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ADC Oversampling with tinyAVR® 0- and 1-series,

and megaAVR® 0-series

Introduction

Author: Rupali Honrao, Microchip Inc.

® ®
The Microchip tinyAVR 0- and 1-series, and megaAVR 0-series controller offers an Analog-to-Digital
Converter with 10-bit resolution. In most cases, 10-bit resolution is sufficient, but in some cases, higher
accuracy is desired. Special signal processing techniques can be used to improve the resolution of the
measurement. By using a method called ‘Oversampling and Decimation’, higher resolution might be
achieved without using an external ADC. For example, by using 10-bit ADC, a 12-bit result could be
achieved with oversampling technique. This application note explains the method and conditions needed
to be fulfilled to make this method work properly. This application note also provides source code
according to the explained theory to achieve this oversampling technique.

Features
® ®
• Increasing the ADC resolution for the Microchip tinyAVR 0- and 1-series, and megaAVR 0-series
devices by oversampling
• Averaging and decimation
• Software has been implemented as an Atmel START example project for the ATtiny817 to achieve
12-bit resolution from 10-bit resolution
• Shows configuration option in the source code to select:
– ADC input pin
– ADC sampling rate
• ADC results are sent through USART to the serial terminal:
– Measured analog input voltage (in volts) is displayed
– For comparison, both oversampled and normal results are displayed.

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Table of Contents

Introduction......................................................................................................................1

Features.......................................................................................................................... 1

1. Relevant Devices.......................................................................................................3
1.1. tinyAVR 0-series...........................................................................................................................3
1.2. tinyAVR 1-series...........................................................................................................................3
®
1.3. megaAVR 0-series......................................................................................................................4

2. Theory of Operation...................................................................................................5
2.1. Sampling Frequency.................................................................................................................... 5
2.2. Oversampling and Decimation..................................................................................................... 5
2.3. Noise............................................................................................................................................ 5
2.4. Averaging..................................................................................................................................... 8
2.5. When Will ‘Oversampling and Decimation’ Work?....................................................................... 9

3. Get Source Code from Atmel | START.................................................................... 11

4. Source Code Overview............................................................................................12

5. Macro Configurations.............................................................................................. 13

6. Application Flow Diagram........................................................................................14

7. How Oversampling Demo Application Works.......................................................... 15

8. Revision History.......................................................................................................16

The Microchip Web Site................................................................................................ 17

Customer Change Notification Service..........................................................................17

Customer Support......................................................................................................... 17

Microchip Devices Code Protection Feature................................................................. 17

Legal Notice...................................................................................................................18

Trademarks................................................................................................................... 18

Quality Management System Certified by DNV.............................................................19

Worldwide Sales and Service........................................................................................20

© 2018 Microchip Technology Inc. Application Note DS00002572C-page 2

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Relevant Devices

1. Relevant Devices
This chapter lists the relevant devices for this document.

1.1 tinyAVR 0-series

The figure below shows the tinyAVR 0-series, laying out pin count variants and memory sizes:
• Vertical migration is possible without code modification, as these devices are fully pin- and feature
compatible.
• Horizontal migration to the left reduces the pin count and, therefore, the available features.
Figure 1-1. tinyAVR® 0-series Overview
Flash Legend: ATtiny~~
ATtiny~~
devices
32 KB common data sheet

16 KB ATtiny1604 ATtiny1606 ATtiny1607

8 KB ATtiny804 ATtiny806 ATtiny807

4 KB ATtiny402 ATtiny404 ATtiny406

2 KB ATtiny202 ATtiny204
Pins
8 14 20 24
Devices with different Flash memory size typically also have different SRAM and EEPROM.

1.2 tinyAVR 1-series

The following figure shows the tinyAVR 1-series devices, laying out pin count variants and memory sizes:
• Vertical migration upwards is possible without code modification, as these devices are pin
compatible and provide the same or more features. Downward migration may require code
modification due to fewer available instances of some peripherals.
• Horizontal migration to the left reduces the pin count and, therefore, the available features.

