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Book 22 Mar 2024

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22 views19 pages

Book 22 Mar 2024

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2p6qqbs9my
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8 Swall GHP A Selectd ad reprerentative of the kno os sample meted: The wethod of Seleching for slucdy Jpottion of the Uniterse Lith a view to dan conditions about Universe Jr kinoton os ‘sampling Te sos fick trbroduced ond umd ve soval Avicarch by bateg - Sampling methods are broadly divided into two “ypes ©) Probability sampling b) Non- probability Scompling « a) Probability Sampling’. Te tnvolves Selecting @ sowmple rom a popuetio UsiG Yawdorn selaction techniqun Each membo. of the population has a known Probability of Beir included vi the Sample; rich allows Aor atalirtial inference Pro balbilily Sampling Lutther divided onto Building of estimata 0 Somerhat dificult ) Ustally elemertr volhin a cluster ore Similar. 5 q Iw) Mutt stage Scomple : ‘ el at oot eee ‘ae Tt & a melhod of Sub: rmpling m ea Sownped cluster- Tk 0 on advanewent over the Cluiter Samgling wellod - Tar design Sarepling i lave Male Staves Noo. probability Semapling . - probability Sermpling da method of seleding wall Population Wring a subjective Cie -hon- Yardom) welled Non- Probabclity Sampling doer not require a cornple su ko © font cary an tmeypentive way of cbtainig data The following Belongs, ‘vepresent “non probability Sampling ob Represontadive sampling wD udgernant: Sampling kitty Accident Sampling cb Papo sive Sommpling WwW Convenince Sampling Ky Self Selected Sawepling oy Reprorontative Sampling i- Thus Sorpling “lechwniq ue baxed on istuchon L Commonsense , bit nvk on probablity - The Sample selected vn general. represents charadtorstic Varia anc way web repeving “the umivene lor Yespect to othe, variable io Judgement: Sampling '- The vevardwr select umits to fom his Sample om his Judgement Due to bias. qos estimate comnot be prepaud by Unis Lupe of Sampling. Only an expeuenced Aemarcho | Could do Ws vm O foihed Wag - | ins Acecdent Semmpling t+ In this mualhod, she Yesarchor select aust taye he Comes aawss . Mw this ik & net Possible to Know ishe the Sample & representative or noe as they give prckrorce 49 the tore, which come fixe [co Purpose Somglng = Tw O ape of non pobablaty Sowmging emmeclah objects ore Selected bard on a Specthe choradenstc os Diterion of interest Purposive Sounding a etl behen the wewaich ayurtn requiced oO Specific type of paxticlpant OF dhject Adwonloges ot purposive. Samapling © Proper care wat be taken din Seleclivng he Oraple @ We purposive Bowling os & od times very cheap © Tew mow well Speci phen Some of the Wnili au Voy Conpostonnk: and wt be icluded ° ® Cor cam be teen to keep out omy blay- Dering fp ye sul © The knosledge of the population may not be avulable QO The Condos ore len effective amd 0 biarel Sample U Selected [> Convenience Sompling:- Sample & Selected according to he Convenience of “he Gnvestigala, Ko Self seleded Saronp ing Selection of Soumple UA rade Ovnong the Samp thal wore Selectect Ans: Dota iv ing but wnorganiseck fod and which can be Comerted tnio wreful bvformation: TWis procs of tonvecing fat tito Mfoamcdlim ib proussing. beta Proasing tnvolies pecorda : 5 ng, aunaluning, scting, summantsing caleulating,, diseramating awd slaning d 4 a "4 Ore often Yefewed to a brfowmahion syplenes we The four slage ct data procusing ane Oo Editing @ Coding ® Vousifi cation @® Tabulation (O fAdchng: Te refed to the checking oh Schedules amd qyrettiomaives fox Competoness ind accttvauy Candid edeting oF gdhedls and Quustionnairer ‘UA wssential to vectHfy all such possible enors Ediling eyobls the Yeeatder to detect eno and omutions and Cone them fo unsure Atandouels + date quality Fe Sdudules & questionnaies Shaul be checks? a) to bind Out theta the handling of symbols or cds Assigned for; b) for comprehenstinlity t the code ; 0) th check Me de gist of wniforvatty; d) b bad ok completenas: le Coding ;- The waxt major stip to be