UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

GEOLOGICAL FIED TRIP TO RAJSTHAN

(2023-2024)

A FIELD REPORT SUBMITTED BY VINEET

SINGH

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DR SK PANDITA
DR YUDHVIR SINGH
 Certificate
This is to certified that VINEET SINGH student of
semester 3rd has completed the field report in
Rajasthan conducted from 12 February to 26
February 2023. It is an authentic work carried under
our guidance and supervision.

Teacher incharge
Dr Yudhvir Singh
Dr SK Pandita

Acknowldegement
First of all I pay my deepest gratitude to God who enables
me to complete this field report successfully. I am greatly
thankful to the Department of Geology, Dr Yudhvir Singh
and Dr S K Pandita for their utmost guidance and help.
These Professors are foundation brick of this fieldwork in
terms of guidance for students.

This field work has been a memorable excursion for me in

the comprehension of enigmatic theoretical knowledge. I
again pay my thanks to my teacher who considers me able
for achieving goals.
 INDEX
CHAPTER TITLE DATE OF REMARKS
VISIT

INTRODUCTION STUDY AREA

TOUR ITEINEERARY

EQUIPMENT USED

PHYSIOGRAPHY WITH
CLIMATE DETAILS

REGIONAL
GEOGRAPHICAL
SETUP

VISIT TO GEO-HERITAGE SITE 14-02-2024

JODHPUR AT THE MEHARGARH
FORT AREA 15-02-2024

VISIT TO AKAL WOOD FOSSIL 16-02-2024

JAISALMER PARK

LATHI FORMATION

JAISALMER 17-02-2024
FORMATION

BUILDING STONE
CUTTING

SAND DUNES 18-02-2024

 KULDHAR NALLA

VISIT TO NEPHELINE SYNITE 20-02-2023

JAIPUR SITE

VISIT TO AMBA 21-02-2023

VILLAGE

VISIT TO GSI
WESTERN REGION ,
JAIPUR

VISIT TO MUSEUM

VISIT TO
GEOTECHNICAL LAB
10-day itinerary from 13th February 2024 to 23rd February 2024

13.02.2024 Departure from Jammu Tawi Railway Station at 7.50am.

14.02.2024 Arrival at Jodhpur at 5.0 0a m, then field work at the Antenna Hill
Section near Mehrangarh Fort

15.02.2024 Visit to Mehrangarh Fort, then departure for Jaisalmer at 4.50pm and
arrival at 11.30pm.

16.02.2024 Field work at Akal Fossil Wood Park, at Basanpeer and visit to
Jaisalmer War Museum

17.02.2024 Field work at roadside section and visit to stone cutting workshop in the

morning, then fieldwork at sandunes in the desert near Jaisalmer.

18.02.2024 Field work at the Kuldhara Nalla section

19.02.2024 Departure from Jaisamer at 12.30am and arrival in Jaipur at 1.15pm

20.02.2024 Field work at nepheline syenite site at Kishangarh, then field work with
GSI Geologists for graphite exploration near Ajmer.

21.02.2024 Visit to Birla Temple in the morning, then visit to GSI, WR, Jaipur, and
tour of their Museum and geotechnical lab.

22.02.2024 Departure from Jaipur at 4.10pm and arrival at Jammu Tawi

Railway Station at 7.30am.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
Fieldwork is an integral part of the curriculum. The task involves identifying rock types,
various structures, and landforms, the attitude of beds, different kinds of lithologies, their
contacts, and topography. It includes a systematic study of the area to interpret the
depositional environment of the basin. It also consists of the drainage pattern analysis.

The main aim of our Geological Field Training was to get familiar with the subject
practically and to correlate it with the knowledge we gained in the classroom. We came
across various geological features, different types of rocks, sedimentary structures, and other
types of landforms. We tried to identify all these features and interpret their processes of
formation. I feel it is important to pen down the observations I made in the field and the
interpretations that came from them.

BRUNTON COMPASS: For calculating dip and strike of the beds we studied.

MEASURING TAPE: For measuring height, width, thickness of features.

GEOLOGICAL HAMMER: To disintegrate the rocks so that we can collect samples.

SATELLITE MAP: To mark traverse we took on field.

HAND LENS: Magnification of grain size, small fossils.

GPS: To note coordinates of the spots where we studied geology and collected samples.

GOOGLE MAPS: For location purposes.

GEOLOGICAL MAPS: For geological features of the area.

