Electrodynamic Forces of the Cross-Connected Figure-Eight*

Null-Flux Coil Suspension System

J.L. He, D.M. Rote, and H.T. Coffey

Center for Transportation Research

Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory
9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439, U.S.A.

RnCEIV&O
DISCLAIMER JtJN! 1993
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to be presented at Maglev'93 Conference to be held at

Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois
May 19-21, 1993

I The SUbmitted manuscript has been authored

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I under contract No. W-31-I0_ ENG-38.
Accordingly, the U. S. Government retains a
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*This work was supported by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Federal Railroad Administration through interagency
agreements E8691RO01 and DTFR53-93-X-00047, respectively, with the U.S. Department of Energy.

MASTER
_ THIS DOOUMENT IS UNLI_
 Electrodynamic Forces of the Cross-Connected Figure-Eight
Null-Flux Coil Suspension System
J.L. He, D.M. Rote, and H.T. Coffey
Center for TransportationResearch
EnergySystems Division, ArgonneNationalLaboratory
9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439, U.S.A.

Abstract - This paper analyzes the cross-connected L representsa single loop of the null-flux coil. The coupling
figure.eight null-flux coil suspension system for between the upperand lower loops is described by the mutual
maglev vehicles on the basis of dynamic circuit inductanceMl2, and the couplings between the moving SCM
theory. The equivalent circuits and general and the upper and lower loops of the null-flux coil are
magnetic force expressions for the system are modeled by two time- andspace-dependentvoltage sources el
developed. Simple analytical formulas for the and ez, respectively. In Fig. 1, It and I2 stand for the currents
magnetic force partitions on the basis of
harmonic approximation are presented, and flowing in the upper and lower loops, and i (=Ii=-I2) is the
numerical results are also included• currentcirculating in thenull-flux coil.

The cross-connected null-flux coil suspension system has Is 1

been under development in Japan for several years [1-3]. The
system consists of two arrays of figure-eight-shaped null-flux z_, x 1 _ R
coils mounted on the side walls of the guideway, each coil on ...._t.... _LR __

the left side wall being cross-connected with another one on -I_ (,x.,)el e2
the right side wall to form a combined levitation and guidance
system. Both the null-flux levitation and the null-flux
2 v Y
guidance forces are generated from the interaction between two Fig. 1 Equivalent Circuitof a Single SCM Interacting
rows of superconducting coils, or superconducting magnets witha Null-Flux Coil
(SCMs), aboard the vehicle and two rows of null-flux coils on
the guideway. The concept has become very popular in both Letting Is and v be the current and speed of the SCM, and
Japan and the United States because of its several unique Msl and Mst be the mutual inductances between the SCM
features, including high lift-to-drag and guidance-to-drag and the upper and lower loops of the null-flux coil,
ratios, high suspension stiffness, and very low magnetic drag respectively, one can express eI and e2 as:
at low speed.
This paper discusses the electrodynamic performance of
the cross-connected null-flux coil suspension system on the el =-I_voM_l(x'y'z)
basis of the dynamic circuit model. The equivalent circuits of _x (1)
the system are presented, and the general expressions for the

determination
current inducedofinmagnetic forces
the null-flux acting
coils on the SCMs
are derived. and the
Closed-form e2= .i_v_MsE(x,y,z)
formulas for the magnetic forces are derived using a harmonic _x (2)
approximation. These formulas are valuable for the design of
maglev systems and for vehicle dynamic studies. The paper is The voltage equation for the system is:
organized into several sections: (1) introduction, (2) the
equivalent circuit and
model, (3) harmonic circuit model, (4) 2Ri + 2(L-MI2) di
dt = el - e2 (3)
numerical example discussion, and (5) conclusion,

II. THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL The three components of time-dependent magnetic forces fx,
A. The Equivalent Circuitfor a SCM Interacting with a fy, fz existing between the moving SCM and the null-flux
Nul_-Flux Coil coil are