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Relevant Devices

Figure 1-2. tinyAVR® 1-series Overview

Flash
Legend:
ATtiny~~
48 KB ATtiny~~
devices
common data sheet
32 KB ATtiny3216 ATtiny3217

16 KB ATtiny1614 ATtiny1616 ATtiny1617

8 KB ATtiny814 ATtiny816 ATtiny817

4 KB ATtiny412 ATtiny414 ATtiny416 ATtiny417

2 KB ATtiny212 ATtiny214

Pins
8 14 20 24
Devices with different Flash memory size typically also have different SRAM and EEPROM.

1.3 megaAVR® 0-series

The figure below shows the megaAVR 0-series devices, laying out pin count variants and memory sizes:
• Vertical migration is possible without code modification, as these devices are fully pin and feature
compatible.
• Horizontal migration to the left reduces the pin count and, therefore, the available features.
Figure 1-3. megaAVR® 0-series Overview
Flash

48 KB ATmega4808 ATmega4809

32 KB ATmega3208 ATmega3209

16 KB ATmega1608 ATmega1609

8 KB ATmega808 ATmega809

Pins
28/32 48
Devices with different Flash memory size typically also have different SRAM and EEPROM.

© 2018 Microchip Technology Inc. Application Note DS00002572C-page 4

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Theory of Operation

2. Theory of Operation
This chapter explains how oversampling works with all the necessary mathematical details.

2.1 Sampling Frequency

The Nyquist Theorem states that a signal must be sampled at least twice as fast as the bandwidth of the
signal to accurately reconstruct the waveform; otherwise, the high-frequency content will alias at a
frequency inside the spectrum of interest (passband). The minimum required sampling frequency, in
accordance with the Nyquist Theorem, is the Nyquist frequency.
Equation 2-1. The Nyquist Frequency
�������� > 2 × �������

where fsignal is the highest frequency of interest in the input signal.

Sampling frequencies above fnyquist are called ‘oversampling’. This sampling frequency, however, is just a
theoretical and absolute minimum sampling frequency. In practice, the user usually wishes the highest
possible sampling frequency, to give the best possible representation of the measured signal, in the time
domain. In most cases, the input signal is already oversampled.
The sampling frequency is a result of prescaling the CPU clock; a lower prescaling factor gives a higher
ADC clock frequency. At a certain point, a higher ADC clock will decrease the accuracy of the conversion
as the Effective Number of Bits, ENOB, will decrease.

2.1.1 ADC Clock Limit

® ®
For the Microchip tinyAVR 0- and 1-series, and megaAVR 0-series devices to get a 10-bits resolution
on the conversion result, the ADC clock frequency may be maximum 1.5 MHz. When the ADC clock is
1.5 MHz, the sampling frequency is 150 ksps, which confines the upper frequency in the sampled signal
to ~75 kHz.

2.2 Oversampling and Decimation

The oversampling technique requires a higher amount of samples. These extra samples can be achieved
by oversampling the signal. For each additional bit of resolution, n, the signal must be oversampled 4n
times. The frequency the signal has to be sampled with is given by the equation below:
Equation 2-2. Oversampling Frequency
������������� = 4� × ��������

2.3 Noise
To make this method work properly, the signal component of interest may not vary greatly during a
conversion. However, another criterion for a successful enhancement of the resolution is that the input
signal has to vary slightly when sampled. This may look like a contradiction, but in this case, variation
means just a few Least Significant Bytes (LSB). The variation may be seen as the noise component of
the signal. When oversampling a signal, there may be noise present to satisfy this demand of small
variations in the signal. The quantization error of the ADC is at least 0.5 LSB. Therefore, the noise
amplitude has to exceed 0.5 LSB to toggle the LSB. Noise amplitude of 1-2 LSB is even better because
this will ensure that several samples do not end up getting the same value.