BRUNTON HAMMER MEASURING TAPE

STUDY AREA\
RAJASTHAN ‘Land of Kingdom’s the largest state by area ; 7th largest by
population located on Northwest part of country .It has 33 districts ; capital Jaipur shares it
border with 5 states Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

Geology of Rajasthan
Rajasthan forms a north western part of the Indian shield. The state expresses a variety of
lithological and tectonic units ranging in area from Arechean to recent times. The

Geographical features of Rajasthan include the Aravalli range and the Thar desert . The
oldest rock in the core all the yet undated (banded gnesis) east.
GEOLOGICAL TIMELINE OF RAJSATHAN
Here's a simplified geological timeline of Rajasthan in column
format:
Time Period Geological Events
Pre-Cambrian Formation of Aravalli Range
Cambrian Sedimentary deposits begin to accumulate
Ordovician Continued sedimentation and tectonic activity
Silurian Deposition of marine sediments
Devonian Further sedimentation and uplift
Carboniferous Formation of coal deposits
Permian Deposition of red sandstone
Triassic Sedimentation and volcanic activity
Jurassic Formation of sandstone and limestone
deposits
Cretaceous Sedimentary deposition and marine
transgression
Paleogene Uplift and erosion
Neogene Continued erosion and deposition
Quaternary Formation of alluvial plains, sand dunes, and
lakes
This timeline provides a broad overview of the geological history of
Rajasthan, highlighting key events and periods of sedimentation, uplift,
and erosion.
GEOLOGICAL SETUP
Rajasthan, located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, boasts a diverse and
fascinating geological history. Let's delve into the geological setup of this remarkable state:

Archaean Metamorphic Rocks (Bhilwara Supergroup)

- These ancient rocks, dating back over 2500 million years (Ma), form the foundation of
Rajasthan. The Bhilwara Supergroup includes:

Sandmata Complex

Comprising granulite-gneiss, amphibolite, metapelite, paragneiss, calc-silicate rocks, and

greywacke.

Mangalwar Complex Also Archeaean in age, it hosts lead, zinc, and copper deposits.

Hindoli Group Another component of the Bhilwara Supergroup.

- These rocks occupy the central and southeastern plains of the state.

Lower Proterozoic Supracrustal Rocks

- These rocks overlay the Archaean basement and include:

-Jahazpur Group

- Rajpura-Dariba Group

- Pur-Banera Group

- Sawar Group

- These formations host valuable lead, zinc, and copper deposits.

.Proterozoic Fold Belts

Aravalli Fold Belt (Aravalli Supergroup

- Complexly folded clastic sediments with minor chemogenic and organogenic

assemblages.
- Interlayered with basic volcanics.

- Delhi Fold Belt (Delhi Supergroup):

- Mainly composed of carbonates, metavolcanics, metasammites, and metapelites

- Intruded by magmatic rocks (Phulad Ophiolite Suite) and syn-orogenic granites.

- Hosts base metal deposits and other minerals.

Malani Igneous Suite and Erinpura Granite Pluton

- Isolated hillocks in western Rajasthan.

- Represent the Upper Proterozoic period.

. Vindhyans:

- Stretch across eastern Rajasthan.

- Juxtaposed against the rocks of the Bhilwara Supergroup along the Great Boundary Fault.

. Marwar Supergroup:

- Northern and northwestern parts of the state.

- Contains Upper Proterozoic to Early Cambrian rocks.

- Overlain by sedimentary rocks from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras.

Deccan Traps:

- Restricted to the southeastern part of Rajasthan, specifically the Chittaurgarh-Banswara

area.

In summary, Rajasthan's geological canvas spans from ancient Archaean rocks to recent
alluvium, revealing a rich tapestry of Earth's history. The Aravalli range, considered the
world's oldest, diagonally traverses this captivating state.
CHAPTER 2 :-VISIT TO A JODHPUR
Jodhpur district, which covers a total geographical area of 22850 Sq. kilometers of
Rajasthan, adorns the position of second largest district of the state. The district is located
centrally in the western region of Rajasthan. Jodhpur lies between 26 degrees 0 minutes and
27 degrees 37 minutes north latitude and 72 degrees 55 minutes and 73 degrees 52 minutes
east longitude. While Nagpur and Jaisalmer bound Jodhpur in east and west respectively,
Bikaner in the north and Barmer and Pali in the South share the border of this district. The
distance between the north and south of Jodhpur district is 197 km and between east and
west is about 208 km. Jodhpur district has 250-300 metres of height from sea level.

GEOLOGICAL TIMELINE OF JODHPUR DISTRICT

MARWAR SUPERGROUP

Tunkalian formation

NAGAUR GROUP {75-500m}

Nagaur formation

Pondlo formation

BILARA GROUP {100-300m}

Gontan formation

Girbhakar formation

JODHPUR GROUP {125-240m} Sonia formation

~~~~~~~~~unconfirmity~~~~~~~~~

Pokhran boulder bed