The simplest
interacting with a model for bea described
SCM can figure-eightby null-flux coil
an equivalent f,,= IsllOMsl+
_x I_I_2_M_2
3x = Isi [3Msl
_ _xx 3M_2)
Ox (4)
circuit containing one mesh with two branches, as shown in
Fig. 1. Each branch having a resistance R and an inductance
 fy= IsI1 + I8I_ oy = I_i --_y
/0Ms1 - 0Ms2
_yy I/ (5) guidance.the In
across guideway,
Fig. 3, the
andresistance
it contributes
and inductance
to the null-flux
of the
cross-connected cables are neglected. Similar to (1) and (2),

"I 0M, i _-_

,, 0Ms2 = Isi /OM,1 0M,2) the voltages
terms of the induced
mutual in the loops 3Ms3
inductances and and
4 canMs,1
be expressed in
between the
fz = _, 1--_ + 1"_ _ (6) SCM and loops 3 and 4, respectively:

(1) to (6) can only be solved step by step numerically because

Msi (i=1,2) is time- and space-dependent. The electrodynamic es = -Isv 0Ms3
0x (7)
performance of the system is then predicted on the basis of the
system solution, lt is seen from (3) to (6) that the three
components of magnetic force are proportional to the product e4 = -I_v 0M,4 (8)
of the circulating current i, SCM current Is, and the difference Ox
of the mutual inductance derivatives between the SCM and
upper and lower loops. Clearly, they vanish as the SCM Figure 3 can be simplified by eliminating the mutual
moves to the equilibrium position (z=0). inductances, MI2, between the upper and lower loops. Using
Kirchhoff's voltage law, one can write voltage equations in
B. The Equivalent Circuit Model for the Cross-Connected terms of mesh currents for Fig. 3:
Null-Flux Coil Suspension

A pair of SCMs aboard the vehicle interacting with figure- 2Ril + 2(L-MI2) di1. Ri2- (L-M_2)-_-= e_ - ez
eight null-flux coils that are cross-connected and mounted on dt dt (9)
the two sides of the guideway shown in Fig. 2 can be modeled
by the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 3. Similarly, each -Ril - (L-M12) _ + 2Ri2 + 2L di---z2- Ri3- (L-M12)-_- = e2- e3
branch having a resistance R, an inductance L, and a voltage dt cit dt
source e represents a single loop of the null-flux coil. The (10)
mutual inductance MI9 between loops 1 and 2 equals the -Ri2 - (L-M12) di2 + 2Ri3 + 2(L-M_2) -_- = e3- e4
mutual inductance M34 between loops 3 and 4. Ii (i=1,4) and ck dt (11)
z After solving mesh currents from (9) to (11), one can
x determine the three components of magnetic forces acting on
the moving SCM:

f,,=_M_x=I
_4 ,,0Msj {ilIOM,1 OMs2)

_xx
+ iJOM.,2 Ox
OM_3)+ -_'_xx Ox
iapMs30Ms4)} . (12)
Fig. 2 Cross-ConnectedFigure-Eight Null-FluxCoils for Maglev
Levitationand Guidance

.i_1 0yl

Ilt,72¢"_,t I2
L l__j,--Ml2"_,t
L ..:_ _ I4L fY=_ ldr_Y + =Is
ijOM_z
il - OMr31
1 + i3[OM_3 Ogs4/!

_R 11 +_Re212 +{')_'R% 13 +_Re4 f_= j--,_4

l'_I_r_J
=_z ' (Isi,
_yl[O_ l"_y2]0Ms20z/_ _y21l (13)