Uwdukakin ua dale proasorg after editing a coding or converting the qualitative data into the Quantitatvenns to Mawerical fom ound presenting te on the Coding mala. Coding ix the technical prouess by which dala u Cakegoused Tn this prouss, the Adktaxchin giver cods to the Yerpmnic tectinvecl OF Collected by hivn A symbsl JA atsiqnzd tp ead Acoson of come Of the phenomenon ch event Tre code way be vA the fom of a) Sequene code: Tow ae acrangech alphabetically And assigned wdu, b) 34 ifeane Code: Tr U Used lo ducribe some charadeistic of tne ibkerws of VaMlably Sock Code: Tis type cf toding imaler dividing a seus of Comecutive Numbar tito Facogaisable blocks 3) Tdevinfication Code: Tt & usec for indiccding the location of a individualk or Variabls ee: | { Card Number: forbeular (ares under care Ady wethod | made by Mtearcdur ore allotted carck numbur so that they oe, easly identifiable « @) @ Uarsificaton: - TER a prows of onranqug ivy vn Guoups of canes actording to ther rveymblane or atfnhes and qve Qpreasion to the uniby of adtvbuls tec Wey Subst amongst a. diversity of mdinduals The chuf features of clousification aror- ©) Fads are categorised inte homogenous qrps: By The boris of clarsfucction & unity or diversity ©) The classification way eth be adual d wolioval dy The claucificctlion Yreny be Aetording do otis attrbutr ob characdeAut oy weaswements ” Bais of classification O) By size or wequitude. by By poe of location ©) By kind oF type 3) By te | Charactixtcr of a good claxsift cation AY The clatification Syitein ynuse be exhaustive B The claws are clear-cut and thas ik no ovellapping ©) The Some bat should be appiid thoughout the clarification 3) The total of different clanes should be equalto tu -ptol ft all dhe ies wi the Univere 2) Clarification should be according ty He puepos of onquins- +) Fhe. claifieatron should be Suxibls Gnd Sint stotol of lL the lems tn the Untveve- A prerequisite 1 clayification os that the Yesearcher must slode Some Approprials principle of claw Reali: The yeah ayuston ov the hypothesis provides oO qn logical. basis for seedling Classificable principl- ) “Tabulation : ~ Teo the summanisodion of ysuli = er eaten) cal labs. Obed of “labulation @) To Wake the purfose of enquiry daar b) To make Whe Algniticance clear C) To expres the data wm te least smu & d) To make comparison cary » Propatus of a tobe a) Te s- Should be shot ond convey “the purpose. b) Stuks_and captions: Headings of different Cohurnms % 1OWS OM. Called 03 stubs ©, captors C) Size _of the column:- Proper Size ced a Smant Oppearaince d> Ariangenent of tend tn YDus:- Several schemes can be atopled like alphabetical arrangement 1 Hoqepcal arrangement ote EY eigrCATaaa D) Totalsi- The totals of cbifferent Columns amcl vow’ Qrerlo be given se Separately: 4) Fook notes :- Anything speuiak to be mention, may be done by qn the foot note Tabulation may be done wmarwuolly ov mechanically . Alter dada prourstng, data has to onalyiad and interpeted: Questionnaires and schedule constitule imnpoitarnt cools and ave Corrmonly Used wn legol amd Socio lugal Tetarch: Thare iio fons ave Stonllor ww nettiive oyapt the diferente wd ther contbuction avd Wage: Tt wey also be used for ascertaining fads Arlating to subject | O Prcblemn Under Yereaidn: The legak profesional aro well vered vate ast ef Ces interrogatories avd axe capable of Frawnang Qyssiond Approhriald to the subject matt of Onqucry « According to G A> Lindberg, quutonnare & @ set of stmuli to | thich Uilevate People ave exposect wa ercder to Obsewe their verbal behaviour under those Shmuli: Proadure: - Sn quurtonnaive method» a number of pronted questions ane Sent to the Yetporden and the Yespewe yereived trom thom aac wid for compileng data The purpose of quextiomaie U to Collet information from -Ue respondents who ort Scattered to Oolk ama, and we it tor Compileng dala: | Types ef questionnals a) Structured quushonnaire by Unsbuctumd aqyustionnatre 0) Opem-endack quuthonnaire 3) Closed - Pom a quesromnalve e) Me Lape choir queronnaie Whot Bia quationnae and hou ot Utelal ua vektarch? | ile