~~~~~~~~~unconfirmity~~~

BASEMENT ROCKS
MARWAR SUPERGROUP, RAJASTHAN
The time span across the Precambrian Cambrian boundary is very important in the history of
Earth as most significant changes have taken place in the lithosphere, biosphere and
atmosphere. Evidence of such changes are preserved only at few places where they are
affected in general by post-depositional deformation and metamorphism resulting in
modification and even total obliteration of the original syn-sedimentary signatures in the
rocks. These evidence are preserved in only very limited sites where rocks are least effected
by deformation and metamorphism and where preservation of rocks is of good quality. Thus,
such sites can be considered unique and significant and need to be studied in detail. One such
site is the deposits of the Marwar Basin which are more or less un-deformed and
unmetamorphosed and represents a time period from Neo proterozoic to Lower Cambrian.
The Marwar Basin, also referred to as Nagaur-Ganganagar Basin, constitutes the second
largest Proterozoic basin in India, after the Vindhyan Basin . It is developed in the west of
the Aravalli mountain chain, in the desert setting of the western Rajasthan. It does not extend
beyond south of Malani Igneous province and is considered to be bounded by Jodhpur -
Pokaran - Balotra - Chhotan Ridge

In the earlier times, the rocks of the Marwar Basin were considered as an extension of the
Vindhyan Basin and named as the Trans-Aravalli Vindhyans. The rocks of both the basins
were unmetamorphosed, undeformed and were considered unfossiliferous with comparable
lithological attributes separated only by the Aravalli mountain chain. As such it was logical
to presume their common association. But, now they are considered as two separate basins.
The rocks of the Marwar Basin are designated as the Marwar Supergroup which attains a
thickness of ca. 1000 m (Chauhan, 1999) and the rocks of the Vindhyan Basin are termed as
Vindhyan Supergroup which have a thickness of ca. 4000m. Recent estimates of the
cumulative thickness of the Marwar Sediments is 1500 m (Kumar & Chandra 2005).

The Marwar Supergroup unconformably overlies the Malani Igneous Suite which has been
dated as between 779–681 Ma (Rathore et al., 1999) and is unconformably overlain by the
Permian Bap Boulder Bed (Figs. 2 & 3). Earlier, the Marwar Supergroup was assigned
Cambrian age in spite of the fact that no Cambrian fossil was reported from these rocks. But,
now, these rocks are considered Neoproterozoice to Lower Cambrian on the basis of
available radiometric dates of the underlying Malani basement rocks, Ediacaran body fossils
in the lower horizon and trilobite trace fossils in the younger horizon of the Marwar
Supergroup. These rocks give an excellent opportunity to unravel the mysteries of nature as
the rocks are unmetamorphosed and undeformed with beautiful preservation of sedimentary
structures. There is a possibility of locating Precambrian/ Cambrian boundary with in the
Marwar succession which will help in global correlation of the succession.

Figure 2 —Lithostratigraphic succession of the Marwar Supergroup, western Rajasthan

MALANI IGNEOUS SUITE

Malani igneous rocks, represented dominantly by rhyolites, form the basement rocks
for the Marwar Basin. ‘Malani Beds’ was the name given to a series of volcanic rocks
developed in the erstwhile Marwar State by Blanford (1877). These rocks, now termed
as Malani Igneous Suite (Pareek, 1984), are exposed in the Thar desert between
Jodhpur in the east and Barmer in the west which further extends in Pakistan.

It covers an area of ~51000 sq. km. in the western part of India. According to Pareek (1984)
the Malani Igneous Suite commenced with a volcanic phase marked by a felsic lava giving
rise to tuff, rhyolite and rhyolitic porphyries (Fig. 4). This was followed by comagmatic
plutonic intrusions giving rise to Jalor and Siwana granites (Fig. 5). The last volcanic event
is marked by a dyke phase represented by felsic, intermediate and mafic rocks. The total
computed thickness of the Malani Igneous Suite (MIS) is ca. 3500m (Pareek, 1981).
However, in the Jodhpur area the total thickness of MIS is only 340m comprising three
rhyolite flows each overlying a pyroclastic band. The distinction between the different flows
is marked by colour differences and compositional and textural variations. In the Jodhpur
Hill area, the tuff is 70m thick and exhibits terrace weathering. The tuff is welded and shows
rhyolitic composition. It is characterised by columnar jointing with dominant jointing trend
NNE-SSW and WNW-ESE. The jointing is vertical and the column are rectangular to
hexagonal attaining a length of 30m and more (Pareek, 1984). Recently, Sisodia (2011)
challenged the mode of origin of Malani Igneous Suite and suggested and alternative mode
of their formation. He concluded that the area represented by Malani Rhyolite is highly
eroded, complex, impact crator.

STOPS DESCRIPTION
DATE: 14 -02-2024

LOCATION: Back side of Mehrangarh Fort

COORDINATES: 26o 18`10``N73o01`114``E

SPOT GEOLOGY:

The geology of the sections we studied here, terrain was of volcanic rocks and Sonia
sandstone.. These volcanic rock beds were mainly: Rhyolite.