Fig. 3 EquivalentCircUitsuspensionfOr
the Cross-Connectedsystem
Null-FluxCoil + i_0Ms2'-'_"z
" c)Ms3/_zz
J+ io[0M_3,-_zc)Ms4
)}c)z (14)
e i (i=1,4) are the currents flowing in the loop, and the
voltages induced in the loop, respectively. The mesh currents
flowing in the circuit are i l, i2, and i3. In particular, i2 where the relations between the mesh and branch currents,
represents the current flowing in the cross-connecting cable Ii--ii, I2=i3-il, I3=i3-i 2, and I4=-i 3, were used. Two different
lateral coordinates needed for the two lateral air gaps are [_9M_
specified by Yl and Y2in (13). Comparing (12) to (14) with fY= i2Is[-_y 11 . j
_Ms31 (17)
(4) to (6), one notes that the three components of magnetic
force in the cross-connected null-flux coil suspension system lt should be noted that (16) and (17) represent only the
depend upon the current i2 flowing between the two figure- guidance force resulting from the current flowing in the cross-
eight null-flux coils. At the lateral equilibrium position, no connecting cable (ix), while (13) gives a total guidance force.
current flows between the two figure-eight null-flux coils. In Equations (9) to (15) can be numerically solved to obtain
this case, the cross-connected null-flux coil suspension the transient currents induced in the null-flux coils and the
system becomes two independent conventional null-flux coil time-dependent magnetic forces acting on the SCMs using an
suspension systems. The guidance force of the cross- approach similar to that discussed previously [4-5].
connected null-flux coil suspension system consists of two
parts: one due to cross-connection, which follows the null- III. HARMONIC APPROXIMATION
flux suspension principle, and the other due to the individual
null-flux coils and the air gap difference. The latter can be Exact solutions of (9) to (14) require a numerical approach
determined from (4) to (6). To obtain the guidance force because of the time- and space-dependence of the mutual
resulting from the cross-connection, one can first simplify inductances between the moving SCMs and the null-flux
Fig. 3 by eliminating the mutual inductances between the coils, lt is difficult to gain physical insight and to conduct
upper and lower loops, and then find a Thevenin equivalent vehicle dynamic stability studies with numerical solutions.
circuit by eliminating meshes 1 and 3, as shown in Fig. 4. Thus, (9) to (14) are further developed on the basis of a
I1+_I2 2M12 I3+I 4 harmonic approximation to obtain simplified analytical
_ expressions that are very useful for preliminary system

0. -Ml2) _ 0.5(L-M1 groups of SCMs, each of which has several SCMs arranged in
one row with alternating polarities, the flux linkage through
'f _(L f i2"_ 2)t design. Because a maglev vehicle usually consists of several
forward, lt is a good approximation to express the mutual
+_ 0.5R 0.5R_ the null-flux coils varies its direction as the SCM row moves
0 5(el+e 2) 0.5(e 3+ e_ harmonic function whose fundamental wave is:
_) inductance between a group of SCMs and a null-flux coil by a
Msj = Mpj(y,z)cos g-x= Mpj(y,z)cos cot j= 1,4 (18)
Fig. 4 Simplified Equivalent Circuit for Determining Null-Flux 1:
Guidance Force

where Mpj is the peak value of the mutual inductance between

Figure 4 shows that the voltage eI has the same polarity as one SCM and the jth loop of the null-flux coil. lt depends
e2, and e3 has the same polarity as e4. The null-flux guidance upon only displacements in the vertical (z-axis) ,and lateral (y-
force will be generated when the condition el+e2 *:e3+e4, or axis) directions, x is the pole pitch of the SCMs, and co=xv/'r
I1+I2 _ I3+I4, is true. The current flowing in the cross- is the radian frequency, lt should be noted that (18) is only an
connecting cable between the two null-flux coils can be approximation, and high-order harmonics may be added to (18)
determined from Fig. 4 in terms of the voltage equation: for a higher accuracy.
Substituting (1), (2), (7), (8), and (18) into (9) to (11), one

Ri2 + (L-M)di--z=
dt _(el + e2)- (e3 + e4)] (15) can solve for
connecting the sinusoidal current i2 flowing in the cross-
cable:

The cross-connection part of the null-flux guidance force is: i2 = (El + E2)- (E3 +E4) sin (tot- qb2)
2]/R 2 + (02(L + M12)2 (19)
fY=2 i2/d[aMsl[_'_yl
+ elMs2} l--_y2 + --_y2/J
"/°_Ms3c)yl °3Ms4t] (16) where

