a) Would you use the node-voltage or mesh-current  io
50 V 15 k 1 m 20 k 15 k
method to find idc? Explain your choice. 
6 k
b) Use the method selected in (a) to find idc.
 Problems 137

4.61 a) Use source transformations to find the current io Figure P4.64

PSPICE in the circuit in Fig. P4.61. 10  2.5 
MULTISIM a
b) Verify your solution by using the node-voltage
method to find io. 
80 V 30 

Figure P4.61
b
150 

io 4.65 Find the Norton equivalent with respect to the

25 mA 330  270  25 mA terminals a,b for the circuit in Fig. P4.65.

Figure P4.65

4.62 a) Use a series of source transformations to find io

PSPICE in the circuit in Fig. P4.62. 2 k
MULTISIM a
b) Verify your solution by using the mesh-current
method to find io.
75 mA 4 k 3 k
Figure P4.62
1A b

4.66 Find the Norton equivalent with respect to the ter-

6 5 io
PSPICE minals a,b for the circuit in Fig. P4.66.
MULTISIM

17  Figure P4.66
2A 6 1.5  4A

34 V


10  8
a
4.63 a) Use source transformations to find vo in the cir-
PSPICE cuit in Fig. P4.63. 
60 V 40 
MULTISIM 
b) Find the power developed by the 520 V source.
c) Find the power developed by the 1 A current b
source.
d) Verify that the total power developed equals the 4.67 Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the
total power dissipated. terminals a,b for the circuit in Fig. P4.67.
PSPICE
MULTISIM

Figure P4.63 Figure P4.67

520 V 10 A
 

16  260  4 30 


vo 8 5.2 
1A 40  250  a
6  
500 V 12 

b
Section 4.10

4.64 Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the 4.68 Find the Norton equivalent with respect to the ter-
terminals a,b for the circuit in Fig. P4.64.
PSPICE minals a,b in the circuit in Fig. P4.68.
PSPICE

MULTISIM MULTISIM
138 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

Figure P4.68 4.72 A voltmeter with a resistance of 85.5 kÆ is used to

15 k PSPICE measure the voltage vab in the circuit in Fig. P4.72.
a MULTISIM
a) What is the voltmeter reading?
 b) What is the percentage of error in the voltmeter
10 mA 10 k 30 V 3 mA 5 k
 reading if the percentage of error is defined as
b
3(measured - actual)>actual4 * 100?

Figure P4.72
4.69 A Thévenin equivalent can also be determined
from measurements made at the pair of terminals 1 k
a
of interest. Assume the following measurements
were made at the terminals a,b in the circuit in 5 k
Fig. P4.69.
20 k 25 mA 45 k
When a 20 Æ resistor is connected to the termi- 
nals a,b, the voltage vab is measured and found to 
50 V
be 100 V.
b
When a 50 Æ resistor is connected to the termi-
nals a,b, the voltage is measured and found to be
200 V. 4.73 The Wheatstone bridge in the circuit shown in
Find the Thévenin equivalent of the network PSPICE Fig. P4.73 is balanced when R3 equals 3000 Æ . If the
with respect to the terminals a,b. MULTISIM
galvanometer has a resistance of 50 Æ, how much
current will the galvanometer detect, when the
Figure P4.69 bridge is unbalanced by setting R3 to 3003 Æ ?
(Hint: Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to
Linear a the galvanometer terminals when R3 = 3003 Æ .
resistive
network with Note that once we have found this Thévenin equiv-
independent alent, it is easy to find the amount of unbalanced
and dependent b current in the galvanometer branch for different
sources galvanometer movements.)