Rhyolite belongs to Malani supergroup and gives the basement for Marwar supergroup.

the beds having Columnar joints, Laminations, and Reaction rims and Welded tuffs.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Mehrangarh Fort section in Jodhpur exposes the best Jodhpur Malani Suite contact. This
erosional contact is between the underlying youngest Igneous suite of rocks of Precambrian
age and overlying oldest sedimentary sequence of late Proterozoic to Eocene age. Its
geological significance led to it being declared a National Geological Monument

At the contact, we find evidence of volcanic activity such as intrusive igneous rocks cutting
through or overlaying the sedimentary layers of the Sonia sandstone. This contact zone
might exhibit features like dikes, sills, or lava flows, indicating the intrusion of magma into
the sedimentary rock layers
We studied had dark coloured rhyolite beds having amygdoloidal fillings as basement beds,
then a bed of red coloured gritty sandstone was present. Then a boulder bed is present above
it, called as Pokhran Boulder Bed Its presence between indicates period of nondeposition i.e
Unconfirmity. Since, below the boulder bed volcanic rocks were present and above it were
sedimentary rocks, this kind of unconformity is known as Non Confirmity.

Layering was visible in the rhyolite beds. Usually layering is present in sedimentary rocks,
but hereit was visible in volcanic rocks too. this layering had occured due to sudden
deposition of magma during the Cryogene times. This volcanic layering is known as:
Ignumrytes

Sedimenter features like lamination , Ripple mark, pinch and swell structures are also

present.
CHAPTER 3
Jaisalmer
Jaisalmer, the largest district of the state (38,401 sq. km. area) is situated in the north-
western part of Rajasthan between 26°0 01 to 28°3 north latitude and 69°30 to 72°20 east
longitute. Jaisalmer distt. is girdled by Barmer in the south, Jodhpur in the east and Bikaner
in north-east.
The physiography of Jaisalmer, nestled within the arid expanse of the Thar Desert in
Rajasthan, India, showcases a captivating tapestry of desert landscapes and geological formations: Sand
Dunes: Towering structures sculpted by wind, reaching impressive heights.

Interdunal Plains: Flat expanses between dunes, adorned with sparse vegetation.

Rock Formations: Weathered limestone and sandstone outcrops dot the landscape.

Salt Pans and Marshes: Saline habitats near Sambhar Lake support unique ecosystems.

Oases: Vital sanctuaries of life, sustained by natural springs amidst the arid expanse.

Jaisalmer Fort: Iconic symbol perched atop a sandstone hillock, showcasing Rajput grandeur.

Ancient Rivers: Remnants of ancient riverbeds offer glimpses into the region's geological history.

Fossil Treasures: Sedimentary rock formations preserve fossils, revealing ancient marine life.

Geology of Jaisalmer Basin

Jaisalmer basin defined as NW slope of Indian peninsular shield which deepens Mari, Sui, and Quetta in
Pakistan, Jaisalmer basin is one of the largest basins of India which encompasses an area of 30,000 sq. kms.
It is bounded in the north by the sub- surface Delhi-Sargodha ridge and to the east by western flank of
Aravalli mountain, to the south by two prominent uplifted blocks viz the Birmania- Barmer, Nagar, Parkar,
Arch and the Saurasthra Peninsula.

The basement rocks are the Metamorphites, Granites, and Rhyolites which are exposed near Birmania. they
are unconformably overlain by dolomitic limestone, shale and sandstone of the Marwar Supergroup. Resting
over these with unconformity are the Jurassic rocks made up of the Lathi formation (sandstone, grit and
veriegated shales with plant fossils), Jaisalmar formation (predominantly fossiliferous limestone), Baisakhi
formation (Siltstone, Shale and Sandstone with intercalations of gypseous and bentonitic clays represent first
marine transgression) and Bedesar formation (sandstone. limestone and shales). These are followed by rocks
of the Cretaceous system represented by fossiliferous limestone and feldspathic sandstone and grit. (Habur
formation represents second marine transgression on the surface during cretaceous while in the subsurface
this this is represented by the Goru and the Parh formation).

Lower to middle Palaeocene represented by Sanu formation which consists of unconsolidated,highly current
bedded reddish, gluconitic sandstone and silty sandstone.
Upper Palacocene to lower Eocene represented by Khuiala formation consists of limestone bouldary bedded,
fossiliferous Limestone, clays and shales, The Khuiala limestone (Yoresian) having a total thickness of
100m. overlains the sonu sandstone is underlain by the Bandha limestone (Lutetian) of 75m. compacted
thickness. This forms the close of the sedimentary cycle in Jaisalmer Basin.

The Sanu formation (Lower to Middle palaeocene) represents regression of the sea but the upper part of
Sanu and subsequent Khuiala (Upper Palaeocene to Yoresian) and Bandha (Lutetion) formation represent
the third marine transgression. There after marine conditions appear to have completely receded from the
Jaisalmer basin. Thus Mesozoic and tertiary sequences in the basin represent a typical shelf zone
sedimentation of orthoquartzite-limestone association resting on a peneplained Precambrian surface. the
Lathi, Jaisalmer, Baisakhi-Bedesar, Parihar, Ukra and Abur beds respectively are correlatable to Patcham,
Vhari, Katrol Umia and of Kutch shelf. A generalised stratigraphic succession of the various lithounits
occurring in Jaisalmer basin is as follows:

Figure: 21. Lithostratigraphic classification of the Jaisalmer basin

STOPS DESCRIPTION
Location:- Wood Fossil Park 17 km southeast of Jaisalmer near Akal.