Because the null-flux suspension system usually operates near _z = tan_ COt(L+M_2) (20)
vertical equilibrium, it is a good approximation to assume R
that the derivatives of the mutual inductance Ms1 with respect and
to Yl is equal to that of Ms2 with respect to Yl. Similarly, Ej = colsMpj (21)
one may assume that the derivatives of mutual inductances
Ms3 and Ms4 with respect to Y2are also equal. Thus, (16) is lt is seen from (19) that i2 depends only upon the lateral
simplified: displacement. The current will flow through the cross-
connecting cable as long as (EI+E 2) is not equal to (E3+E4),
0

or there exists a lateral displacement. Mesh currents iI and i2

are found to be where Fzl I and Fz22are the null-flux levitation forces from
the interaction between the SCMs and the left- and right-hand
it- El- E2 sin(tot-_l)+ 1i2 side null-flux coils, respectively, when two coils are not
2_/R2+ to2(L.M12)
2 2 (22) cross-connected. They are given by:

OMp2
and Fzll = " Is2 V2 Mpi 2 M___pS
IOMpl
i3= Es- E4 sin(tot- ¢_) + 1--i2 _ v2+ v_ L-M12 l--_z Oz (26)
2_/R2+to2(L.M12)2 2 (23)

where Fza2=, Is
42 v2+v_t
V2 _-MSMp4 (c)ap3
Mp3- _ _ 3Mpa
3z .) (27)
_)l= tan"1to(L-M12) (24)
R and Fzla and F_.21are the additional levitation forces produced
Equations (22) and (23) show that the currents flowing by the left- and right-hand side figure-eight null-flux coils
through the figure-eight null-flux coil 1 and coil 2 consist of resulting from the cross-connection:
two parts: the first part resulting from the vertical
displacement, and the second part due to the lateral Fzl2= I2 v2 (Mpl + Mp2)-(Mp3 + Mp4)
displacement. At a vertical equilibrium position (EI=E 2 and 8 v2+ v_ L+MI2
E3.-E4), both i I and i2 equal half of i2. In this case, there
still exists a null-flux guidal;ce force as long as i2 exists. /3Mpl c_Mp2 1

This force does not exist in a conventional side wall null-flux × l_--_z + --_z. !/ (28)
suspension system, in which ali magnetic forces vanish at
vertical equilibrium even though there exists a lateral shift,
while in a cross-connected null-flux coil system, magnetic 12 V2 (Mpl + Mp2)-(Mpa + Mp4)
forces disappear only at both lateral and vertical equilibrium Fz21-
positions. 8 v2+ vk L+M12

ii Z X/3Mp3 3Mp4 ]

F_l-Fzll+Fzl2 Fz2-Fz22+F_l It should be noted that Fzt I and Fz2; are the dominant terms,

mutual inductances Msl and Ms2 with respect to vertical

displacements have different signs, and so do those of Ms3and
l_ and Fz21 and Fzl2 are very small because the derivatives of the
F_I=FyII+FyI2 Y Ms4. The last terms of (28) and (29) are small. Similarly,

Fy2=Fy22+Fy21 one can group the magnetic drag:

Fx = Fxll + Fxl2 + Fx22+ Fx21 (30)

where Fxl I and Fx22 are the magnetic drag produced by the
Fig 5 Cross-Sectional View of the Side-Wall Null-Flux left- and right-hand side figure-eight null-flux coils when they
Suspension System are not cross-connected:

Substituting (19), (22) and (23) into (12) to (14) and taking
the integral with respect to time over a period, one can F_I =- I2 VVc_ rl:/q:(Mpl-Mp,4
.,_2 (31)
determine the time-average forces in terms of dynamic circuit 4 v2+ v_ L-MI2
parameters. Those forces can be grouped according to
physical insight and the positions on which the forces act, as
shown in Fig. 5. The time-average null-flux levitation force, G22 = I2 We1 rt/_(Mp3 - Mpa) 2 (32)
Fz, between a pair of SCMs and a pair of cross-connected 4 v 2 + v21 L-MI2
figure-eight null-flux coils is:
and Fxl 2 (=Fx21) is the additional drag resulting from the
Fz = Fzll + Fzl2 + Fz22+ Fz21 (25) cross-connection:
 F_12= I_ VVc2 rcxi(Mp, + Mp2)-(Mp3 + M_)] 2
16 v2 + v22 L+M12 (33) Up to now ali magnetic forces for the cross-connected null-
' flux suspension system have been derived in terms of the
dynamic circuit parameters on the basis of harmonic
Notice that since Fxl2=Fx2_,there is no torque in the yaw approximation. Clearly, these relations are straightforward
direction caused by this drag force component. The guidance and easy to use, because they are not a function of time. One
force can also be grouped as: needs only to determine the mutual inductances between one
SCM and one loop of the null-flux coil at a fixed longitudinal
Fy = Fyll + Fyl2 + Fy22+ Fy21 (34) coordinate, or at a plane transverse to the motion, and to
determine the derivatives of the mutual inductance with
where Fyll and Fy22 are the guidance forces produced by the respect to the lateral and vertical displacements.
figure-eight null-flux coils on the left- and right-hand sides,
respectively, when the two coils are not cross-connected: IV. EXAMPLE AND DISCUSSION

