5 MATRICES IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE 1. Definition : An arr: : fangement of mt numbers 18 bers in m rows and 1 columns, enclosed in a square bracket is called a 2°31 + of 23(- 3) [23 Pa [ SLE goes are matrices of orders 2 x 3, 3 x2, 2x2, 1 x3 respectively. My yz yy Mae A matrix of order m x n can be written as A Get nd ns This i wri isis generally written as, A = [a], ., where a, denotes the element of the matrix A in #* sow and j* column. ceActoden (20 2] 1 Ma ay 2, Equality of Two Matrices : If A = [a] and B =[b,] are the two matrices of same order, then they are said to be equal if their corresponding elements are same. ie, A=B if a, =b, for all {and j. 3. Types of Matrices : (a) Row Matrix : A matrix which contains only one row is called a row matrix. eg. [2], [3 2], [2 —1 3] are row matrices of orders 1 x1, 1 x2, 1x3 respectively. A matrix which contains only one columa is called a column matrix. 2) Column Matrix : 2 eg. [2] ( }. 3|| are column matrices of orders 1 x1, 2 x 1, 3 x 1 respectively. -1 (3) Rectangular Matrix: A matrix A= [4;]y.. is called @ rectangular matrix ifm # i.e., number of rows # number of columns. 21 eg, [2 3 3),[-3 -1]-2 3 tare rectangular matrices of orders 2 x3,3 x 2,1 x 3 respectively. Blas 6 ag matrix A=[dy]e.2 5 ca = number of columns. led a square matrix if m (a) Square Matrix: A ie., number of rows Lf |esemt maaan e823. [: -24 = [a,], the elements 4, elements. ee EEE ES eee oe Cee aeeebeeeeeeeeeied 2-1 eg, (2) 6 7 Ina square matrix A pj are called non-diagonal FePHeeeee eee eer eee 5. MATRICES where {= j are called diagonal elements and the elements a, wheremena @-Propart Properties of scalar multiplication : and Bare two mal 7 as that of A scalars, then ‘0 matrices of same order, 0 is a null matri ras (1) p(A £B)=pa + pp 2) (PEQA=pA 44d @) OAS ® po | ©) PGA) =qPA) =A. 6. Multiplication of Two Matrices : Two matrices columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B IfA= = [an ad B= [By] ate two matrices then the product salltiving the i row of A and k® column of B. ie, Cy = aad + adap tn + taba 7 and Band p,q are x of the same order ‘Aand Baresaid tobeconsormable forproduct ABif numberof | coapele Jeep where cy can be obtained by | AE ay by by 0 Le Aa [a 42 Ms wire (*: aie agi MIDE Pah Dy, Psa | where Here A is a 23 matrix and B is a3 x2-matrix. Hence AB is 22 matty n= [S ee yybya + MraPaa teiabs2 ayyby, Faaabay tAaabsr Masbra tAzabas tasbss is a 2 x3 matrix. Hence BA is a 3 x3 matrix, where Also B is a 3 x 2 matrix and A Dyydys tByatar bya + Prat dyitys thi 2a3 BAS| bays tbaatar baits tbartaa byyMys tba2%23 DyyfiztBaat22 baits baatas baits tbaafar « Properties of Matrix Multiplication If A, B, Care three matrices, then | (1) ABYBA (in general) (2) A(BC) = (ABIC, associative law. | @) AB +C)=AB+AC } distributive law. (A+B)C=AC+BC 0 is a null matrix. (4) AO=' .A=0, where (6) AL vere I is an identity matrix. « Properties of Transpose + If Aand Bare two matrices and k isa scalar, then (ay (A+ By AFB | @ay=4 @ (kay = FA’ ) (ABY = BA’ | ‘Transformations ¢ (a) Interchanging 2° two rows (or columns). rows of a matrix are interchanged, an bec by yor Ro, igi and j tr amana j columns of a matrix are interchan ‘nit is denoted by C, or [NAVNEET JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS -VOLUME 1 7. Elementary2) Maltiplying the elements of BY row (or column) by a non-zero real number, If the elements of the i nt Tow are mal column, (3) Multiplying all the elements corresponding elements of If the elements of j mie dune che lied by a non-zero number k, then we denote it as KR, s ate multiplied by a non-zero number k, then we denote it as KC, of any row (or column) by a non-zero real number k and adding with the any other row (or column), Fow are multiplied by k and added with the corresponding elements of i** row, then we denote it as R,+ kR, If the elements of j* column are mult iplied by k and added with the corresponding element of i* column, then we denote it as C, + iC, 8. Rules for applying Elementary Transformations : () A,B C are thee matrices such that AB=C, then any row transformation, which is performed on Pre‘factor A, must also be performed on C to preserve the equality i, if AB=C and A is changed to A, by any Tow transformation and C is changed to C, by same row transformation, then A,B=C, @ IFA, B, C are three matrices such that AB=C then any column transformation, which is performed on Postfactor B must also be performed on C to preserve the equality, ie, if AB =C and Bis changed toB, by any column transformation and C is changed to C, by same column transformation, then AB, =C, & Inverse of a Matrix : IfA and Bare two square matrices of same order such that AB = BA =, then A and Bare said to be inverses to each other. The inverse of A ie, B is denoted by A~!. Thus, AA~#=A~!A=1 Note : The inverse of a square matrix A exists, if it is non-singular, ic., [A] 40. (1) Method to find A-! by Elementary Row Transformations : We write AA* Perform suitable