Co-ordinates: N26°49‘30.2―, E71°02‘24.3―.

Themes: Large gymnosperm wood fossils (a), fluvial depositional environment

Age: Early Jurassic.

Lithostratigraphy: Odania Member of the Lathi Formation.

Description and interpretation: The Akal Wood Fossil Park is situated within the Thar Desert region, making
it a unique geological site within an arid landscape. The fossilized tree trunks found in the park provide
evidence of a time when the area was covered by dense forests, contrasting starkly with the current desert
environment. he fossil logs, representing gymnosperms, belong to the dicotyledonous stems of these trees.
About a dozen of the petrified logs, which are old silicified tree trunks, occur randomly embedded within the
coarse, clastic sediments laid down in near horizontal disposition in a warm and humid fluvial environment
bordering the sea, during the Lower Jurassic period.

(a) (b)
Location Thaiat ridge 16 km east of Jaisalmer city.

Co-ordinates: N26°55‘50.1―, E71°03‘54.2―.

Age: Early Jurassic to Bajocian.

Lithostratigraphy: Thaiat Member of the Lathi Formation.

Description and interpretation: The Lathi Formation is the oldest lithostratigraphic unit unconformably
overlying rocks of Malani Igneous suites, Birmania Formation, Marwar Supergroup and Bhadhura
Formation and overlain by lower Hamira Member of Jaisalmer Formation of the Jaisalmer Basin. It is well
developed mainly in the vicinity of Lathi, Odania, Thaiat and Akal area and divided into two members viz;
Lower Odania Member and Upper Thaiat Member

Thaiat Member consists mainly of siltstone. Due to limited outcrops the boundary between the two members
cannot be traced. The Thaiat Member is best exposed along the Thaiat ridge east and southeast of Thaiat
village. A section in this area is studied .features like its constituents sandstone of differ trexture and
mudstone , siltstone sedimentary featrures like lamination and mudcracks are vissibe which are
formed because compaction also we see upper part of this section is weatherd because of high
temperature fluctuation which durinal or beacause of seasonal variation. And the height of the
various beds also ,measuered which can be showm in the lithocoloumn

SECTION AND ITS LITHOCOLUMN

Locality: Near the city of jaisalmer along the roadside section

Co-ordinates: Latitude 28.9300043o

Longitude 70.9202721o

Theme: Local deformation

Age: Middle to Late Jurassic

Lithostratigraphy: Jaisalmer Formation

Description and
interpretation: The
overlying unit of the
Lathi Formation is
Jaisalmer, and the
formations are
dominated
by limestone
lithology. Other than
limestone, shale,
sandstone, and
siltstone are the
lithologies which are
identified in this
formation . Normal
faults develop and
blocks of the crust
drop down to form
grabens. And a fold
was also seen there. A
lithocoloumn of this
section shown as under

A) IMAGE OF THE SECTION

f

b) fold C) lithocolumn of the studied section

Locality: kishan ghat

Theme: Jaisalmer sandstone cutting for bulding material

Description and interpretation:

The famous yellow sandstone of Jaisalmer is found in areas surrounding the city. It comes from
mines like Jethwai, Cipla and Moolsagar. Heavy machinery is required to extract and break the
rock. Large blocks of it are trucked to factories in the industrial area of town, where they are
further cut into smaller pieces.

(a)

Iron chain on a block to lift it. With the help of a remote control,he places it under the cutting
blade.The gaint hydraulic blade used for cutting the rock. Water is used to soften the rock and to
cool it, countering the heat produced in the cutting process.Slaps of stone at the factory await
further transportation and processing.In contrast to the large-scale and heavy processes involved
in cutting the stone will be carved using small hand-held tools, primarily a hammer and chisels
of different width.

Locality: Kanoi , Rajasthan

Co-ordinates: Latitude:- 26.84392
Longitude:- 70.544936

Theme: Sand dunes of jaisalmer

Description and interpretation: The sand dunes are the most spectacular features of the
Rajasthan desert and about 58 per cent of this region is covered with the sand dunes of 'different
form, magnitude and orientation. The process of sand deflation has been termed as the wind
erosional hazard while the deposition of the sand has been termed as wind depositional hazard .
The sand dunes in Kanoi, Rajasthan, are typically formed by wind deposition and erosion in arid
or semi-arid environments. They are often composed of fine-grained sand, primarily quartz, with
varying amounts of other minerals. These dunes are shaped by prevailing winds, and their
morphology can vary from crescent-shaped barchans to linear or star-shaped forms. .
Additionally, factors like vegetation, moisture content, and climate influence the formation and
stability of these dunes over time.