[ 1 To better understand the performance of the cross-connected

Fyll = I2 v2 (Mpl - Mp2) |c3Mpl /)Mr,2 figure-eight null-flux coil suspension system, it is necessary
4 vR+ Vc21 _-lVll--2 _ _y-lyl c3yl ] (35) tO consider a numerical example. Table 1 lists the
dimensions and other parameters used for the example, which

Fy22 12 v2 (Mr,3 - Mr,,) [/)Mr,3 /)Mt,41 are similar to those used in paper [3].
4 vz + v¢21 _-1_12 !] E c3y2 ] (36) Table 1 Data Used for the Example
Superconducting Magnet

Fyl2 and Fy21 are the guidance forces resulting from the Length (m)
tteight (m) 1.7
0.5
cross-connection; they are the major guidance forces, Current (kA) 700
depending upon the lateral displacement and following the
principle of null-flux suspension. Fyl2 and Fy21 are given by Figure-Eight Null-FluxCoil
Length (m) 0.55
Height/Loop (m) 0.31

Fyl2- I2 v2 (Mpl + Mp2 - Mp3 - Mp4) Cross-Section/Conductor(cre 2) !

8 v2 + v_ L+MI2 Numberof Turns 36
Vertical Space between the
Two Loop Centers (m) 0.42

_-_,
x/o3Mr,l_,
+ c)Mp.____2_2
)c_yi (37) Resistance/Loop
C°nductivity°f AlR (mt-l)
(ro'Ill'l) 20.64
3x107
Inductance/Loop L (mH) 0.88
Mutual Inductance between

Fy21 - I2 v2 (Mpl + Mp2 - Mp3- Mpa) Upper and Lower Loops (gH) -65.8

8 v 2 + v22 L+Ml2 Assuming a pole pitch of 2 m for the SCM and a vehicle
speed of 138 m/s, one obtains Vcl=13.9 m/s and Vc2=16.1