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Theory of Operation

Criteria for noise when using the decimation technique:

• The signal component of interest may not vary significantly during a conversion
• There may be some noise present in the signal
• The amplitude of the noise may be at least 1 LSB
Normally, there will be some noise present during a conversion. The noise can be thermal noise, noise
from the CPU core, switching of I/O-ports, variations in the power supply, and others. This noise will in
most cases be enough to make this method work. In special cases though, it might be necessary to add
some artificial noise to the input signal. This method is referred to as dithering.
Figure 2-1 (a) shows the problem of measuring a signal with a voltage value that is between two
quantization steps. Averaging four samples will not help, since the same low value will be the result.
Figure 2-1 (b) shows that by adding some artificial noise to the input signal, the LSB of the conversion
result will toggle. Adding four of these samples halves the quantization steps, producing results that give
better representations of the input value, as shown in Figure 2-1 (c). The ADCs ‘virtual resolution’ has
increased from 10 to 11 bits. This method is referred to as decimation, and will be explained further in
section 2.4 Averaging.

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Theory of Operation

Figure 2-1. Increasing the Resolution from 10-Bit to 11-Bit

Another reason to use this method is to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Enhancing the Effective
Number of Bits, ENOB, will spread the noise over an increased binary number. The noise influence on
each binary digit will decrease. Doubling the sampling frequency will lower the in-band noise by 3 dB, and
increase the resolution of the measurement by 0.5 bits.

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Theory of Operation

2.4 Averaging
The conventional meaning of averaging is adding m samples, and dividing the result by m, which is
referred to as normal averaging. Averaging data from an ADC measurement is equivalent to a low-pass
filter and has the advantage of attenuating signal fluctuation or noise, and it will flatten out peaks in the
input signal. The moving average method is very often used to do this. It works by taking m readings,
place them in a cyclic queue and average the most recent m. This will give a slight time delay because
each sample is a representation of the last m samples. This can be done with or without overlapping
windows. The figure below shows seven (Av1-Av7) independently moving average results without
overlapping.
Figure 2-2. Moving Average Principle

It is important to remember that normal averaging does not increase the resolution of the conversion.
Decimation, or interpolation, is the averaging method, which combined with oversampling increases the
resolution.
The extra samples, m, achieved by oversampling the signal are summed up, just as in normal averaging,
but the result is not divided by m as in normal averaging. Instead, the result is right shifted by n, where n
is the desired extra bit of resolution, to scale the answer correctly. Right shifting a binary number once is
equal to dividing the binary number by a factor of 2.
As seen from Equation 2-2, increasing the resolution from 10 to 12 bits (that is, additional 2-bit
resolution), requires the summation of 4^2 (16) 10-bit values. A sum of 16 10-bit values generates a 14-
bit result where the last two bits are not expected to hold valuable information.
To get ‘back’ to 12-bit representation, it is necessary to scale the result. The scale factor, sf, given by the
equation below, is the factor, which the sum of 4n samples should be divided by, to scale the result
properly. n is the desired number of extra bit.
Equation 2-3. Scale Factor
�� = 2�
As explained in the case above (increasing resolution from 10-bit to 12-bit), the scaling factor, sf, is 2^2,
which is equal to 4.

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Theory of Operation

2.5 When Will ‘Oversampling and Decimation’ Work?

Normally, a signal contains some noise. This noise very often has the characteristic of Gaussian noise,
more commonly known as white noise or thermal noise, recognized by the wide frequency spectrum and
by the fact that the total energy is equally divided over the entire frequency range. In these cases, the
method of ‘oversampling and decimation’ will work if the amplitude of the noise is sufficient to toggle the
LSB of the ADC conversion.
In other cases, it might be necessary to add an artificial noise signal to the input signal. This method is
referred to as dithering. The waveform of this noise may be Gaussian noise, but a periodical waveform
will also work. What frequency this noise signal may have depends on the sampling frequency. A rule of
thumb is: ”When adding m samples, the noise signals period may not exceed the period of m samples”.
The amplitude of the noise may be at least 1 LSB. When adding artificial noise to a signal, it is important
to remember that noise has a mean value of zero; insufficient oversampling therefore may cause an
offset, as shown in the following figure.