4.70 An automobile battery, when connected to a car Figure P4.73

radio, provides 12.5 V to the radio. When connected
to a set of headlights, it provides 11.7 V to the head-
R1 500  Galvanometer R3 3000 
lights. Assume the radio can be modeled as a 6.25 Æ
resistor and the headlights can be modeled as a 
18 V
0.65 Æ resistor. What are the Thévenin and Norton 
equivalents for the battery? R2 200  Rx 1200 

4.71 Determine io and vo in the circuit shown in

PSPICE Fig. P4.71 when Ro is a resistor from Appendix H
MULTISIM
such that 100 Æ … Ro 6 200 Æ . 4.74 Determine the Thévenin equivalent with respect
PSPICE to the terminals a,b for the circuit shown in
MULTISIM
Fig. P4.74.
Figure P4.71
120  40  io
Figure P4.74
 2.5 k 4 k
100  a

i1 5000i1
400  18 m 240  vo Ro   v2
 100 V 625  6 k
3V  103v2 
 
 b
 Problems 139

4.75 Find the Norton equivalent with respect to the ter- Figure P4.78
minals a,b for the circuit seen in Fig. P4.75.
PSPICE
20 
MULTISIM

Figure P4.75 1.8 A

5
0.2 i a


9V 25  60 
2 k 2 k 
a
i 10 
b
280 V  2 k 5.6 k

4.79 Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the
b
terminals a,b in the circuit in Fig. P4.79.

4.76 When an ammeter is used to measure the current Figure P4.79

if in the circuit shown in Fig. P4.76, it reads 6 A.
PSPICE
MULTISIM
i 150 
a) What is the resistance of the ammeter?
b) What is the percentage of error in the current
measurement?
200  50  a

Figure P4.76

2.5 if 100  250i


2 4 b

25
 0  4.80 Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the
24 V 10 if 4.8  16 
 terminals a,b in the circuit in Fig. P4.80.

Figure P4.80
20  24 
a
Section 4.11
10 
4.77 a) Find the Thévenin equivalent resistance with
respect to the terminals a,b in the circuit in 100  50 
Fig. P4.64 without finding either the open circuit 
13ix
 ix
voltage or the short circuit current.
b
b) Find the Norton equivalent resistance with
respect to the terminals a,b in the circuit in
Fig. P4.66 without finding either the open circuit 4.81 Find the Norton equivalent with respect to the ter-
voltage or the short circuit current. minals a,b for the circuit seen in Fig. P4.81.

Figure P4.81
4.78 a) Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the
PSPICE terminals a,b for the circuit in Fig. P4.78 by find- 500 
MULTISIM
a
ing the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit
current.
250ix  1.5ix 750 
b) Solve for the Thévenin resistance by removing the 
ix
independent sources. Compare your result to the
Thévenin resistance found in (a). b
140 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

Section 4.12 d) Find the resistor from Appendix H closest in

value to the Ro. from part (a).
4.82 The variable resistor in the circuit in Fig. P4.82 is e) Find the percentage of the total power devel-
PSPICE adjusted for maximum power transfer to Ro. oped in the circuit that is delivered to the resis-
MULTISIM
a) Find the value of Ro. tor in part (d).
b) Find the maximum power that can be delivered
to Ro. 4.87 The variable resistor (Ro) in the circuit in Fig. P4.87
c) Find a resistor in Appendix H closest to the
PSPICE is adjusted until it absorbs maximum power from
MULTISIM
value in part (a). How much power is delivered the circuit.
to this resistor? a) Find the value of Ro.
b) Find the maximum power.
Figure P4.82 c) Find the percentage of the total power devel-
2.4 k 1.6 k oped in the circuit that is delivered to Ro.

 60 V Figure P4.87
4.8 k 15 mA 5 k Ro
 15  5
1.8 k  v  i
 3i


4.83 What percentage of the total power developed in 110 V  0.1v Ro
PSPICE the circuit in Fig. P4.82 is delivered to Ro when Ro is 
MULTISIM 8
set for maximum power transfer?