x[/)Mp3
+//)Mp._____4 }' m/s. The time constant of the coil is about 42.6 ms. Figure
___1 /)yl t (38) 6 shows the dependence of the null-flux lift force components
on the vertical displacement with a lateral shift of -5 cm and
an effective air gap of 20 cre. One can see that the lift forces
In (26) to (38), Vcl and Vc2are the characteristic speeds, which Fzl I and Fz22 are dominant, and Fzl 2 and Fze 1, resulting
are defined as the speeds at which the magnetic drags Fxl 1, from the cross-connection, are relatively small, lt should be
Fx22, and Fxl 2, Fx21 approach their peaks, respectively. Due noted that Fzl I is much larger than Fz22 because the lateral
to cross-connection, there exist two major drag forces: one shift makes the air gap on the left-hand side decrease to 15
associated with the vertical displacement and characterized by cm, and that on the right-hand side increase to 25 cm.
Vcl, and another associated with lateral displacement and Clearly, such a large force difference between two null-flux
characterized by Vc2. They are coils could lead to a roll motion. The cross-connection
between the two figure-eight coils may reduce such roll
vd - xR motion because Fzl 2 is negative and Fz21 is positive. The
dimensions of the figure-eight null-flux coil and SCM may be
n(L-Ml2) (39) designed to increase Fzl 2 and Fz21 and to improve vehicle
and stability. The lateral shift could be encountered while making
Vc2= xR a turn with the center of curvature to the right. The induced
roll is in the correct direction for passenger comfort.
_(L + MI/) (40)
 The guidance force as a function of vertical displacement at acting on a pair of SCMs at a vertical offset of 3 cm is about
a lateral shift of -5 cm is illustrated in Fig. 7, where one can 51 kN. Twelve such SCMs can lift 31 metric tons at a
see that a guidance force of about 5 kN (Fyl2+Fy21) resulting vertical offset of 3 cm and 21.5 metric tons at a vertical offset
from the cross-connection is obtained at zero vertical offset, of 2 cm. The guidance force associated with the twelve-SCM
It should be noted that the main advantage of the cross.- vehicle at a lateral shift of 5 cna is about 13 metric tons for a
connected null-flux coil suspension system over a 3-cre vertical offset and 11 metric tons for a 2-cre vertical
conventional null-flux suspension system is that it provides offset.
null-flux guidance for a large range of vertical displacement,
including the vertical equilibrium position. The guidance V. CONCLUSIONS
forces, Fy I l and Fy22, resulting from the difference of air gap
without cross-connection depend upon the vertical A simple dynamic circuit model for the cross-connected
displacement. They are relatively small at a small vertical figure-eight null-flux coil suspension system has been
displacement and increase rapidly at a large vertical developed. The model can be used for the determination of
displacement. Both guidance forces reach the same value at a both transient and steady-state performance of the cross-
vertical offset of about 5 cm. Because a maglev vehicle connected null-flux coil levitation and guidance system. The
usually operates at a relatively small vertical offset, such as 2 closed-form expressions for the magnetic force components
to 4 cm, one can conclude that the guidance forces resulting are obtained on the basis of a harmonic approximation. These
from the cross-connection are dominant for normal maglev simple relations are useful for vehicle dynamic stability
operations, studies. Numerical results show that a cross-connected null-
Total lift andguidance forces, lift-to-drag ratio, and guidance- flux suspension system has many advantages over the
to-drag ratio as a function of vertical displacement at a lateral conventional null-flux coil levitation system. In particular,
shift of 5 cm are illustrated in Fig. 8, where it is interesting such a system can provide null-flux guidance at any vertical
to note that the lift-to-drag ratio has a maximum value of 140 offset. On the other hand, in contrast to the non-cross-
at about 2 cm, while the maximum value of the guidance-to- connected system, there is only one point where the drag force
drag ratio appears at a zero vertical offset. Figure 9 shows the goes to zero; namely, when both the lateral and vertical
dependence of the lift-to-drag ratio on vertical displacement displacements are zero.
with lateral displacement as a parameter. It is seen from
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Figure 9 that the lift-to-drag ratio decreases monotonically as
the lateral displacement increases, regardless of the vertical
displacement. On the other hand, for a fixed value of lateral This work was supported by the U.S. Army Corps of
displacement the ratio goes through a maximum value as the Engineers and the Federal Railroad Administration through
vertical displacement increases. That is, at small vertical interagency agreements E8691R001 and DTFR53-93-X-
displacements, as the vertical displacement approaches zero 00047, respectively, with the U.S. Department of Energy.
the drag force increases in magnitude relative to the lift force.
Only in the case where the lateral displacement is zero does REFERENCE
the drag force decrease relative to the lift force as the vertical
displacement approach zero. This is in contrast to the case [1] S. Fujiwara and T. Fujimoto, "Characteristics of the
where no cross-connection exists. In the later case the drag Combined Levitation and Guidance System Using Ground
force diminishes in magnitude relative to the lift force as the Coils on the Side Wall of the Guideway," International
vertical displacement approaches zero, regardless of the lateral Conference on Maglev '89, July 1989, pp 241-244.
displacement. [2] J. Fujie, "Current Status of Superconducting Maglev
Guidance force as a function of lateral displacement with System,'! ISTEC Journal, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1991, pp 40-43.
vertical offset as a parameter is shown in Fig. 10, where one [3] H. Tanaka, "Change in the Coil Distribution of
can see that guidance forceand lateral stiffness increase as the Electrodynamic Suspension System," International
vertical offset increases. Maximum guidance forces are about Symposium on Magnetic Suspension Technology, NASA
13 kN for a zero vertical offset and about 20 kN for a 3-cm Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va., USA, Aug. 19-23,
vertical offset. Figure 11 shows the dependence of lift and pp 813-825.
guidance forces acting on each SCM on lateral displacement at [4] J.L. He and D.M. Rote, "Computer Model Simulation of
a vertical offset of 3 cm, where a large change in lift can be Null-Flux Magnetic Suspension and Guidance," the 6th World
observed as the maglev vehicle displaces laterally, while the Conference on Transport Research, June 29 - July 3, 1992.
guidance force changes are rather small. This implies that the [5] J.L. He, D.M. Rote, and H.T. Coffey, "Computation of
lateral stiffnesses of the two forces are very different. Magnetic Suspension of Maglev System Using Dynamic
Assuming a coil pitch of 0.7 m for the figure-eight null- Circuit Theory," Proc. of International Symposium on
flux coil, one obtains a pitch ratio (SCM pitch over coil Magnetic Suspension Technology, Hampton, Virginia, Aug.
pitch) of 3. Thus, the total lift force from the interaction 1991, NASA Conference Publication 3152, pp 919-938.
between a pair of SCMs and two rows of cross-connected
figure-eight null-flux coils would be three times larger than
that discussed above. Thus, according to Fig. 8, the lift force
 35 ...... ' " " ' .... " _-__"
"'"" '-" _--" ' " t°°°r--'--_-_-'_ _./tena shin. _ocm
' ..... ' .... _ ....
25 800 \ -