valued usstiomoaiier;- Tey consist ef pre ordatned questions TWs welhod i gentrally usd in terearch sludis of soual seine and law with a View to tekate a formal enquiry oF to check. the data already Collectid previously « Tn structured questionnaire the quatioms ort dusigned , net ad the spur of worent, but vo adyone Ww a syptemahe Amann > b) Un-struckurecd qusstionnaivel:- Ture axe uted fos Stuctics | . | involving fornily Group axpuienus , beliels » farths or obitrde Ibo not Pat ordained anel the imleyvewer prepara ct tolule Raa Hye vespondent The wan aduodage of Anis relive ia flexclilety « (0) Open-ended questionaire = In us “ype of questionaire, de | respondent ts free to expras Ws Views and (dead according bia om beliefs, fasth , feelings ov perceptions « J) hosed form of Queshonnaie:- In ahs type, the vespendint haste choose the answer from a. Set ef answes pouded do Iniem for respone do not have the liberly +0 expreds lis on idead oF judgunent ge Te G wed then Calegorsed dbta u required The Qpustionnaive rich ansner of quatioss has to be given 04‘ Yes or no! or ‘ogpee] dinagrer’ ele 2) Multiple clrote quebonmaiies- In this ype ot ayshonnauve, each Question cows a few alternative Answers of which the respondent | has to choose one , ey un Wis Ve - Thane | nding like Ngl oy Wworg oN tohach he thinks prop Use alternatives’ Characteristics of a Standard sHonnaie. reek The main purpose of Sending quustonairs to Yexpondents & te Caliece data, thevelore . tt should be caantully prepared ensuid bat tk is fee from One eink ef Cumbiquity 1 Complicity oy absurdity The Chuif chovackwslics of an ideal quustionnaire mary be a4 follos: @® Tt shoul be shork ancl concise» Complex quixh ons should be aveided, @ The Words, phiores and vocabulary should be sivaple- probewn Sought to be Atuclied- @ We qurtios should be oc oneng ed WA Proper Sequence - | © The quustiom: must be free of any ornnbiguity | | ® The qustiong should be relent ancl specific Conterning te © Subjective question mwwt be avoided - @ Tue questions should be so framed that the responses to them OM vin Conformity bith he Wypetbaess | Advantages et Questionnaire! | | ® Te enabls spore from Yesponclenti who awe geographically | dispersecl | | | | | | | | ® Maik quastionnairs mvolve salatively low cost - |@ RupondenG tan Arspond to qusstionvaires of their conventence ® Avastionnaivs can be Sent to oll the eluded respondents simuttonenly ® Electronic wedia a imtemt can be uted for gee the Yesponie. - | | ee a een hs a Ddocluawlag es of Questionnaive Metnod + @ A Apstionnaive cannot be proba substélule for wsteniew as it lacks Personal Contac ef the Yverearcher Isith the vesprdenti lo The analipis ef data Collected Abvough Qusstiomaires O nok ob | Achable ancl cepewdable os the ow toledticd by ontexvering the vespondentk becawe, trae & no Way Lo check the validity of answers or seek clarification for te Vague ov Cofusing | Ounsers Suppleed by Ue vespondents - | | 64)| Explain Yetearch selection amc its importance vm Yercarch The Quareress of the eiistence of unsdvedl outheultres B the fist and foremost symptom foe locating @ yetarch problem: Resides, having the Knowledge of the problem nee must be a wed to identify a Yerstarch problen to Sucly Te formation of the opie onto a Yeah problem Uthe fist Step va @ Suentific erepiiry The dbjective oF any tesearch Os 40 fine Scldtion to a proden Fwerefore thas beon gaid that“ teworch & clivectly papaboral to development cmd development diecly proportional. sto the Quality ot advance yercardn A problern can be Caled a egal Aueach Problern only tshen it Satishes the Bllowng condition: O Te problem must be worth Studying © Te rnwt have social awd lel Atloranee @ Tere wnt be facts weeded for research @ Te must Come out swith proctical Solutions to the (sever © Jk must be Upto dale or relevant bp the Cuwvenk Sotial o aan © Tk must envove clarity ef meaning Ove Umited Aurpe oF Study @ re rwwk be vuplictt avd original @ Te must be Voihabe ard “stable | | | | | } | Typ ot Lagal problems: @ Focussed peobems © Woafocuused problems. Focused