4.84 a) Calculate the power delivered for each value of

Ro used in Problem 4.71.
4.88 The variable resistor (Ro) in the circuit in Fig. P4.88
b) Plot the power delivered to Ro versus the resist- PSPICE is adjusted until the power dissipated in the resistor
ance Ro. MULTISIM
is 250 W. Find the values of Ro that satisfy this
c) At what value of Ro is the power delivered to Ro condition.
a maximum?
Figure P4.88
4.85 a) Find the value of the variable resistor Ro in the 25  10 
circuit in Fig. P4.85 that will result in maximum
ix
power dissipation in the 6 Æ resistor. (Hint: 20 
Hasty conclusions could be hazardous to 
200 V 100  
Ro
your career.)  30 ix

b) What is the maximum power that can be deliv-
ered to the 6 Æ resistor?

Figure P4.85
4.89 The variable resistor in the circuit in Fig. P4.89 is
PSPICE adjusted for maximum power transfer to Ro.
Ro MULTISIM
a) Find the numerical value of Ro.
b) Find the maximum power delivered to Ro.
 c) How much power does the 180 V source deliver
30 V 6
 to the circuit when Ro is adjusted to the value
found in (a)?

4.86 A variable resistor Ro is connected across the ter- Figure P4.89

PSPICE minals a,b in the circuit in Fig. P4.75. The variable 184 iφ
MULTISIM
resistor is adjusted until maximum power is trans- 
ferred to Ro.
20  2 8
a) Find the value of Ro.
 v 
b) Find the maximum power delivered to Ro. 16   180 V R 10  0.1v
o
c) Find the percentage of the total power devel-  if
oped in the circuit that is delivered to Ro.
 Problems 141

4.90 The variable resistor (RL) in the circuit in Fig. P4.90 4.93 a) Use the principle of superposition to find the
PSPICE is adjusted for maximum power transfer to RL. PSPICE voltage v in the circuit of Fig. P4.93.
MULTISIM MULTISIM
a) Find the numerical value of RL. b) Find the power dissipated in the 10 Æ
b) Find the maximum power transferred to RL. resistor.

Figure P4.90 Figure P4.93

30  4A

45  60 
5 2
ib 
 
3.6 kV 300  RL

150ib 
 110 V v 10  12 
30  15  


4.91 The variable resistor (Ro) in the circuit in Fig. P4.91

PSPICE is adjusted for maximum power transfer to Ro. 4.94 Use superposition to solve for io and vo in the cir-
MULTISIM
a) Find the value of Ro. cuit in Fig. P4.94.
b) Find the maximum power that can be delivered
to Ro. Figure P4.94
c) What percentage of the total power developed 45 
io
in the circuit is delivered to Ro found in part(a)?
d) If Ro is selected from Appendix H, which resis- 2A
60  5
tor value will result in the greatest amount of

power delivered to Ro? 
10 V vo 20  5 10 

Figure P4.91 
316 i

4.95 Use the principle of superposition to find the cur-
rent io in the circuit shown in Fig. P4.95.
PSPICE
16  32  MULTISIM

Figure P4.95
 180   200 V
400 V i Ro 1
 
64  48  io 5
6A 20  10 A 60  30 

Section 4.13 75 V

4.92 a) In the circuit in Fig. P4.92, before the 5 mA cur-
PSPICE rent source is attached to the terminals a,b, the
MULTISIM
current io is calculated and found to be 3.5 mA.
4.96 Use the principle of superposition to find the volt-
Use superposition to find the value of io after
age vo in the circuit in Fig. P4.96.
PSPICE
the current source is attached. MULTISIM

b) Verify your solution by finding io when all three

Figure P4.96
sources are acting simultaneously.
5 4
Figure P4.92 
5 mA  
240 V vo 20  84 V
 
7  1
a 2 k b
16 A

8V 5 k io 6 k 10 mA

142 Techniques of Circuit Analysis

4.97 Use the principle of superposition to find vo in the 4.100 Find i1 and i2 in the circuit in Fig. P4.100.
circuit in Fig. P4.97.
PSPICE PSPICE
MULTISIM MULTISIM

Figure P4.97 Figure P4.100

2.2 if 10 

20 
10  10 
i1 20 
4 k
 20 
if  10  20 
 120 V
25 V 5 mA 20 k vo  20  i2


10 
10  10 
4.98 Use the principle of superposition to find the 5
PSPICE current i in the circuit of Fig. P4.98.
MULTISIM