In Kanoi, Rajasthan, we found several types of sand dunes, including:

1. Barchan dunes: These are crescent-shaped dunes with horns pointing downwind. They
typically form in areas with consistent wind direction.

2. Transverse dunes: These dunes form perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction and appear
as long ridges running parallel to each other.

3. Linear dunes: These dunes are elongated and parallel to the prevailing wind direction. They
can stretch for many kilometers and often have steep slip faces on the windward side.

4. Star dunes: These dunes have multiple arms radiating from a central point and are often found
in areas with shifting wind directions.

5. Parabolic dunes: These dunes have a U-shaped form with the open end facing upwind. They
often develop in areas with vegetation stabilizing the sand.
Figure 25: Sand dune
Locality: Kuldhar nala

Co-ordinates: 26.843517

Longitude :- 70.54881

Theme: Fossiliferous carbonate sediments, hard grounds, shell beds, trace fossils, ammonites,
marine environment, small faults.

Age: Late Bathonian–Kimmeridgian.

Lithostratigraphy: Bada Bag, Kuldhar, and Jajiya members of the Jaisalmer Formation

Description and interpretation:

Bada Bag Member At the Kuldhar nala section is characterized by thinly bedded fine-grained
(shales) to coarse grained sediments,

Lithology

The Kuldhar Nalla section consists mostly of carbonate sediments, mostly limestone. These sediments are
highly fossiliferous, belonging to the Late Bathonian to Kimmeridgian age. Fossils of Belemnites and
Ammonites were abundant at this section in the limestone strata. Various ichnofossils were also found at
this site.
Structural feature

We observe to beds which are faulted and the fault observed in normal fault

Figure fault in kuldhar nala

Jaipur ; An Introdution
Jaipur is situated in the eastern part of Rajasthan, surrounded on three sides by the rugged
Aravali hills. Jaipur is located at 26°55′N 75°49′E (26.92°N 75.82°E). It is surrounded by Alwar
and Sikar in the North; by Sikar, Nagaur, and Ajmer in West; by Ajmer, Tonk, and Sawai
Madhopur in the South and by Dausa and Bharatpur districts in East. It has an average elevation
of 430 metres

Physiography of JAIPUR
The Aravali Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu),
which is 1,722 m in height, to Khetri in the northeast. This range divides the state into 60% in the
northwest of the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive
with little water but improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to
comparatively fertile and habitable land towards the east. The area includes the Thar Desert. The
south-eastern area, higher in elevation (100 to 350 m above sea level) and more fertile, has a
much diversified topography. In the south lies the hilly tract of Mewar. In the southeast, a large
area within the districts of Kota and Bundi forms a tableland. To the northeast of these districts is
a rugged region (badlands) following the line of the Chambal River. Farther north the country
levels out; the flat plains of the northeastern Bharatpur district are part of an alluvial basin. Merta
City lies in the geographical center of Rajasthan.

GEOLOGY OF JAIPUR
Aravalli mountain belt of north western India shield runs for more than 700 km
between Delhi in the north and Ahmadabad in south (Roy 1988). This belt fringes
the north western margin of the Indian shield and is constituted by lithologic
association of various ages ranging in age from Archaean to Neo-proterozoic .
The main lithological constituents are the Archean banded gneissic complex
(BGC), Paleo-Proterozoic Aravalli Super group, Meso-proterozoic Delhi Super
group and Neo-proterozoic Vindhyan Supergroup. BGC forms the basement for
the Proterozoic supracrustal sequences of Aravalli, Delhi and Vindhyan
Supergroup.

BGC is a composite, structurally complex gneissic terrain showing great

lithological similarity to the Archaean gneissic complex occurring in other parts of
the Indian shield . This is an assemble of varied rock types including ‘’TTG, K-
granite, granitic gneisses, myrmekites, pegmatites and amphibolites with minor
amount of mafic – ultramafic rocks and sediments, amongst which granitoid
gneisses of different compositions and amphibolites constitute the bulk of the
basement.
The Mesoproterozoic Delhi supracrustals are the major constituent of Aravalli
mountain belt. These rocks are exposed all along the length of Aravalli mountain
range in a linear belt. Based on the outcrop pattern and other lithological attributes,
the Delhi belt has been divided into two sub belts viz; North Delhi fold belt
(NDFB) and South Delhi fold belt (SDFB) Across Jaipur –Dausa Transcurrent
fault. The SDFB occurs to thr south of Mud belt and consists of highly folded and
deformed rocks exhibiting polyphase deformation. Its western margin is marked by
the occurrence of Phulad ophiolitic mélange. Geochemical studies of the mafic
volcanics of Phulad ophiolite advocate that it is a fragment of island arc which
developed at the time of closure of Delhi basin.
The volcanics of NDRF, comprises of three sub parallel basins. These are (E-W)
the Bayana basin, the Alwar basin, Khetri basin.
Their volcano-sedimentary fills have been divided into two groups viz Alwar and
Ajabgarh representing lower and upper divisions. The Bayana basin consists of
3000 m thick volcano-sedimentary sequence comprising quartzite, conglomerate,
shale and lava flows. The lava flows are confined only to its basal part. The
volcano-sedimentary infill of Alwar basin contains volcanics along with sandstone,
siltstone, and minor conglomerate. The lithological
assemblage as a whole is estimated to be about 5000m thick in Alwar basin.the
Khetri basin which hosts Khetri-copper-belt is constituted by schists, phyllites with
interlayered quartzites, meta-greywackes, marbles, calc-silicate rocks and ortho-
amphibolites. The amphibolites are of two generations; the older amphibolites
occurs as sheet in metasediments whereas the younger amohibolites have cross cut
relationship with the major structures.