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Theory of Operation

Figure 2-3. Offset Caused by Insufficient Sampling

The stippled line illustrates the averaged value of the saw-tooth signal. The sampling shown in figure (a)
above will cause a negative offset, while the sampling in (b) will cause a positive offset. In figure (c), the
®
sampling is sufficient, and offset is avoided. To create an artificial noise signal, one of the AVR counters
can be used. Since the counter and the ADC are using the same clock source, this gives the possibility of
synchronizing the noise and the sampling frequencies to avoid offset.

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Get Source Code from Atmel | START

3. Get Source Code from Atmel | START

The example code is available through Atmel | START, which is a web-based tool that enables
configuration of application code through a Graphical User Interface (GUI). The code can be downloaded
®
for both Atmel Studio and IAR Embedded Workbench via the direct example code-link below or the
Browse examples button on the Atmel | START front page.
Atmel | START web page: http://start.atmel.com/
Example Code
®
• ADC Oversampling with tinyAVR 1-series:
– http://start.atmel.com/#example/Atmel:adc_oversampling_with_tinyavr_1_series:
1.0.0::Application:ADC_Oversampling_with_tinyavr_1-series:
®
• ADC Oversampling with megaAVR 0-series:
– http://start.atmel.com/#example/Atmel:adc_oversampling_with_megaavr_0_series:
1.0.0::Application:ADC_Oversampling_with_megaAVR_0-series:
Click User guide in Atmel | START for details and information about example projects. The User guide
button can be found in the example browser, and by clicking the project name in the dashboard view
within the Atmel | START project configurator.
Atmel Studio
Download the code as an .atzip file for Atmel Studio from the example browser in Atmel | START, by
clicking Download selected example. To download the file from within Atmel | START, click Export project
followed by Download pack.
Double click the downloaded .atzip file and the project will be imported to Atmel Studio 7.0.
IAR Embedded Workbench
For information on how to import the project in IAR Embedded Workbench, open the Atmel | START User
Guide, select Using Atmel Start Output in External Tools, and IAR Embedded Workbench. A link to the
Atmel | START User Guide can be found by clicking Help from the Atmel | START front page or Help And
Support within the project configurator, both located in the upper right corner of the page.

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Source Code Overview

4. Source Code Overview

The oversampling demo application has been developed and tested for the ATtiny817 Xplained Pro
board.
• CPU clock (default) 3.33 MHz
• Peripherals used:
– ADC, USART, VREF
– ADC input channel is AIN 5 pin PA5
– ADC resolution 10 bits
– ADC clock CLK_PER divided by 4
– USART: baud rate 9600, TXD: PB2
– VREF: ADC reference voltage 2.5V
The project configured in Atmel START generates peripheral driver functions and files, as well as a
‘main()’ function that initializes all drivers.
• Driver header and source files are in the src and include folder
• In atmel_start.c file, the function ‘atmel_start_init()’ initializes MCU, drivers, and
middleware in the project

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Macro Configurations

5. Macro Configurations
Below are the macro configurations in the main.c file.
• Maximum input voltage
#define MAX_VOL 2.5

Maximum input voltage is configured to 2.5 to calculate the voltage for measured ADC reading.
Note: ADC reference has been configured to 2.5V.
• ADC input channel
#define ADC_CHANNEL 5

The ADC input signal has been connected to channel 5: AIN5 (pin PA5).