row transformations on the matrix A, so that itis converted into the identity matrix I. The same row transformations are to be performed on I simultaneously will convert it into the matrix B, *, AA~! =I reduces to IA“! =Bi.e,, A~ My Ain Mas In order to convert the maxtrix A = fay Ma May into the identity matrix, perform suitable elementary M34 Mya May row transformations on A so as to get Step 1 Step 2 :0 in the places of ay, and a3, Step 3: 1 in the place of @2 Step 4:0 in the places of a, and 43, Step 5:1 in the place of a3 in the place of ayy Step 6:0 in the places of a,3 and a, Method to find A~? by Elementary Column Transformations : We write A~1A = Perform suitable column transformations on the matrix A, so that its converted into the identity matrix L ‘The same column transformations are to be performed on I simultaneously will convert it into the matrix B, A-tA=1 reduces to A“! = Bie, A'=B Q) My M2 hy In order to convert the matrix A= [*: M3 “| into the iclentity matei yp Mya May perform suitable elementary 50 as to get: column transformations on A 50 as 10 6 5. MATRICES aStep 1:1 in the place g Step 2:0 in the Step 3 Place of ay, Places of a, and ays in the place of a Step 4:0 in the places of ay, and any Step 5:1 inthe place ofa, Step 6:0 in the Places of a5, anda » av and ayy ix A isthe determinant Tor and cofactor of an element : Minor of an element a, of the determinant of matrix A obtained by deleting row and j* column and denoted by My | Cofactor of a, given by Ay =(—1)'*7M,, | ML Adjoint of a Mateiy: Aa An Ay | ADA TAL Ax. Ay |, whore Ay is the cofactor of ay. | Ais Ayy Ags | 12. Solution of Simultaneous Equations : Consider the following equations : a,x+ by +e2—dy agx-+bay +632 dy asX + bay +032 = ds | a bo) fx) (ah The mats form of these equ i (* * ‘| [‘|- ‘] a tralle) la This is of the form AX =B. We apply row transformations to the matrix A so that it reduces to the identity matrix I. The same row transformations when applied simultaneously on B will convert it in to the matrix B,, | Then AX =B reduces to IX=B,, ie, X=B, a | 1B, =| ¢, |, then x=e,, y=e,, 2-05 & ¢ Some Useful Results : | 1. (A+B)? | 6. (AB)! = BotAg 7. A(adj A) = (adj A)A-=|AIL, where A isa square matrix of order and Lis an identity matrix of order 8. IA and B are non-singular matrices of same order, then adj(AB) = (a) (adj A) | 9, If A’ is the transpose of non-singular matrix A, then adj(A’) = (adj Ay 10. If A is a non-singular matrix of order, then. (i) ladj ALIA a ae Ae ont mst | ns [NAVNEET JBE MAIN MATHEMATICS VOLUME 1(i) adj(adj A)=|Ap-2q — a adj (kA) =R"= "(aq 4) 1 2) ag 1. @ A= fad A) Gi (adj Aya 1g iA Iai 12. (A) y 13. For a square matri ‘a atrix A in matrix equation AX =B if |A| #0, then there exist uti 14. Unique solution of equation A: . xxists unique solution. Ties ive Pesce (1) det (kA) =K-det A, wi given by X=A~'B, where |A| 40. here A is a s quare matrix of order 1 (2) A+A’is always symmetric matrix. v1, (3) A~A’ is always skew-symmetric matrix (@) AA’ is always symmetric matrix. (8) Every square matrix A can be expre ji 7 Daly a 7 be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix as : (6) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is zero and determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of even order is a perfect square. ( Diagonal matrix, scalar matrix, identity matrix are always an upper triangular matrix and also lower triangular matrix. (8) The diagonal elements of skew-symmetric matrix are zero. (9) Value of determinant of matrix A is obtained by sum of product of elements of a row (or a column) with corresponding cofactors. eg. (Al =a Aii +4 2Ai2 +a isArs- (10) If elements of one row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of elements of any other row (or column), then their sum is zero. e.g. 4 :Any + 4y2Ar2 +1323 = 0. (11) If both A +B and AB are defined, then A and B are square matrices of the same order. (12) Ifa square matrix is such that A? = A, then itis called an idempotent matrix. It is easier to compute higher powers of such a matrix as A" =A for all positive integer n. (13) A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal if AA’= A’A. ie, A is orthogonal matrix if A“ =A’ (14) If A and B are two orthogonal matrices, then AB and BA are both orthogonal matrices. ‘ent matrix if there exists a positive integer m such that A” is called the index of the nilpotent matrix. (15) A square matrix A is said to be nilpot satisfying the condition A" ‘The least positive integer mt 1d to be involutory matrix if A? =I. the trace of A denoted by tr(A) is sum of all the main diagonal elements. (16) A square matrix A is sai (07) 1A =[a)]y 29 8 @ square matrix, fve,, tr(A) =a, + a2 $39 Fe (18) The product of two diagonal matrices of the same 0 multiplying the corresponding diagonal elements: der is a diagonal matrix of same order and is obtained by = ding 1 de (19) WA =ding a, dar dy sd, ten A* exists Fd, #0 for all i and A~ dt), if meN. | Also, A" =diag(di", a3") a3" = 5, MATRICES. a