protlems:- Tin tneke, Quishons ane fonmulalia . Foy ex:- the problem of infiingement of copynight wa bxistence- This prtiem u junoion $0 oll. But we donk know, thy, how aud ter what tus pation ouised The reaawher has to tuploe the ams ter he problewn Umnfocussecl prblens:- Thue prcblems ave Concealed ound not percerabl by omy scholer Thue are the tue tat of the scholats pereepbon and skit: From a mals ef Yaw trfermation the warden has to retoguise ound Acleck the significant facts vn order to cunive & the aS | (siteria of Research Problevn:- @ The rearchers interest , dnlellectual cunsosity ound drive D Procicablity @ We vrpeney ef the problem @ Ambicepating ov expectid Outcomes © Their trrpotonce for tha field reperntation Ouch ‘emplementation awd © Rvrours , vatning aud personal Qualifications of the personnel: availability of speuich equipment , data, metods, me dind Sponse xship ele ca any rites of a good Pollen Statement are OMe pwblem should exprers a sedation between 400 d more \oriablo @ The problenn should be relate daorly ach unawrbiquauly Yn quution town — @ be Problem should be stich oy to ongly posstbslity of ompivical esting - | Cocharan ond Cox Suggested Une Following qpurtions tm be aked for the Selection of Netearclh Problem: © Dow the field appeal tp wy nlorert 2 ® Wi the veuli be st practical or udUlavian signifi cance? ® Dod the eld present PPS ve Verthying Winotwtedge. Ishich need tobe Fitted? ID Der the field Yequivre Yensorking ov Aacasting? © Does the field permit existenue of Mnqucry bexyond the preremt lamils ov Vewdy Knovledge 7 OTe ques on el ghtened prelune Of the problem at every lage OTe paver the tay Lo complet tnt Project rorllun the, shpulated line and the cost bail be wmodurale @Ie has wrlimilecl ocwontage arc boost tha morale of the Yorearchsr - Precautions 10 be taken un Selecting a problem | eee O Ability 40 qrosp amd having dime 40 deal tsith cts tnplicahon © Roun to carry be study fonsard » 8 Applicablity of study techniqus tor tha pasteular topic chosen. @ beqre ef accuracy eppecledl ® a 9) Bplain expoirnental. unk dwwriplive vacarch fru: | Gepevinerlel Auosch stdin aw duigud br esloblshing Ua Yelationships. Tha madlhod begins woth a queston tonconing the Adlationslip baad two A Wore Variable. Pe Ue fame time, the recarcr advanud one A wide. hypotheses Stolivg the valine of Cxpeded Sulchionship The expedimenk 12 the Newt Powned ond corned ouk by the Texearduy 40 qe eridonce Relevant tp the hypotheres | Benatiss Bireplest Hotnio exroLemeren eee Chavaderintics © Pr independent Variable i mantputalid ® M otha \orviahly Cxeopt the Undeperdent Voriabe ae hold Constant, and @ the eect of the wenipulalion of the trdependovt Variatie on the dependent Variable u chserved Experimental texardh is also known 03 Carel dation islich tells cour owel effect rrlationships Th & useful when you want to bat how different Low affect a Sctuation, making ths disign type very yeratile - STAT ALUNYeasons dor happening or non happening ok taxtoun situation Ae Covered - Doseript ye Rereaarch, Desig oT a certain octuunce ave decribed: ocewrence. thw Onsucing Whe qyustion’ ishat ix). | Derseripive Atsecarch ures both apralitalive aud Quaditadive nethodolo a Te is the type ¢ Bhidy durian hak i the wast oben - avdlea- Contro beng ay ot them Ot waylitodive MMudier | Te B the type of remarch where choracteristin of lhe slid qieup para useful wa Fring dale on a cutain populalion ot a specific TE iS aimed to describe Ue choractervstics of he Abucly Group. | Twa Rind ef rewarch clusign entirely Ahcorelical ; with the Yereardwr) | qotsenng dale , Pressing Diganising iE, Oudtum carly presenting BD, dowriptive Hudy approach moy rrake ure ot o orely of 1aeaich | wmdnods Lo lmverkgale one oy more Variabs - Sn comrast to the expersnuental era , the reearcho in dasoptve. Buddy appeach Simply observer and aaserses the Variable tothout changing or | ven though Auscriptive esearch com also be wed in quositotive Studies, duviptive Yeyarch rehods one often thought. of as a Swhsek

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