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Application Flow Diagram

6. Application Flow Diagram

The overall application flow is as shown in Figure 6-1.
Figure 6-1. Application Flow Diagram

© 2018 Microchip Technology Inc. Application Note DS00002572C-page 14

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How Oversampling Demo Application Works

7. How Oversampling Demo Application Works

In the example source code provided, ADC conversion is done in the functions
‘process_single_sampled()’ and ‘process_oversampled()’. For comparison, both oversampled
and normal ADC results are sent through USART to the serial terminal. Measured analog input voltage (in
volt) is displayed.
In the function ‘process_single_sampled()’, the ADC sample accumulator has been configured to 1.
The ADC result of only one sample is read. No oversampling is done here.
The function ‘process_oversampled()’ demonstrates how the oversampling is done and resolution
has been increased from 10 to 12 bits. In the function ‘process_oversampled()’, to get a 12-bit
resolution from the 10-bit ADC it is required to read 16 ADC samples and then right shift the sum of the
ADC results by 2 (i.e. divide by 4).
To increase the resolution, for each additional bit of ADC resolution, n, the signal must be oversampled
4n. To achieve 12-bit ADC, you need an additional 2-bit resolution. Hence, the signal has to be sampled
42, i.e. 16 times more samples. The ADC has a configurable accumulator setting. This accumulator is
configured to do 16 samples. The result in the ADC result register will then be the sum of the 16 samples.
The scale factor, sf, is given by sf = 2n. The scale factor is the number the result may be divided by to
scale the result to the desired bit width. In this example, the result is increased by two bits. Hence, the
scale factor is 22 = 4. So the result may be divided by 4 or a right shift of 2 can be performed.
In both the ‘process_single_sampled()’ and ‘process_oversampled()’ functions, the ADC result
is read and the measured voltage has been converted to a string using the standard library function
‘dtostrf’ and this measured analog input voltage (in volt) has been sent through USART to the serial
terminal of the PC every 1 second.

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Revision History

8. Revision History
Doc. Rev. Date Comments
C 10/2018 Updated figures 1-1, 1-2, 1-3 in chapter "Relevant Devices". Fixed grammar and
punctuation.
B 02/2018 Added support for tinyAVR 0-series and megaAVR 0-series.
A 11/2017 Initial document release.

© 2018 Microchip Technology Inc. Application Note DS00002572C-page 16

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• Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.

© 2018 Microchip Technology Inc. Application Note DS00002572C-page 17

 AN2572

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© 2018 Microchip Technology Inc. Application Note DS00002572C-page 18

 AN2572

© 2018, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the U.S.A., All Rights Reserved.
ISBN: 978-1-5224-3674-4

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Detroit China - Wuhan Thailand - Bangkok Fax: 39-0331-466781
Novi, MI Tel: 86-27-5980-5300 Tel: 66-2-694-1351 Italy - Padova
Tel: 248-848-4000 China - Xian Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh Tel: 39-049-7625286
Houston, TX Tel: 86-29-8833-7252 Tel: 84-28-5448-2100 Netherlands - Drunen
Tel: 281-894-5983 China - Xiamen Tel: 31-416-690399
Indianapolis Tel: 86-592-2388138 Fax: 31-416-690340
Noblesville, IN China - Zhuhai Norway - Trondheim
Tel: 317-773-8323 Tel: 86-756-3210040 Tel: 47-72884388
Fax: 317-773-5453 Poland - Warsaw
Tel: 317-536-2380 Tel: 48-22-3325737
Los Angeles Romania - Bucharest
Mission Viejo, CA Tel: 40-21-407-87-50
Tel: 949-462-9523 Spain - Madrid
Fax: 949-462-9608 Tel: 34-91-708-08-90
Tel: 951-273-7800 Fax: 34-91-708-08-91
Raleigh, NC Sweden - Gothenberg
Tel: 919-844-7510 Tel: 46-31-704-60-40
New York, NY Sweden - Stockholm
Tel: 631-435-6000 Tel: 46-8-5090-4654
San Jose, CA UK - Wokingham
Tel: 408-735-9110 Tel: 44-118-921-5800
Tel: 408-436-4270 Fax: 44-118-921-5820
Canada - Toronto
Tel: 905-695-1980
Fax: 905-695-2078

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