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Matrices

The document provides a comprehensive overview of matrices, including definitions, types, operations, and properties. It explains concepts such as matrix order, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and special types like diagonal, scalar, and identity matrices. Additionally, it covers important results related to symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, as well as the conditions for matrix invertibility.

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36 views10 pages

Matrices

The document provides a comprehensive overview of matrices, including definitions, types, operations, and properties. It explains concepts such as matrix order, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and special types like diagonal, scalar, and identity matrices. Additionally, it covers important results related to symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices, as well as the conditions for matrix invertibility.

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ayeshasiddique0712
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CHAPTER O03 MATRICES ‘A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions, enclosed by [ ] or ()- ‘The numbers (real or complex) or functions are called the elements or the entries of a matrix. A matrix is represented by a single capital letter like A, B, X, Y, etc., and elements of a matrix are represented by the small letters 4, b, ¢,..., ete. In a matrix, horizontal lines are called rows and vertical lines are called columns. Order of Matrix If a matrix have m rows and n columns, then its order is written as m x n, and read as m by n matrix. In general, m Xx n matrix has the following rectangular array. a M2 Gin a On Oni Om. Sande xn Notation of Matrix It can be rewritten as A = [aj ]m j}, then it is called an upper triangular matrix and if ay =0,ViB=C 2. Subtraction of Matrices Let A and B be two matrices of same order m x n, then A~ B= [ay ~bglnxn Let A, Band C be three matrices of same order, then properties of subtraction of matrices are (i) Non-commutative A-B#B-A (i) Non-associative A -(B-C)#(A-B)-C 3, Multiplication of a Matrix by a Sealar Let A=[a;] be an mxn matrix and & be any scalar. Then, the matrix obtained by multiplying each element of A by k is called the scalar multiple of A by k. Let A and B be two matrices of same order, then the properties of multiplication of a matrix” by scalar are . (i) k(A+ B)=hA+ kB (it) (ey + kp)A= KA + yA (iii) (KIA = R(LA) = (kA) (iv) (-I)A=-A (v) 1(A)=A 4, Multiplication of Matrices Let A = [ay]m x nand B= [by laxy to the number of rows of B, then the product matrix is C = [ey] of order m x p. {left cancellation law] {right cancellation lav] be two matrices such that number of columns of A is equal where, cy =D aaby et To get the (i, K)th clement cy, of the matrix C, take the ith row of A and & th column of B, multiply them clementwise and take the sum of all these produets. 