The Delhi Supergroup is composed of Conglomerates, Arkoses limestone,

Quartzites, various type of schist, Gneisses, Amphibolites and mafic lava. These
rocks have been subjected to polyphase deformation and greenschist to
amphibolite grade of metamorphism with syntectonic granitic activity.

Delhi sequence starts with Basal Conglomerate and shows vertical change in the
facies. The lower part of the succession is Arenaceous in nature, middle part is
calcareous and upper part is predominantly argillaceous in nature.

In some north central part of Aravalli mountain ranges two forms of deformation
has been noted in Delhi rocks whereas in Alwar region three forms of deformation
have been noticed. In North Eastern region andalusite – staurolite association
indicates high grades of metamorphism whereas in South Western part rocks
underwent medium grade of metamorphism.

A shallow marine depositional environment has been interpreted on the basis of

prescence of ripple marks, current beddings and mud cracks found in these rocks.
Although the entire basin was shallow but rocks of Ajabgarh group were
apparently deposited in relatively deeper water then rocks of Alwar group.

Also litho-stratigraphic units of this group grades into one another without any
major break. Minor breaks in sedimentation in different stratigraphic levels have
been recorded in Alwar group in the form of small discontinuous conglomerate
lenses. Prescence of syngenetic sulphide deposits like Khetri-Cu-belt suggest that
deposition of these rocks initially took place in small basins with restricted
circulatory and reducing conditions. Later on these small basins coalesced together
to form large subsidence basins in which Delhi sediments were laid.

STOP DESCRIPTION
Locality: Nepheline syenite at Kishangarh

Co-ordinates: 26 34 N 74 52 E

Theme: Geological Monuments in India notified by the Geological Survey of India (GSI)

Description and interpretation: ‘Nepheline Syenite is a holocrystalline plutonic igneous

rock that consists mainly of nepheline and alkali feldspar. The stones are primarily pale
and grey-colored. It is a silica undersaturated rock’.
TYPES

Granotoid type , foliated type , banded type ,

HISTORT OF SITE

The area we visited is Holocene and also seen below proterozoic and only site and when we
talk about Aravallis they are neo Proterozoic during this area formation india will be a tmid
latitude . Before roodinia where there is at granite rock exposureof intrusive rocks it may be
found and it will travel and join with the pangea. Before Himalaya collision a rift called
narmada son lineament is formed and here deccan volcanism also formed this nephline site was
under that vindhyan carton Alkaline rocks with nepheline syenite as the most dominant
component occurs in the area around Kishangarh, northeast of Ajmer. The Syenite body, here,
extends for about 25km long & 1-5 km wide. The syenite body consists of feldspar minerals.
Nepheline syenite here is an intrusive igneous pluton emplaced along the core of an antiform of
metamorphites in the Aravalli craton, which has been dated 1590 million years to 1910 million
years old . Nepheline syenite at Kishangarh showing the gneissose appearance, form one
major body and smaller nine bodies to the north & N.E. of Kishangarh. They are emplaced
conformably within Precambrian schists, gneisses, & quartz of the Aravalli system. Kishangarh
Nepheline Syenite is the Geological Monuments in India notified by the Geological Survey of
India (G.S.I.).
Locality: Amba village

Co-ordinates: Latitude 26.392216

Longitude 74.642052

Description and interpretation :- Amba village is located in Ajmer district of Rajasthan.

The area we studied is the southern part of northern fold of Ajmer formation (mesozoic). area is
mostly composed of igneous and metamorphic rock. Quartzite is at the top of the formation
which is red colored due to leaching of iron . In the metamorphic rock of this area we see
folding and Quart veins.

Gelogist may predicted that this area may have Calc silicate or limestone.
Bed in this area are dipping towards north east direation. We move along the strike in this area
and observe the soil color is change from red color to dark color or blackish because of high
carbon content now we are close to graphite explores site . Graphite is a crystalline form of
carbon and is one of the allotropes of carbon, along with diamond, amorphous carbon, and
others. It is a good conductor of electricity and has lubricating properties. Graphite is typically
found in metamorphic rocks, where organic material, such as coal, undergoes high-grade
metamorphism. It can also occur in igneous rocks, particularly in association with certain types
of magma. The geological processes that led to the formation of graphite in Rajasthan are likely
associated with the tectonic movements and metamorphic events that have affected the Aravalli
Range over millions of years. These processes include regional metamorphism and deformation,
which caused the alteration of organic-rich sediments into graphite-bearing rocks

We have high quality graphite which is G4 type while we assess the appearance and texture of
graphite we see shiny texture and on scratching it by nail or knife we may see some marks are
left on it . also we add some crushed graphite in water we see that it will floats.