3 600

Fzl2

0 3 6 9 12 15 1 2 3 4 5
Vertical Displacement (,--) Vertical Di_lacement (cn)

Fig. 6 Null-Flux Lift Force Components as a Function of Fig. 9 Lift-to-Drag Ratio Profile as a Function of Vertical
Vertical Displacement. Speed: t38 m/s; Effective Gap: 20 cm; Displacement with Lateral Offset as a Parameter.
Lateral Shift: 5 cna. (See Table 1 for Other Parameters) Speed: 138 m/s; Effective Gap: 2(,) cm. (Ref. Table 1)

40 . . _ .... , . .... .--

20 .... , . • . , • • • , • • • , ._-- • '_ '-. _ ' ' ' '

30 '" .
16 20 -- _ "",

I0 " ,,
12 _ -,.',.

"_ _ -20 , " --3era

4 ,
3,t= _,st -30 ',,

0 .----.--'7. I , J , l , , • _ ...... _ -40 , L . _ , i

.... -20 -15 -I0 -5 0i ,
5t t
I0 • ,_._--.._
15 20
0 2 4 6 8 10
Vertical Displacement (cre) Lat_-nl _e_at (eta)
Fig. 10 Total Guidance Force vs Lateral Displacement with
Fig. 7 Guidance Force Components vs Vertical Displacement. Vertical Offset as a Parameter. Speed: 138 m/s; Effective Gap:
(See Table 1 and Fig. 6 for Other Parameters) 20 cm; Vertical Offset: 3 cre. (Ref. Table 1)

15o_1 so 60 .....

120 40 _ 40
30

90 f / _dan--/__,_ _30_
6o _o_
;
_ _o

-10 " ".

-20 . 1 , _-.i, , I . . I , I _ ,
-20 -15 -I0 -5 0 5 i0 ].5 20
0 2 4 6 8 10 ].2 Lateral _ent (eta)
Vertical Displacement (eta)

Fig. 8 Total Lift, Total Guidance, Lift/Drag, and Guidance/Drag Fig.Hand

11 Lift
Side and Guidance
SCMs Force
as a Function Acting on
of Lateral Left- and Right-
Displacement.
as a Function of Vertical Displacement. Speed: 138 m/s; Effective Gap: 20 cna: Vertical Offset: 3 cre.
(See Table 1 and Fig. 6 for Other Parameters) (Also see Table 1 for f)thcr Parameters)
i ,