34 Chapterwise ISC Solved Papers Mathematics (Class Xi eg. com) “jas (9) Let a-[f | oma 3=[ il Then, a0- ee af cal 7 cotdg of +dh i] mn (i) Let A=|d ec f| and B=|| q gh? kb} y 2 al+bp+cx am+bq+cy an + br+ cz! Then, AB=|dl+ep+fe dm+eq+fy dn+er+ fe glthp+ic gm+hqtiy gn+hr+iz Note (i) If the product AB is defined for any two matrices A and 8, then it is not necessary that BA is aly, defined. vd 12 eg.Take A=|0 2| and o-[} jpn ‘ABis defined but BA is not defined. 1. (ifthe product of two matrices is a zero matrix, then itis not necessary that one of the matrices is: zero matrix. eg. take a=|° and a=[? 5) hen, aa=[° oT. lo 2] lo of lo o| Let A,B and C be three matrices of order m x n,n x p and p xk, then the properties « multiplication of matrices are () Non-commutative AB # BA (i) Associative (AB)C = A(BC) (iii) Multiplicative Identity IA = A= AI (ix) Multiplicative Distributive A(B +C)=AB+ AC and (A+B)C = AC+BC (v) If A and B be suitable matrices and A is a scalar, then 4(AB) = (4A)B = A(AB). (vi) Existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrice of order upto 3), i.e. AB = Owhere, A, Bare non-zero matrices and Ois a zero matrix. 5. Equality of Matrices Two matrices A = [a,] and B= [b,;] are said to be equal, if they are of same order and all corresponding elements are equal, i.e. {a, by] Vij. Remark If f(z) =agr” +a,2""' +...40,, ,0 +0, is a polynomial in z and A is a square matrix of order n, then we called (A) = agA™ +a,A"™ +...44, ,A +a,,1,, is a matrix polynomial. Matrices Transpose of a Matrix Let A = [ay] be an m x n matrix, then transpose of ‘A, denoted by A’ or AT, is the matrix obtained from A by interchanging its rows and columns. Clearly, A’ is an n x m matrix whose (j, i)th element = (i, j)th element of A. ie. A’= bch whereby =ay,1SiSm,1 |p of [a of weiget ‘ On comparing the corresponding clement, x=13 weget a =b. Hence Prove A Show that (4 + 4’) is symmetric matrix, if | af 4 3 Marks Questions ame (2019) 6 i 2 47 (fi Wiie mate eine ri Sol. Weave, 4=[ 5 3 ee 103) 2"™" then find the vah : 01 Now, A+ 4 [ sil: i 7] e ue oft (2 sah stb al su taadl,* 2x-15 10 vy f* 77_[4 71 a * asay[ ls irae Given, matrix is symmetric. Hence, (A + 4’) is symmetric matrix. ie he ol [here, 4’ is transpose of matrix 4 Matrices Sol. = x84 5x-3x-1, oo ale §)-Hx45)20 = 1 2 Z 5. Find the vale of ht at =[ sj M?-kM~1, =0. of Given, M= [2 A (2015) and M?-kM-1,=0 afi -2]f1 2]_fit4 2+6 ee - alle al" [2+6 4+9 ; [multiplying row by column] _[5 8 ~ [8 13 M? -kM-1,=0 5 8] fi 2] fa oy i kp ako ‘|-° L 1 oT] [fo a mat 8] fe 2) fi o]_fo o] {3 13|~[2e ae}"{o 1]"[o oJ By. 5-k-1 8-2%-0]_[0 0] s-2%-0 13-3-1]"|o o] is [4-k 8-2] [0 0 [s-2e 12-3%|=|o of Sa ‘On equating the corresponding elements, we get 4-k =0,8-2 =0,12-3k =0 fb id 20 (A= 31) = 0 where =| 37 Maa = [ 1 then find the values of x and y, such that A? + xJ, = yA (2014) First, find A? by using multiplicative property Given, 4 N A =A a-{ ye ewe AAAS sil7 5. 947 345 “[itts ar 16 8 [is xl Alsogiven, A? + xIy = yA 16 8), [1 O1_ [3 1 s6 32|**|o i|7?