Channel sampling is a used exploration of graphite to collect samples from exposed surfaces,
such as outcrops, trenches, or open pits. This involves cutting a channel or trench into the rock or
soil to expose the mineralization, then collecting samples along the walls or floor of the channel..
In-situ burrowing is done here using drilling equipment to extract core samples directly from the
exposed surface of a mineral deposit, typically along channels or trenches.
 These samples are typically collected at regular intervals and can provide valuable information
about the grade, distribution, and continuity of the mineral deposit. This method allows for a
more detailed examination of the subsurface mineralization within the channel, providing
information on the depth, continuity, and quality of the deposit. By combining in-situ burrowing
with channel sampling, geologists can gather comprehensive data about the mineral deposit's
characteristics and potential for further exploration and development. Channel sampling is often
used in early-stage exploration to assess the potential of a mineralized area before more
extensive drilling or excavation is conducted
LOCATION- G.S.I., WESTERN REGION JAIPUR

CORDINATES - 26°52′14.815″ N 75°49′15.042″ E

At GSI WESTERN REGION, JAIPUR We were warmly welcomed by G.S.I officials. After the
introduction, we were guided toward the Geological Museum.
THE GEOLOGICAL MUSEUM displays of various types of rocks and minerals, showcasing
their properties, formation processes, and significance. Fossils are also commonly exhibited,
offering insights into past life forms and evolution.Some exhibits which are especially attractive
include gold, zinc, lead, copper, manganese, halite, iron ores, building stones, and fossils.
There are different rocks of different age succession. All those rocks are arranged according to their
tectonic succession, i.e., from the basement to tertiary rocks. Rocks, economically important rocks,
minerals, ancient tools, paleontological evidences of life like bones of mammals, fossilized skulls, eggs of
dinosaurs, handmade models and paintings,etc are arranged in a very systematic way .

Industrial Minerals Gossan

BASE METAL MINERAL SAMPLES IN CORE DATA

Dinosaur Limb Bone from Lameta Bed

 Bhilwara Supergroup Aravalli Supergroup

Delhi supergroup Post Delhi Granotoid

Visit to geotechnical lab
At lab we were guided by Geotechnical expert they
taught us about basic details for analyzing any area for
the purpose of constructing civil structure like, rock
type, soil type etc. For this purpose various instrument
are used to analyze different samples of rocks and soil
separately. These instruments are governed with the
help of software to function them accurately and as per
need. A particular amount of rock sample is used for
analysis and in specific shape too. Some of those
instruments are as follows
ASSESSEMENT OF MATERIAL
1. Point Load Test Machine
Purpose Determine the strength and load-bearing
capacity of rock specimens.
Method Applies a concentrated force to a specific
point on the rock sample.
2. Los Angeles Abrasion Test
Purpose Measure the hardness and abrasion resistance
of aggregates.
 Method Subjects aggregate sample to repeated impacts
and abrasion in a rotating drum with steel balls.
3. Brazilian Test (Brazilian Tensile Strength Test)
Purpose Determine the tensile strength of rocks and
brittle materials.
Method Applies compressive force while simultaneously
applying tensile stress perpendicular to it.
SAMPLE PREPERATION AND ANALYSIS
A. Core Lapping
Purpose Prepare cylindrical core samples for analysis
without destroying the entire core.
Method Cuts cylindrical core samples into thin slices
or sections for various analyses.
SHEAR STRENGTH ASSESSMENT
B. Direct Shear Apparatus
Purpose Determine shear strength properties of soil,
rock, or other materials.
Method Applies normal load and shear force to
simulate different stress conditions.
MATERIAL STRENGTH TESTING MACHINE
Automatic Compression Testing Machine
Purpose: Determine the compressive strength of
materials like concrete, bricks, or rock specimens.
Method Applies gradually increasing compressive force
while measuring deformation or strain automatically.

These testing methods play crucial roles in geotechnical

engineering, materials science, and construction
industries, aiding in quality control, design, and analysis
processes.
References
 Geology of Rajasthan (Northwest India) Precambrian to Recent by A.B Roy and S.R. Jakhar
 Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the Jurassic rocks of the Jaisalmer Basin by
Dhirendra K. Pandey, Franz T. Fürsich & Matthias Alberti
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA Miscellaneous Publication No. 30 Part 12
 SES Field Guide - 1 The Marwar Supergroup, Rajasthan, western India
 http://e.n.m.wikipedia.org