Figure P4.98 4.101 Find v1, v2, and v3 in the circuit in Fig. P4.101.
1 k PSPICE
MULTISIM
 vb  Figure P4.101
2 k 4 k 0.1  0.1 
 

2.5vb  120 V 36  v1 36 
90 V  
i
40 V 
   0.2  0.2  
v3 27 
2 k 

120 V 45  v2 45 

Sections 4.1–4.13 0.1  0.1   

4.99 Assume your supervisor has asked you to determine

the power developed by the 50 V source in the circuit
4.102 Two ideal dc voltage sources are connected by elec-
in Fig. P4.99. Before calculating the power developed
trical conductors that have a resistance of r Æ>m, as
by the 50 V source, the supervisor asks you to submit
shown in Fig. P4.102. A load having a resistance of
a proposal describing how you plan to attack the
R Æ moves between the two voltage sources. Let x
problem. Furthermore, he asks you to explain why
equal the distance between the load and the source
you have chosen your proposed method of solution.
v1, and let L equal the distance between the
a) Describe your plan of attack, explaining your sources.
reasoning.
a) Show that
b) Use the method you have outlined in (a) to find
the power developed by the 50 V source. v1RL + R(v2 - v1)x
v = .
Figure P4.99
RL + 2rLx - 2rx2
50 V b) Show that the voltage v will be minimum when
200 
 
  L R
50  vx 100  vy 50  x = B -v1 ; v1v2 - (v1 - v2)2 R .
v2 - v1 A 2rL
 vy 
100  25 100 
c) Find x when L = 16 km, v1 = 1000 V, v2 =
1200 V, R = 3.9 Æ, and r = 5 * 10-5 Æ>m.
1.25 vx  0.9 A 2

50 ix
  d) What is the minimum value of v for the circuit of
50  ix
part (c)?
 Problems 143

Figure P4.102 4.104 For the circuit in Fig. 4.69 derive the expressions for
x DESIGN
PROBLEM
the sensitivity of v1 and v2 to changes in the source
r /m r /m currents Ig1 and Ig2.


4.105 Assume the nominal values for the components in
 R (movable  PRACTICALthe circuit in Fig. 4.69 are: R1 = 25 Æ ; R2 = 5 Æ ;
v1 v v2 PERSPECTIVE
 load)  PSPICE
R3 = 50 Æ ; R4 = 75 Æ ; Ig1 = 12 A; and Ig2 = 16 A.
 MULTISIM Predict the values of v1 and v2 if Ig1 decreases to
11 A and all other components stay at their nominal
r /m r /m values. Check your predictions using a tool like
L PSpice or MATLAB.

4.103 Laboratory measurements on a dc voltage source 4.106 Repeat Problem 4.105 if Ig2 increases to 17 A, and
PSPICE yield a terminal voltage of 75 V with no load con- all other components stay at their nominal values.
PRACTICAL
PERSPECTIVE
MULTISIM
nected to the source and 60 V when loaded with a Check your predictions using a tool like PSpice or
20 Æ resistor. MATLAB.
a) What is the Thévenin equivalent with respect to
the terminals of the dc voltage source? 4.107 Repeat Problem 4.105 if Ig1 decreases to 11 A and
b) Show that the Thévenin resistance of the source Ig2 increases to 17 A. Check your predictions using
PRACTICAL
PERSPECTIVE
is given by the expression a tool like PSpice or MATLAB.
PSPICE
MULTISIM
vTh
RTh = a - 1b RL, 4.108 Use the results given in Table 4.2 to predict the val-
vo
ues of v1 and v2 if R1 and R3 increase to 10% above
PRACTICAL
PERSPECTIVE
where their nominal values and R2 and R4 decrease to
vTh = the Thévenin voltage, 10% below their nominal values. Ig1 and Ig2 remain
at their nominal values. Compare your predicted
vo = the terminal voltage corresponding values of v1 and v2 with their actual values.
to the load resistance RL.