|7 5] fie 8] fx 0] _f3y 91 = [56 s2]*lo «|"l7y 5] 16+x° 8 ‘By yd a ee ose by] [by addition property] On equating the corresponding elements, we get y=8 and 32+ x=5y = 324 x =5x8 = 32+ x =40 > x= 40-32 Fs x=8 Hence, x=8 and y=8. x x 1.0 and J = [ i} then find the value of (2013) [3] 2 oo wa raft ah Also given, (A - 2) (A - 31) =0 Given, 4 38 : Chapterwise ISC Solved Papers Mathematics (cjg. “Aa He Ss He Sh 43 4-2 2-0]f 4-3 2-0]_f0 0 = -1-0 x-2|[-1-0 x-3} lo 0. [by subtraction property] y Saleah 2] fat e2)a lene [1 x-2f[-1 x3)" lo 0 fo 2-2 442x-6]_[0 0 [a-x+2 2422-5246] [0 0 {by multipliction propery] = 0 2-2] [o len 25x44] 0 "| ‘On equating the corresponding elements, we get 2-220 = x-1=0 = xl Hence, the value of xis 1. Note Suppose, if we take x? -5x+ 4 =0,then (x-4)e-1) <0 ax=14 But x = 4 does not satisfy the 2x-2 =0. So, please be careful while taking the equation, J. Solve for x and y, if x?) [2*]_ [7 alt 2 3. =3 _3h J 7. (2012, 2006) Sol . Given, matrix equation can be rewritten as “BMH = Fesh G2] On equating the corresponding elements, we get 24 ar=21 ¥ + 6y=-9 + 4x-21=0 ¥ + by+ 2 +7x-3x-21=0 (+9 see Ne ater Teo (+ lye (2-9 (x+7)=0 f x=3-7 Yama Hence, xcan be 3 or~7 and yis 3 Sol. cos sin @urmey = [: ees st then show, M(x) M(y) = M(x + 9)- a 3H Wrst, convert the ghen matric in, Bm. (Ww Apply multiplicative property in ty. matrices. {) Further use trigonometric formulae. cos(A +8) = COSA cosB~ sind sinB ang sin(A-+ 8) = sSinACOSB+ COSASina to the required result. = _[ cose sin@] =|-sin@ cos0 ‘Taking LHS = M(x) M(y) cos sinx][ cosy siny] “|-sinx cosx|[-siny cosy Given, M(@) cos #cosy - sin xsin y leas xcos y—cos xsin y cos xsin y+ sin xe sin x sin y + cos xeo [by multiplication prop cos(x+ 9) « sin(x+ 9)] [ sin(x+y) cos(x+y)| [by trigonometric form =M(x+y)=RHS - Fad aayiex ef) sje " 5 arf if 03 a Sol. Given, X+ rl l md -X2Y + 31 On adding Eqs. () and (ii), we get 5 Matrices : 39 On putting the value of Xin Eq, (), we get OR aitew are SAA eS ral?’ =p 5 “"[1 9 8] 1-3 2 -6 70 44-1 = rf, |- [i ‘] -| 5 | then find the value of x. 5. 14 27 2 (2003) [7-5-3 04)e[2"0. _ = “En salt i} Sol. 1D (Fest, use the addve property In LHS of he reg given matrix. Uf A= An then show that A? - 3/ =24. () Further, equate the corresponding elements Kk . (2007), of matrix to get required result. Sol. | $9 _() Fist, find A? by multiplicative property. Given, [*” 3 4) [ar 1 - (ii) further simplify the LHS and shown equal to, li 98 -3 -2 -6 the RHS of required result. [aa 4] Given, 4=[) | [272 : w, [2-3 S41 4-5 4-1] Now, Basal, i I [1-3 9-2 8-6 7 2] re [-3x 4 -1Lf4 4-1]. ini wale ‘1 eof as stl e 2] Ba [by additive property] taking LHS= 4?-37=|> 4|_3[? 9 On equating the corresponding elements, we get Los} Lo 1 F3r=4 mG He elas 4-0] => x? =3x-4=0 [+ slo af"4-o 5-3} = Pade x- 24] of 2 = x(x-4) +1(2-4) =0 = = =24=RHS [i ‘1 ae i} a > (x+1)(x—4) =0 . x=-lor4 Hence proved. Chapter Practice 3 Marks Questions oe For the following matrices A jj verify that (ABY = B’ A’; 1 .'Find the product and hence find the order of product matrices 1 =|-4|,B=[-1 2 2)[2 3 4). 3 1] 3 . From the following matrix equation, 6 Banrese te followings Hate as find the value of x. sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix and ye eee. 4)af 3 4 your result. -5 3y| [-5 6 #2 2a ~si 3-2 -5 ig A=| 08% ~88T hen for what sina. coscr, 1. 1, lue of c,A is an identity matrix? 0 ibd the itvéres of Getix foe? 2)/8 [7 2): then fin De nae 3 4jl2 5] [A 23 pe 3 9 thé value of . bee a Answers [2 3 4] 1. The product of matrixis|4 6 8 | andits order isaxa 69 12) 5 fo -5 -3} ~4] and skewsymmetricmatix= 3/5 0-6 4 ‘ 713 6 o

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